THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KENYA

SHOOL: SCHOOL OF SURVEYING AND GEOSPATIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT: LAND ADMINISTRATION AND INFORMATION

COURSE: LAND ADMINISTRATION

REGISTRATION NO. ESLQ/00952/2019

NAME: WANGA CYRIL OCHIENG

PROJECT TITLE: THE GENERAL BACKGROUND OF LAND

ADMINISTRATION
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCAOLS THAT CONTROLS SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

Sustainable development includes economic activities that may have important effects on future
generation without necessarily causing harm to the environment. The concept of sustainable
development was popularized by the World Commission on the Environment and development.
It defines the concept as: “Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs”. The concept of
sustainable development stresses the need to maintain the productive capacity of the world’s
resources, sustainable development requires basic knowledge in the ground of land tenure, land
value, land use and land development. It also calls for good governance mostly on land which is
the main factor of production. Land governance is an interdisciplinary and cross-cutting area
mixing technical, natural and social science.

The following protocols control sustainable development: The Agenda 21 RIO de Janeiro Earth
Summit in 1992

Millennium Development Goals (MDG), New York 2000

The Kyoto Protocol for Climate Change 1997

The Hyogo Frame-work for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005-2015

The Montreal Protocol

The Istanbul Declaration and the Habitat Agenda, Habitat II, 1996

Vision 2030 for Economic Development in Kenya

THE AGENDA 21

Preamble

Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of

disparities between and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy,
and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystem on which we depend for our well-being.
However, integration of environment and development concerns and greater attention to them
will lead to the fulfillment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, and better and
protected managed ecosystem and safer, more prosperous future. No nation can achieve this on
its own but together we can in a global partnership of sustainable development.

The Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by
organization of United Nations System (UNS), governments, and major group in every area in
which human impact on the environment. Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, and the statement of principles for the sustainable development of forest were
adopted by more than 178 governments in United Nation Conference on Environment and
Declaration (UNCED) held in Rio de Jenerio Brazil, 3rd to 4th June, 1992.The commission on
sustainable development (SD) was created in December 1992 to ensure effective following-up of
UNCED and to monitor the report on implementation of the agreements of the regional, local
national and international levels. It was agreed that a review of Earth Summit Progress will be
made in 1997 by the United Nations General Assembly meeting in special session. The full
implementation of Agenda 21, he programs for further implementation of Agenda 21 and the
commitment to the Rio principles, were strongly reaffirmed at the World’s Summit for
Sustainable development in Johannesburg, South Africa (26th August to 4th September, 2002)

Social and Economic Development

International Cooperation to accelerate Sustainable Development in developing Countries and
related domestic policies.

In order to meet the challenges of the environment and development, states decided to:

Establish a new global partnership that commits all states to engage in a continuous and
constructive dialogue that aims at achieving more efficient and equit able world economy.

Keeping in view the increasing interdependence of national and that sustainable development
should become a priority item on the international community.

Economic policies of individual countries and economic relations between countries are a great
relevant to sustainable development. The development and acceleration of sustainable
development requires both dynamic and supportive international economic environment and
determined policies at national level. The development process will be affected if the global
economy lacks dynamism, or the developing countries are weighted down by external
indebtness, if development finances are adequate, if barriers restrict to market and if commodity
prices and terms of developing countries remain depressed. Sound domestic economic policies,
in developed and developing countries, if global progress towards sustainable development is to
be achieved. The international economy should provide a supportive international climate for
achieving environment and developing goals by:

Promoting sustainable development via trade liberalization

Making trade and environment mutually supportive

Providing adequate financial resources to developing countries dealing with international debt

Encouraging macroeconomic policies conducive to environment and development

Government recognizes new global effort relating to international economic system for human
safe and stable natural environment.

Promoting Sustainable Development through Trade

A good multilateral trading system should be open, equitable, secure, non-dissimilatory and
predictable in order to achieve goals of sustainable development. Improved market access for
developing countries with response to environment policies will contribute towards sustainable
development. Sustainable development requires commitment to sound economic policies and
management, an effective and predictable public administration, the integration of the
environmental concern into decision making and progress towards democratic government. The
ability of countries that dominate the economy in terms of production and employment should
mobilize through international trade, the resources needed to finance investment required for
sustainable development.

