Applications of Telecommunications Types of infrared transmission

Home entertainment remote control boxes,Wireless (LAN),Link between notebook

Communications Systems: Systems designed to transmit and receive information: computers and desk top computers,Cordless modem, Fire sensors
Info sourcecomm system info sink
Wireless Communications
Communications Satellite,TV,Cordless phone,Cellular phone,Wireless LAN, WIFI Wireless MAN,
 The message (data and information) is communicated via the signal. WIMAX,Bluetooth
 The transmission medium “carries” the signal.
MEDIUM SPEED COST
Twisted wire 200BPS- LOW
10MBPS
Microwave 256KBPS-
100MBPS
Satellite 256-100
Coxial cable 56-200
 Communication involves the transfer of information or intelligence from a source Fiber optic 500KBPS- High
to a recipient via a channel or medium. Basic block diagram of a 6.4TBPS
communication system:
channel Transmission Media Speed
Source transmitter receiverrecipient Bandwidth:The amount of data which can be transmitted on a medium over a fixed
Telecommunications amount of time (second). It is measured on Bits per Second or Baud
 Telecommunications The electronic transmission of signals for communications, Bits per Second (bps): A measure of transmission speed. The number of bits (0 0r 1)
including such means as: Telephone Radio Television which can be transmitted in a second (more)
 Telecommunication medium Anything that carries an electronic signal and Baud Rate: Is a measure of how fast a change of state occurs (i.e. a change from 0 to
interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device 1) (more)
Communications and Telecommunications
In human speech, the sender transmits a signal through the transmission medium of the Overview
air In telecommunications, the sender transmits a signal through the transmission -Communication systems, Analog Modulation( -AM-FM), Digital Modulation (ASK
medium of a cable FSK), Modems
Communication: sender (signal-transmission medium (air)  receiver
Telecommunication: sender (signal-transmission medium (wire)receiver

Communication system component

Communication process Comm system block diagram

Message signal, symbol, encoding,transmission, decoding, re-creation, broadcast, point
to point
Telecommunication
Telegraph, fixed line telephone,cable, wired networks, internet, fiber communication
Wireless communication
Satellite, TV,Cordless phone,Cellular phone ,Wireless LAN, WIFI Wireless MAN,
WIMAX Bluetooth,Ultra Wide Band,Wireless Laser, Microwave

ANALOG SIGNAL
continuous waveform, passes thru system,voice communications
DIGITAL SIGNAL
discrete waveform,two discrete states: 1-bit & 0-bit, on/off pulse, data
communication,uses modem to translate analog to digital, digital to analog

Analog or Digital
 Any transmitted signals are analog. no digital signal can be transmitted
 Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over time AM, FM for voice
sound:
Traditional TV for analog video,First generation cellular phone (analog
mode),Record player
 Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value:
VCD, DVD,2G/3G cellular phone,Data on your disk,Your grade
 Digital age: why digital communication will prevail
Types of Telecommunications Media
Twisted pair wire cable Insulated pairs of wires historically used in telephone service
and to connect computer devices
Coaxial cable Consists of an inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation, called the
dielectric The dielectric is surrounded by a conductive shield, which is surrounded by a
non-conductive jacket. Coaxial cable has better data transmission rate than twisted pair
2. Fiber-optic Cable Many extremely thin strands of glass or plastic bound together in a
sheathing which transmits signals with light beams Can be used for voice, data, and
video.
3. Microwave Communications Line-of-sight devices which must be placed in relatively
high locations Microwave usage Information is converted to a microwave signal, sent
through the air to a receiver, and recovered
4.Satellite transmission Communications satellites are relay stations that receive signals
from one earth station and rebroadcast them to another They use microwave signals
5. Cellular transmission Signals from cells are transmitted to a receiver and integrated
into the regular network
6. Infrared transmission Involves sending signals through the air via light waves
Requires line-of-sight and short distances (a few hundred yards) Used to connect various
computing devices such as handheld computers
5 Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements
-Data Source (where the data originates) -Transmitter (device used to transmit data) -
Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)-Receiver (device used to receive data) -
Destination (where the data will be placed)
Remember the components of a communications system:
Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal from source to an electrical,
mechanical or electromagnetic signal more suitable for communicating. Transmitter
:The device that sends the transduced signal. Transmission channel: The physical
medium on which the signal is carried. Receiver: The device that recovers the
transmitted signal from the channel. Output transducer: The device that converts the
received signal back into a useful quantity.
Communication Concepts
Any transmission May be: analog or digital Serial or parallel
 Serial Transmission- Data is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at a time
one after another - Much faster than parallel because of way bits processed (e.g.
USB and SATA drives)
 Parallel transmission- each bit has it’s own piece of wire along which it travels -
often used to send data to a printer
Basic Structure
Transmitter (-Modulation-Coding),Transmission Channel (Loss or
Attenuation,Distortion,Interference,Noise), Receiver (-Amplification,Demodulation
and decoding, Filtering)
Alteration of the Signal
 Loss or Attenuation-Can be compensated by amplification at the receiver
 Alteration of the Signal Shape:1) Distortion -Disappears when the signal is turned
off -Linear distortion may be corrected by the use of equalizers (special filter).
2)Interference –
-Contamination by other signals from human sources 3) Noise-Contamination by
signals from natural processes both internal and external to the system

