Bhagwan mahaveer school of architecture

Sonepat

4th year sec-a

Advance construction technology

Report on how to stable slab at the

Height of 10 m

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Ar. Deepak Singh Shubham jain

Bmsa: academic session: 2019-20, 4th year, section – A

 Flat slab system

1-Introduction
flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete
columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or
two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab being concentrated
On the supporting columns and a square slab
Called ‘drop panels’.

Figure 1: a typical flat slab building

 drop panels play a significant role here as they augment the

overall capacity and sturdiness of the flooring system beneath
the vertical loads thereby boosting cost effectiveness of the
construction. Usually the height of drop panels is about two
times the height of slab.
  flat slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and
for asymmetrical column layouts like floors with curved shapes
and ramps etc. The advantages of applying flat slabs are many
like depth solution, flat soffit and flexibility in design layout.

 even though building flat slabs can be an expensive affair but

gives immense freedom to architects and engineers the luxury
of designing.

 benefit of using flat slabs are manifold not only in terms of

prospective design and layout efficacy but is also helpful for total
construction process especially for easing off installation
procedures and saving on construction time.

 if possible, try to do away with drop panels as much as possible

and try to make the best use of thickness of flat slabs. The
reason is to permit the benefits of flat soffits for the floor
surface to be maintained, ensure drop panels are cast as part of
the column.

2- history
• flat slabs were originally invented in the u.s.a in year 1906.
• this was the start of these type of construction.
• many slabs were load-tested between 1910-20
In U.S.A
• 1914 Nicholas proposed a method of analysis of these slab based
on simple statics, this method is know as direct design.
Timeline-
1906- flat slab invented in usa
1910-20 – load tested
1914-nicholas proposed a method of analysis

3- types of flat slab construction

A)simple flat slab

Figure 2: simple flat slab

 Figure 3: simple flat slab

Span range
 upto 8m for reinforced concrete.
 upto 10m for prestressed concrete
 overall depth around span/25

Advantages
 it is simple to construct requiring the minimum of formwork.
 minimizes the construction depth.
 provides a clear soffit for routing services.
 b) flat slab with drop panels

Figure 4: flat slab with drop panels

Figure 5: flat slab with drop panels

Uses of drop panels

O It increase shear strength of slab
O It increase negative moment capacity of slab
O It stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
disadvantages:
Although longer spans can be provided, the drops complicate the construction
process and can interfere with the routing of services.

C)flat slab with column heads

Figure 6: flat slab with column heads

Uses of column heads

 Increases the shear strength of slab.
 reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear and effective
span.
 it increases the slab span.
 d)flat slab with drop and column head

Figure 7: flat slab with column heads and drop panel

Uses of column heads

 Increases the shear strength of slab.
 reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear and effective
span.
 it increases the slab span.

Uses of drop panels

O It increase shear strength of slab
O It increase negative moment capacity of slab
O It stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
advantages of flat slab
 floor to floor height reduction
 faster construction
 early formwork stripping
 water resistant properties
 saving in materials.
 reduced foundation load
 greater column free areas
 architectural freedom
 reduced construction costs
 thickness of flat slab is another very attractive benefit because thin slab
provides the advantage of increased floor to ceiling height and lower
cladding cost for the owner. However, there is profound lower limit to
thickness of slab because extra reinforcements are needed to tackle
design issues. Besides this, added margin must be provided to facilitate
architectural alterations at later stages.

Limitations of flat slab

 careful handling of prefabricated components
Such as concrete panels or steel and glass panels is required.
 attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of
the joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint.
 similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
  transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections
than for the materials of which they are made, which can often be packed
more compactly.

Applications of flat slab

 in the case of high rise building thinner slabs are required so that
additional floors can be added.
 the distance that be spanned by post-tensioned slabs exceeds that of
reinforced constructions with the same thickness.
 for increasing span lengths so as to increases the usable unencumbered
floor space in buildings.
 for diminishing the number of joints in the structure.
 for the speedy construction of the project.
 the amount of steel required is much less than in normal rcc structure.
 the moulds can be used no. Of times as per the demand.
 due to reduce beam section the load transferred to foundation is less
compared to that of rcc structure.
 the structure is crack free as the whole structure is in compression.
 large span of slab can obtain easily.
 types of flat slab design

Multitudes of process and methods are involved in designing flat

slabs and evaluating these slabs in flexures. Some of these methods
are as following:

O THE EMPIRICAL METHOD

O THE SUB-FRAME METHOD
O THE YIELD LINE METHOD
O FINITE –ELEMENT ANALYSIS
For smaller frames, empirical methods are used but sub-frame
method is used in case of more irregular frames. The designs are
Conceptualized by employing appropriate software but the fact is using
sub-frame methods
For very complicated design can be very expensive.
The most cost effective and homogenous
Installation of reinforcements can be achieved by applying the yield
line method. A thorough visualization in terms of complete
examination of separate cracking and deflection is required since this
procedure utilises only collapse mechanism.
Structures having floors with irregular supports, large openings or
bears heavy loads, application of finite- element analysis is supposed
to be very advantageous. Great thought is put into choosing material
properties or installing loads on the structures. Deflections and
cracked width can also be calculated using finite- element analysis.
 benefits of using flat slab construction method

1-flexibility in room layout

Flat slabs allows architect to introduce partition walls anywhere required, this
allows owner to change the size of room layout. Use of flat slab allows choice
of omitting false ceiling and finish soffit of slab with skim coating.

2-saving in building height

O lower storey height will reduce building weight due to lower partitions and
cladding to façade
O approximately saves 10% in vertical members
O reduced foundation load

Figure 8: diagram how flat slab saves building height

3-shorter construction time

Use of flat slabs requires less time for construction by

The use of big table formwork.

Figure 9: less construction time

4-single soffit level

Figure 10: flat slab system

5-ease of installation of flat slabs

All m & e services can be mounted directly on the

Underside of the slab instead of bending them to avoid the beams.

6-use of prefabricated welded mesh

Use of prefabricated welded mesh minimizes the

Installation time of flat slabs. These mesh are available in standard size and
provides better quality
Control in construction of flat slab.
 Figure 11: prefabricated welded mesh

7-buildable score
This allows standardized structural members and prefabricated sections to be
integrated into the design for ease of construction. This process makes the
structure more buildable, reduce the number of site workers and increase the
productivity at site, thus providing more tendency to achieve a higher buildable
score.

 punching shear

1. Always a critical consideration in flat plate design around the

columns
2. Instead of using thicker section, shear reinforcement in the form of shear
heads, shear studs or stirrup cages may be embedded in the slab
To enhance shear capacity at the edges of walls and
Columns

Figure 12: shear studs

column strip and middle strip

 column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25l1 or

0.25l2, whichever is less.
 the remaining middle portion which is bound by the column
strips is called middle strip.

Figure 13: column and middle strips

Direct design method

limitations
Slab system designed by the direct design method shall fulfill the following
condition.
A. There shall be minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
B. The panels shall be rectangular, and the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span within a panel shall not be greater than 2.0.
 C. It shall be permissible to offset column to a maximum of 10 percent
of span in the direction of offset not with standing the provision in
(b)

D. the successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more
than one-third of the longer span. The end spans may be shorter but not
longer than the interior span , and
E) the design lived load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.

Design steps for flat slab

1. Check preliminary dimension
2. Check for applicability of dd m
3. Divide the slab with frame in x and y directions and obtain dimension of
x and y frames.
4. Analysis the interior and exterior panel.
A. Longitudinal distribution b.
Transverse distribution
5. Estimate the design moment in the external column
6. Estimate the design moment in the internal column
7. Design for shear
8. Detailing should be done as per code requirement.
 Conclusions
• As per indian code we are using cube strength but in international
standards cylindered are used
• Which gives higher strength than cube.
• Drops are important criteria in increasing the shear strength of the
slab.
• Enhance resistance to punching failure at the junction of concrete
slab & column.
• By incorporating heads in slab, we are increasing rigidity of slab.
• In the interior span, the total design moments (mo).
• The negative moment’s section shall be designed to resist the larger of
the two interior negative design moments for the span framing into
common supports.
• According to indian standard (is 456) for rcc code has recommended
characteristic strength of concrete as 20, 25, and 30 and above 30 for high
strength concrete.
• For design purpose strength of concrete is taken as 2/3 of actual strength
this is to compensate the difference between cube strength and actual
strength of concrete in structure.
• After that we apply factor of safety of 1.5. So in practice indian standard
actually us es 46% of total concrete characteristic strength. While in
international practice is to take 85% of total strength achieved by test and
then apply factor of safety which is same as indian standard so in
Actual they use 57% of total strength.
• pre fabricated sections to be integrated into the design for ease of
construction.
Biblography
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/flat-slab-types-design-
advantages/13919/

https://civiltoday.com/structural-engineering/31-advantages-disadvantages-flat-
plate-slab

https://civiltoday.com/structural-engineering/31-advantages-disadvantages-flat-
plate-slab

https://civildigital.com/flat-slab-floor-system-advantages-disadvantages-flat-
slabs/

https://www.slideshare.net/mhsfcm/flat-slab-design-41788628