Objectives

Taking into account Uruguay’s round-off multilateral trade negotiating government should strive
to meet the following objectives: Taking into account Uruguay’s round-off multilateral trade
negotiating government should strive to meet the following objectives: To promote an open, non-
discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trading system. To improve access to market for export
of developing countries. To improve the function of a commodity markets and achieve sound,
compatible and consistence commodity policies at national and international level. To promote
and support policies, domestic and international, that makes economic growth and development
and environmental protection mutually supportive.

Accordingly, the international community should: Halt and reverse protectionism in order to
bring liberalization. Provide for an equitable, secure, non-discriminatory and predictable
international trading system. Facilitate the integration of all countries into the world economy
and international trading system. Ensuring that environment and trade policies are mutually
supportive with a view of achieving sustainable development. Strengthen the international
trading system. The international community should aim at finding ways and means achieving a
better functioning and enhanced transparency of commodity markets.

Combating Poverty
Poverty is complex multidimensional problem with origins in both the national and international
domains. The eradication of poverty and hunger, greatly in income distribution, development
remain a challenge elsewhere. While managing resources sustainability, an environment policy
that focuses mainly on the conservation and protection of resources must take due account on
those who depend on resources for their livelihood. Otherwise, it would have an adverse impact
on poverty and on the chances for long term success in resource and environment conservation.
An effective strategy for tackling poverty and environmental problem should begin by focusing
on resources, production and people, cover demographic issues, enhanced health care and
education, rights of women, the role of the youth and indigenous people. Eradication of poverty
can be achieved by strengthening employment and income generating programs.

The objectives of these programs are:

To provide all persons urgently with opportunity to earn a sustainable livelihood

Implement policies that focus on integrated human development.

To develop for all poverty-stricken areas integrated strategies and programs of sound and
sustainable management to eradicate poverty.

To create a focus in national development plans and budgets on investment on human capital

Activities

Focus on empowerment of local and community groups through the principle of delegating the
authority, accountability is the resource to the most appropriate level to that the program be
geographically and ecologically specific. Contain immediate measures to enable those groups to
alleviate poverty to develop sustainability. Contain a long term sustainability aimed at the basic
possible condition for sustainable local, regional and national development that would eliminate
poverty and reduce inequalities between various population groups. The program should also
consider the inter alia approach to sustainable development by: Empowering woman via full
participation in decision making, Respecting the culture integrity and the rights of indigenous
people and their communities, Promoting and establishing grass-root mechanism to allow for the
sharing of experience and knowledge between communities.

Changing Consumption Patterns

The pattern focuses on: Unsustainable pattern in production and consumption. Developing
national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns
Poverty and environmental degradation are closely interrelated. Poverty results to deterioration
of the global environment due to unsustainable patterns of consumption. Attention should be
direct to demand for resources generated by unsustainable consumption and try to minimize
depletion and minimize pollution. Action is needed to achieve this pattern; the following
objectives must be met. Promote patterns and production that reduce environmental stress to
meet the human basic needs. Develop better understanding of the role of consumption and how
to bring about more sustainable consumption patterns.

Demographic and Sustainability

The program focuses on: Developing and disseminating knowledge concerning the links on
demographic dynamic and sustainability. Formulating integrated national policies for
environment and development considering demographic trends and factors The program was
aimed to achieve the following objectives; Incorporate demographic trends and factors in the
global analysis of environment and development issues. Develop a better understanding of the
relationship among demographic dynamics, technology, culture behavior, natural resources and
life support system. Protecting and Promoting Human Health Conditions Health conditions of a
nation and her citizens are closely interconnected with sustainable development. UN
organizations (WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNESCO, UNDP and World Bank) arrived at the
following goals: By the year 2000 to eliminate guinea worm diseases (dracunculiasis)By the year
2000 eradicate poverty by the year 2000 to effectively control onchocerciasis (river blindness)
and leprosy by year 1995, reduce measles deaths by 95%

Promoting Sustainable Human Settlement Development

The overall human settlement objective is to improve the social economic and environmental
quality of human settlement, the living and working standards of all people. The program areas
include: Providing adequate shelter for all. Improving human settlement management. Promoting
sustainable land use planning and management, Promoting the integrated provision of
environmental infrastructure, water, sanitation, drainage and solid waste management, promoting
sustainable energy and transport system for human settlement, promoting human settlement,
planning and management, promoting sustainable construction industry activities, promoting
human resources development and capacity-building for human settlement. While integrating
environmental and development in decision making the following objectives were in mind:

Conduct a national review of economic, social and environmental policies, strategies and plans
to ensure the progressive integration of environmental and development issues. To strengthen
institution at all levels of decision making. To develop or improve mechanism of concerned
individuals, groups and organization in decision making at all levels.