Transmission Direction
1) Simplex:one direction nly.cannot communicate back to the tv or radio
2) half duplex: Both directions but only one direction at a time fax machine, walkie
talkie
3) full duplex: send and receive both directions at once public phone, telephone

Basic analog communication system Basic Blocks Of Transmitter

1)Modulator 2)RF oscillator 3)Power amplifier

Basic Functions Of Transmitter

Every transmitter has three basic functions as follows:
 The transmitter must generate a signal of correct frequency at a desired point in
the spectrum.
 Secondly it must provide some form of modulation to modulate the carrier.
 Third it must provide sufficient power amplification in order to carry the
modulated signal to a long distance

Classification Based On Transmitted Frequency •

Low frequency (LF) transmitters (30 KHZ300KHZ)
Medium frequency (MF) transmitters ( 300 KHZ-3 MHZ)
High frequency (HF) transmitters (3 MHZ30MHZ)

Block diagram of basic superhet receiver:

Analog comm system
Source of informationsignal processingmodulatorRF stage channelRf
stagedemodulatorsignal processingInformation sink

Modulation
Modulating signal( Represent the message) -Carrier Wave (Waveform the suits the
application)
-Modulation is a reversible operation (Modulation Demodulation)-Frequency
translation

AM vs. FM
 AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
 It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
 The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM Antenna and front end
 The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise. Most forms  The antenna consists of an inductor in the form of a large number of turns of
of static and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM receiver will not wire around a ferrite rod. The inductance forms part of the input tuning circuit.
respond to AM signals.
 Low-cost receivers sometimes omit the RF amplifier.
 The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation increases
 Main advantages of having RF amplifier: improves sensitivity and image
(deviation from the center frequency), which is why FM broadcast stations use
frequency rejection.
such large deviation.
 The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires Block Diagram of AM Transmitter

TRANSMITTER
Transmitter Requirements
A transmitter must generate a signal with the following criteria:
 The correct modulation type-Must have sufficient power-Must generate at the
correct carrier frequency-Should be reasonably efficient
Frequency Accuracy and Stability
 The accuracy and stability of the transmitter is fixed by the carrier oscillator
 Exact requirements are determined by the application of the transmitter and by
regulatory agencies
Efficiency
There are two important reasons for efficient transmitter operation:
 Most obvious is energy conservation
 Power that enters the transmitter but does not exit via the transmitter output is
converted into heat
 Large amounts of heat require significant amounts of additional hardware to
remove the heat, adding to the cost of the equipment
Power Output
 There are a number of ways to measure transmitter power, depending upon the
modulation scheme employed
 Transmitters for full-carrier AM are rated in terms of carrier power
 Suppressed-carrier AM transmitters are rated by peakenvelope power (PEP) FM
transmitters are rated by total power output

It takes the information to be communicated in electrical form and convert it into an

electronic signal compatible with the communication medium .

In this block diagram of communication system, the upper section is called the
transmitting section.