“The Adjective”

A word which use to add something in the meaning of noun is call adjective.

1. The boy is lazy. 2. The lazy boy was punished.

Attibutively: In sentence 1, adjective lazy is used along with noun. Therefore, if it

comes before the noun is called Attibutively.

Predicatively: in sectencs 2, adjective lazy is used along with the verb. Therefore,
if is comes after tha noun is called Predicatively.

Kinds of Adjectives

1: Adjectives of Quality:

 It show the kind or Quality of a person or thing.

 Of what kind?
 Large, small, honest, foolish
 Kolkata is a large city.

2: Adjectives of Quantity:

 It Show how much of a thing is.

 How much?
 Some, much, little, enough, no, All, whole
 He did not eat any rice,

3: Adjectives of Number:

 It show how many thing or person are.

 How many?
 Five, few, no, most, some, several
 All men must die.
 Its Three types:

1: Definate numeral 2: Indefinate numeral 3: Distributive numeral

Definate: which denotes an exact number.

 one, two, three, etc. Cardinals

 Firsrt, second, third, etc. Ordinals

Indefinate: which do not denote exact number.

 Several, sundry, few, all , no, many.

Distributive: which refer to each one of a number.

 Each, either,neither, nor, every,

4: Demonstrative Adjectivers:

 Point out which person or thing is meant.

 Which?
 This, that, those, these, such.
 This & that are use for singular nouns.
 There & those are use with plural nouns.

Interrogative Adjectives:

 They used to ask a question.

 What, which, whose, when
 Which way shall we go?

5: Emphasizing Adjectives:

 Use to make sentence anthntic.

 Own, very
 I saw it with my own eyes.

6: Exclamatory Adjectives:

 Word what sometimes use as Exclamatory.

 !
 What genius!
Note: This & these indicates something near to speaker. That & those indicates
more distant objects.

Comparsion of Adjective(Degrees)

Positive Degree: sweet

Comparative Degree: sweeter

Superlative Degree: sweetest

Regular comparison Irregular comparison

Tall, taller, tallest much, more, most

Kind, kinder, kindest good, better, best

“Articles”

 Articles are adjectives.

 They are really demonstrative Adjectives.
 A, an , the
 There are 2 types or articles.

1: Indefinate articles:

A or an are called Indefinate articles,bcoz it usually leaves indefinate the person

or thing.

 A doctor, that means any doctor.

 It use before singular countable noun.
 A book, a gril, an orange
 They use with a word begans with a vowel sound.
 a, e , i ,o ,u
2: Definate Articles:

The is called definate articles, bcoz it normally points out some particular person
or thing.

 I saw the doctor, that means some particular doctor.

 It use before singular, plural countable and uncountable nouns.
 The book, the books, the milk
 It use with unique things.
 It use with ordinals i.e (the first man, the ninth chapter)

Example:

Lets go to the park. (the park in this town)

Lets go to a park. (it means any park)

3:Repetition of the Articles:

if we say:

 “I saw a black and white dog.”

Its means I saw one dog which is partly black and white.

But if we say:

 “ I saw a black and a white dog”

Its mean I saw two dogs the one is black and tha other is white.

Hence, when 2 or more adjectives are use for tha same naun, the article is used
before the 1st noun only,

But when the adjective used for 2 different nouns, its understood the article is
normally used before each adjective.
 “Personal pronouns”
The word that is use instead of noun is called pronoun.i.e Hari is absent because
he is ill.

 I, we, they, you,he, she, it

 I, we use for 1st person
 You is use for 2nd person
 He, she, they are use for 3rd person
 It is use for things without life. Here is your book; take it away.

When self is added to My, your, him, her, it and Selves to our, your, them,we get
what are called compound reflecive pronouns.

1: Reflexive pronouns:

 when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject.
 I hurt myself.
 You hurt yourself.
 They hurt themselves.
 The horse hurt itself.
 They are use as the object of the noun.
 The word self sometimes use a noun. i.e ( He think much of self)

2: Emphatic Pronouns:

 Compound Personal pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis.