Protection of the Atmosphere

The UN conference was aimed at ensuring favorable atmosphere for sustainable development.

They conce
ntrated on the protection of the protection of the atmosphere through the following objectives.

Improve understanding of the process that influence and are influenced by earth’s atmosphere on
a global, regional and local scale.

Integrated Approach to the Planning

This program was aimed at:

Allocating land to the use that provides the greatest sustainable development. To review on
developed policies to support the best possible use of land management resources (by later than
1996).

To improve and strengthen planning, management and evaluation system for land resources (by
not later than 1998).

To create mechanism to facilitate in decision making on land use and management (not later by
1996)

Combating Deforestation

Objectives:

Strengthen forest related national institution in relation with management, conservation and
sustainable development of forests and to effectively ensure the sustainable utilization and
production of forest goods and services in developed and developing countries.

Strengthen and improve human technical and professional skills, implement policies, plans,
programs, research and projects on sustainable development of all types of forests

Managing Fragile Ecosystem: Combating Desertification and Drought

Objectives:
To promote the establishment and/or strengthen national environment information that provides
necessary standardization and back-up services.

To strengthen regional and global systematic observation network linked to development.

To establish a permanent system at both national and international levels for monitoring
desertification and land degradation

Sustainable Mountain Development

Objectives:

Undertake survey of different types of soils, forest, water use, crop, plant and animal resources of
human ecosystem

To maintain and generate database and information system to facilitate management and
environmental assessment of mountain ecosystem.

To improve technologies regarding land/water ecological knowledge participating in

development of mountains knowledge.

To create and strengthen communication network concerned with mountain issues

To improve coordination of regional efforts to protect fragile mountains.

Other main concerns of the Agenda 21 include:

Promoting sustainable agricultural and rural development

Conservation of biological diversity

Environment sound management of biotechnology

Protection of oceans

Promotion of quality and supply of flesh water resources

Environmental sound management of toxic chemicals

Environmental sound management of hazardous waste

Environmental sound management of solid waste

Safe and environmentally sound management of radioactive waste

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Introduction

There are eight millennium development goals that were agreed by world’s countries and world’s
leading institutions. The first seven goals are mutually reinforcing and are direct at reducing
poverty in all its forms. The last goal-global partnership for development-is about the means to
achieve the first seven

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1A: halve, between 1990 and 2015, the population of people whose income is than $1 a
day

Target 1B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women
and young people.

Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2018, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

Goal 2: Achieve Universal primary education

Target 2A: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere; boys and girls alike, will be able to
complete a full primary schooling
Goal 3: Promoting gender and empower women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005,
and in all levels of education not later than 2015. Empower women by creating equal chances in
the society. For example, equal employment opportunities.

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Target 4A: Reduce by two—thirds, between 1990 and 2015, under five mortality age.

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 5 A: Reduce by three-quarters the maternal ratio.

Target 5 B: Achieve universal access to productive health.

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases.

Target 6 A: Halve halted by 2025 and began to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDs.

Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDs for all those who need
it.

Target 6 C: Halve halted, by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of Malaria and other
major diseases.

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability.

Target 7 A: integrate the principles of sustainable development into the country policies and
programs and reverse loss of environmental resources.
Target 7 B: Reduce bio-diversity loss, achieving by 2010, and a significant reduction in the rate
of loss.

Target 7 C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation

Goal 8: Develop a Global partnership of development

Target 8 A: Develop further an open, rule based, predictable, non-discriminatory, trading and
financial system.

Target 8 B: Address the special needs of the developed countries.

Target 8 B: Address the special needs of the developed countries.

Target 8 C: Address the special needs of land locked developing countries and small Islands
developing states

Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries.

Target 8 E: In corporation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable

essential drugs in developing countries

Target 8 F: In corporation with the private sectors, make available benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communication

Conclusion

The MDGs represent a wider concept or a vision for future. Relevant geographical information
in terms of mapping and data base and natural environment, and also providing secure tenure
system, system for land valuation, land use management and land development. The MDGs have
become the international standards of reference for measuring and tracking improvements in the
human condition in the developing countries. The goals are backed by political mandate agreed
by the leaders of all UN member states. The MDGs offer a comprehensive and multidimensional
development framework and set clear quantifiable targets to be achieved. Meeting the goals
require some substantial policies to focus on key sources of economic growth. Countries need to
recognize the benefits from advance in science and technology and develop strategies to harness
the explosion in new knowledge

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

THE Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on the 11 th Dec, 197. But not enacted or
enforced until the 16th February, 2005. The protocol aimed at combating the adverse effects of
climate change or Global Warming. Global warming is the increase of earth’s average
temperature caused by emission of gases, such as carbon dioxide. The phenomena lead to
gradual warming up of the earth’s atmosphere and the possibility of associated changes in the
global weather pattern as a result of emission into the atmosphere of such gases as carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and methane. These gases are known as Green House
Gases (GHGs). United Framework Convention on International Change (UNFCIC) states the
goal of the protocol as “stabilizing of GHGs concentration in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic inference with climate system.

Kyoto calls for nations to commit themselves to reducing GHGs emission. As November 2009,
187 states signed the protocol. The United States position on Kyoto Protocol has been a subject
of controversy and frustration amongst International Community. Primarily because despite
being a member of the UNFCC, the US, while having signed to protocol in 1998, has to this day
not ratified it. That basically shows that US will not be held accountable if emissions targets are
not met. US have not ratified Kyoto Protocol. Developing nations should be included, in addition
to developed countries. The Clinton Administration found that the contribution of developing
nations to protocol could reduce the cost by 60%. The Goal: Reduction of four GHGs. The
Kyoto Protocol’s main goal is to reduce the presence of four main GHGs that belong into groups:
that is.

Hydrofluorocarbons

Perfluorocarbons

The GHGs include:

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous Oxide

Sulphur Hexafluoride

The goal is to reduce emission by 5.2% compared to 1990 levels. In addition, Kyoto Protocol can
purchase carbon credits to help offset their emission.

THE HYOGO FRAME-WORK FOR DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

Preamble

The World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held from 18 th to 22nd January, 2005 in Kobe
Hyogo, Japan, and adopted the present Framework for Action 2005 to 2015: Building the
Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disaster (here after referred to as the “Framework for
Action”). The conference provided a unique opportunity to promote a strategic and systematic
approach to reducing vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for and
identified ways of building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.
The Hyogo Frame-work (HFW) is a ten-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards.
It was adopted by 168 member states of UN in 2005 at World Disaster Reduction Conference. It
was developed to reduce disaster risk-government, International agencies, disaster experts and
many others. It outlines five priorities for action for disaster risk reduction that aims at attaining
a sustainable development by year 2005. It means reducing loss of lives and social, economic
and environmental assets when hazards strike.

Priority Action 1

Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis
for implementation.

States are called upon to develop policy, legislative and institutional frameworks for disaster risk
management.

Priority Action 2

Identify access and monitor disaster risk reduction and enhance early warming.

The beginning for reducing disaster and for promoting a culture of disaster resilience is in the
knowledge of hazards and the physical, social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Priority Action 3

Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.

People should be well informed and motivated towards a culture of disaster reduction and
prevention.

Priority Action 4

Reducing the underlying risk factors

Disaster risk related to land use and environment with geological events, weather, water, climate
validity and climate change are / should be addressed in sector development, planning and
programs as well as in post-disaster situation.

Priority Action 5

Strengthen disaster preparation for effective response at all levels. Authorities, individual and
communities should be well prepared and ready to act and be equipped with knowledge and
capacities for effective disaster management.

Challenges posed by disasters.

Disaster loss is on the rise with grave consequences for the survival, dignity and livelihood of
individuals, particularly the poor, and hard-won development gains. Disaster risk is increasingly
of global concern and its impact and action and actions in one region can have an impact on risks
in another, and vice versa. This, compounded by increasing vulnerabilities related to changing
demographic, technological and socio-economic conditions, planned urbanization, development
within high-risk zones, under-development, environmental degradation, climate variability,
climate change, geological hazards, competition for scares resources, and the impact of
epidemics such as HIV / AIDs, points to a future where disasters could increasingly threaten the
world’s economy, and its population and the sustainable development of developing countries. In
the past two decades, on average more than 200 million people have been affected every year by
disaster.