 I will do it myself.
 We will see to it ourselvers.
 You yourself can best explain

3: Indefinate pronouns:

 The pronouns which refers to persons or things in a general way but do not
refer to any particular person or thing are called indefinate pronouns.
 One, none, they, all, some, few, many, we, others, any
  Anybody, somebody, nobody, everybody, everone
 He , she,
 They, them, their

4: Distributive Pronouns:

 They refer to person or things one at a time.

 They are singular
 either, neither are used when we should speak about 2 person
 Each means every one of a no. taken so it is also singular

5: Relative pronouns:

Chapter 1 I met Hari. Hari had just returned.

Chapter 2 met Hari who had just returned.
 Who is a word is used instead of the noun “Hari”.
 Who is a word that dose double work-----conjuction so it also called
conjuctive pronun.
 It is called relative pronoun because it refers or relates to some noun going
before (here, the noun Hari) which is called Antecedent.
 Who, which, that

6: Interrogative pronouns:

 They ask Question, therefore.

 Who, whom, whose, which, what
 They are similar to relative pronouns but the word they do is different.

7: Exclamatory pronouns:

 A pronoun used as an exclamation

 !
 What!
 What do u do?
 What dose he do?
 “The Verb”
A verb a word that tells something about a person or thing do. It is a most
improtant word is a sentence.

It may tell us__

 What a person or thing dose, as (jo kaam kiya jata ha)

 Hari laughs.
 What is done to a person or thing, as (kaam ho jata ha )
 Hari is scolded.
 What a person or thins is, as (state btana k kon kis halat m hai)

The cat is dead.

1: Transitive verb: (passing over : object k bahir samj nahi ati)

 The action denotes by the verb (kicks) passes over form the subject (boy)
to object (football). The verb kicks therefore called transitive verb.
 Hari kicks the football.
 In this verb, object is necessary. Without object the sense is not completed.

2: Intransitive verb: (not passing over : object k bahir b samj aa jati ha)

 Hari laughs.
 The action denoted by the verb (laughs) stops with the subject
(boy) and dose not pass over to an object.
 In this verb, the object is na needed. Without it the sense is completed.

3: Mood:

The different moods and manners in which a verb (kaam) may be used to express
an action are called Moods.

 I write to my brother every week.

 Write neatly. (Is a mood)
1: indicative mood:

 It is a Simple sentence.
 Rama gose to school.
 To ask a Question.
 Are you ok?
 It is also use to expressing a supposition which is assumed.
 If it rain, I shall stay at home.( assuming as a fact that it will rain, etc.)

2: Imperatibe mood:

 This mood is use to express___

 A command, as
 Wait there.
 Come here.
 An exhortation, as
 Be steady.
 Try to be better.
 An entreaty or prayar, as
 Have mercy upon use.
 Give us this day our daily bread.

3: Subjunctive mood:

In traditional enlish:

 Where it expresses a wish or hope.

 God bless you!
 Heaven help us!

In formal english:

 a verb expressing desire, intention an resolution etc.

 I move that Mr. Gupta be appointed Chairman.
 We recommened that,
 I suggested that,
4: The Gerund:

 Reading is his favourite passtime.

 The word reading is a form or verb read by adding ing, (parrna a kam ha)
 Here Reading is a verb but alse use as subject of a verb & dose the work of
a noun. Therefore, it a verb-noun & also called a Genrund.
 It is a form of verb which ends in –ing and has the force of a noun & verb.
 (kaam b ho or noun b ho yahi k kisi ka nam jagh ya koi cheez)
 He is found of playing cricket, walking, seeing.

5: Auxiliaries / Auxiliary verb:

 They are verbs.

 Is, are , am , was, were
 They are linking & hepling verbs.
 Used with ordinary verbs or make tenses, passive forms, questions an
negetives.

6: Modals/ modal verbs:

 Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall should, must, ought
 They are not helping verbs.
 They are used before ordinary verbs & expresses meanings such as,
permission, possibility, certainty and necessity.
 Need and dare can sometimes be used as modal verbs.
 They have no –s in the 3rd person; no –ing & no –ed forms.

“The Interjection”
 Hello , alas , hurrah ,ah , oh!!! Etc
 Such words are interjection.
 They are used to express some sudden feeling or emotion.
 They are grammatically related to the other words in a sentencs.
 Joy; Hurrah! Huzza!
 Grief; Alas!
 Surprise; Ha! What!
 Approval; Bravo!
 Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good gracious!