Disaster risks arise when hazards interact with physical social, economic and environmental
vulnerabilities. Events of hydro-meteorological origin constitute the large majority of disasters.
Despite the growing understanding and acceptance of the importance of disaster risk reduction
and increased disaster response capacities, disasters and in particular the management and
reduction of risk continue to pose a global challenge. There is now international
acknowledgement that efforts to reduce disaster risks must by systematically integrated into
policies, plans and programs for sustainable development and poverty reduction, and supported
through bilateral, regional and international cooperation, including partnerships. Sustainable
development, poverty reduction, good governance and disaster risk reduction.

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL 2000

The Protocol concerns the substances that deplete the Ozone layer. It was designed to protect the
stratosphere Ozone layer. The treaty was originally signed in 1987 and amended in 1990 and
1992.The protocol stipulates that the release of compounds like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC),
Halons, Carbon Tetrachloride and Methyl Chloroform would deplete ozone in the Ozone layer.
Scientifically, it has been proved that the depletion of Ozone Layer allows penetration of UV-B
radiations that damage the planet. The United Nations Environment Program (ENEP) has
prepared a Montreal Protocol Handbook provides additional detail and explanation of provision.
The Vienna Convention for the protection of Ozone Layer (1985), outlines states’ responsibilities
for protecting human health and environment against the adverse effect of Ozone depletion.
Benedict (1991), who led US delegation, offers the most detailed account of Montreal Protocol
negation in Ozone diplomacy. The 4th meeting of the parties to the Montreal Protocol, Rowland
(1993), outlines good historical overview and an update via 1992.

VISION 2030 FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA

The Kenya Vision 2030 is the country’s long term development country’s long –term
development blueprint which aims to create a globally competitive and globally competitive and
prosperous country providing a high quality of life for all its citizens. It quality of life for all its
citizens. It aspires to transform Kenya into a newly industrializing, middle income country by
2030.The vision 2030 was launched by president by president Kibaki on 30 th October, 2006. It
aims at producing a medium-term plan with full details on development programs. The objective
was to provide was to provide an in-depth understanding of the countries development problems
and the necessary strategies to achieve the vision 2030 goals. Two critical components were
arrived.

The potential of different sectors to make a wide economic impact. The feasibility of unlocking
that potential for the benefits of economic growth employment and poverty reduction. A similar
process and methodology was followed in identifying projects and priorities in the social and
political pillars. Detailed analysis was carried out under a consultative process in order to come
up with strategies capable of resolving the resolving the social and political problems that Kenya
face today. A team of experts arrived at workable solution by leaning from other countries that
achieved rapid growth and also improved the lives of their people greatly in a span of 20 to 30
years, with particular reference to the East Asian newly industrializing countries. The tem made
extensive use of information available from the government, Kenya’s private sector, civil society
and universities.

Foundations for National transformation

Macro-economic stability for long-term development; Continuity in governance reforms;

Enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor;Infrastructure;Energy;Science,
Technology and Innovation (STI);Land reform; Human resource;Development;Security.The
vision 2030 for economic development aims to achieve an average gross potential product
(GDP) growth rate of 10% p.a. beginning in012,To achieve this Kenya is continuing with
traditional macro-economic stability established since 2002.The vision also aims at increasing
foreign investment and overseas development assistance (ODA).The government has set reforms
to speed-up economic growth. The agenda requires a raise of national saving from 17% (2006) to
30% (2012). 75% of workers’ employment was found to be necessary to deal with a significant
informal economy.

SOME NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER THE FIRST MTP

Constitution of Kenya, 2010.Three undersea Fiber Optic Cable which connect Kenya to the
global fiber optic network and linked to 5,500 km terrestrial fiber optic cables covering most
parts of the country. Increased government expenditure on development and modernization of
infrastructure‐roads, energy, airports and ports. The Financial Services sector recovered from a
low growth of 2.7 % in 2008 to record an average 8 % growth in the past 3 years (2009 and
2011). The transition rate from primary to secondary education increased from 64. 1 % in 2008
to 73. 3% in 2011 64.1 % in 2008 to 73. 3 % in 2011.Construction of an additional 124 youth
polytechnics and equipping of 560 youth polytechnics with relevant tools and equipment.
Students enrollment in both public and private universities increased from 118 000 in 2008to 198
000 in 2012 118, 000 in 2008 to 198, 000 in 2012, an increase of 68% in four years.

SECOND MEDIUM TERM PLAN OF VISION 2030: 2013-2017

The 2nd MTP will incorporate the following: On‐ going key Vision 2030 Flagship projects;
Priorities arising from the Kenya Constitution,2010;Enhancing the development of the country’s
human resources; Employment creation especially among the youth; Increasing the share of
exports to GDP especially manufactured exports; Increasing the share of power generated from
green and more cost effective sources; Increased investment in infrastructure under PPP
arrangements PPP arrangements; Take due cognizance of the recent discovery of oil and other
mineral resources in the country and will plan for investment in the requisite infrastructure to
facilitate their exploitation.

ECONOMIC PILLAR
The following are six sectors that were given first priorities in order to achieve economic
development.

Tourism

Increasing value in agriculture

A better and more inclusive wholesale and retail trade sectors

Manufacturing for the regional market

BPO

Financial services

Through its strategy, Kenya aims to build a just and cohesive society with the social equity in a
clean and secure environment. This strategy makes special provision for Kenyans with various
disabilities (PWDs) and previously marginalized communities.

The policies (and those in the economic pillar) are equally anchored on aa-round adoption of
science, technology and innovation (STIs) as an implementation tool.

Key sectors:

Education and training

The Health system

Water and sanitation

The environment

Housing and Urbanization

Gender, youth and Vulnerable groups

Equity and poverty elimination

During the life of the vision, strategies and action plan are expected to the systematically
reviewed and adjusted every five years.

POLITICAL PILLAR

The political pillar vision for 2030 is “a democratic political system that is issue-based, people-
centered, result oriented and accountable to the public”. It aims to realize a democratic political
state that respects the rule of law, and protect the rights and freedom of every citizen. It aims to
transform Kenya into a state which equality is entrenched irrespective of one’s race, ethnicity,
religion, gender or socio-economic status; a nation that respects and harness the diversity of its
citizen’s values, tradition and aspirations for the benefit of all its citizens. To meet objectives
outlined in the economic and social pillars, Kenya’s national governance system is being
transformed and reformed to acquire high level executive capability consistence with a rapidly
industrialization country.

Transformation within Kenya’s governance system under vision 2030 is expected to take place
across six strategies initiatives, whose overarching vision, goals and strategic for 2012 area
follows:

Rule of law

Electoral and political process

Democracy and public service delivery

Transparency and Accountability

Security, Peace and Conflict management

Monitoring and Evaluation of the Vision

There has been remarkable success in implementation of the vision with all implementation of
the vision with all ministries and departments underperformance contracts.

An IT based National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System (NIMES) is used to track
progress in implementation of the vision

Data from NIMES is used to produce Annual Progress Reports (APR) Progress Reports (APR)

To ‐date three APRs have been published

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Constitutional supremacy: These guarantee individual rights under rights under the Bill of Rights
and Property Rights of Kenyan and International investors. Sovereignty of the people: These
calls for acknowledgement that government derives all its powers from the people it governs.
Equity of citizens: no discriminatory based on gender, race, tribe, religion or ancestral religion
National values: it involves acknowledgement of significance of God to the Kenyan people and
an affirmation of the religious, culture and ethnic diversity off Kenyans. A variable political party
system: Under Vision 2030, founding of political parties on religion, linguistic, racial, ethnic,
gender corporate or religion basis will be prohibited. Public participation in governance:
Kenyans shall appreciate the values of tolerance and respect for different in opinion in a
competitive society.

Separation of powers: the implementation of powers depends on the three arms of the
government (The Judiciary, the Legislative, and the Executive)

Decentralization: Vision 2030 uses devolved funds to strengthen decentralization of development

projects at the local level will be accorded priority in realizing this goal.

Implementation

A Semi-Autonomous Government Agency (SAGA) will requisite capacity has been established
to oversee the implementation of the entire Vision 2030 project.
Vision delivery secretariat

The government has created a Vision Delivery Secretariat (DVS), which provides strategic
leadership and direction in the realization of the Vision 2030 goals to ensure the timely
implementation of the flagship projects.

By the end of year 2030, the vision aims at:

Promoting and improving Education and Training sectors

Ensuring good access to water and good sanitation

Fully addressing housing and urbanization issues

Addressing gender, youth and vulnerable groups

Promoting equality and poverty elimination

Creating equal employment opportunities

Improving standards of living and ensuring fair and even distribution of wealth.

THE ISTANBUL DECLARATION AND HABITAT AGENDA, HABITAT II, 1996

Heads of States and the official delegation assembly at the United Nation Conference (UNC) on
Human Settlement (Habitat II) in Istanbul, turkey from 3 rd to 14th June, 1996 emphasized on
ensuring adequate shelter for all and making human settlement safer, healthier and more livable,
equitable, sustainable and productive. They majored on ensuring equitable shelter and
sustainable human settlement development in an urbanizing world. The Heads of States
recognized cities and towns as center of civilization, generating income development, and social,
culture and specific advancement. The concentrated at preserving their diversity to promote
solidarity among all people. They reaffirmed commitment to better standards of living in large
freedom for all human kind.

The United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) gave a

comprehensive agenda for equitable attainment of peace, justice and democracy built on
economic development, social development, and environmental protection as interdependent and
mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development. To improve the quality of life
within human settlement they addressed comprehensively, inter-alia, unsuitable consumption and
production patterns, particularly in industrialized countries; unsustainable population changes.
The states acknowledge the globalization of the world economy presents opportunities and
challenges related to human settlement. Rural and urban development in interdependent States
must extend adequate infrastructure, public service and employment opportunities to rural areas
to minimize rural to urban migration.

In the conference the needs of women, youth and children for safe, healthy and secure living
conditions were addressed. They aimed at eradicating poverty and discrimination of freedoms
and fundamental rights. They also reaffirmed commitment to ensure legal security of tenure,
adequate and affordable housing for all persons and families by expanding the supply of
affordable housing. The implementation of the agenda required funding by mobilizing financial
resources at the national and international level.

Conclusion

Sustainable development; is a method of economic growth and development that does not
adversely affect future growth potential. Different approaches attempt to operationalize the
concept. One approach argues that sustainable development means the preservation of the
existing stock of resources such as clean water, air. trees e.t.c.A more realistic approach stresses
the need to maintain the productive capacity of the world’s resources. The concept of sustainable
development calls for an improved technology in dealing with problems related to exhaustion of
non-renewable resources (such as oil). The concept of sustainable development therefore, seeks
to take into account the welfare of both the present and future generation. As the state strives to
attain a sustainable development, they most likely to enjoy significant benefits.

The following are benefits among others: Decrease in the number of poor people; A favorable
environment that can support life of human kind and thriving of business; Natural disaster
prevention and management; Social, political, economic and environment stability; Improved
health and standard of living; Reduction of pollution. An individual state on its own cannot
achieve a long term sustainable development. Therefore, states are called upon to integrate, carry
out and implement policies on land, environment and governance of resources. It therefore
follows that no state can make an achievement towards sustainable development without
thinking of integrating ideas with other states.

REFERENCES

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), New York 2000

www.unicef.org/sowc04_mdg.html

www.un.org/millinnium/summit.html

www.un.org.millenniumgoals/bkb.html

The Kyoto Protocol for Climate Change 1997

unfcc.int/../2830.php

www.au.af.mil/..rl

www.mapleleafweb.com
www.britannica.com:international treaty, 1997

unfcc.int/resources/docs/convkp/kpeng.html

The Hyogo Frame-work for Disaster risk Management

www.unisdr.org

www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform

unstat.un.org

The Montreal Protocol 2000

ozone.unep.org/pdfs/montrealprotocol

www.ciesin.org/../montpro.html

Vision 2030 foe Economic Development in Kenya

www.vision2030.go.ke

www.vision2030.org

Agenda 21 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992

www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21

www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html

www.fao.org>>...>SARD and FAO

The Istanbul declaration and Habitat Agenda, Habitat II, 1996

www.unbrussel.org/../habitat.html &www.un.org//..declaration.html