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 The Impulse- Momentum Theorem

Main Idea: The impulse produced by a force on a body changes its momentum.

Question: Why do motorcycle riders need to wear protective boots and helmets?

What are Impulse and Momentum?

An impulse is that the add of the force and also the interval of your time at that the force

acts on an object, whereas the merchandise of mass and rate is termed momentum.

Its SI unit is newton-second (N.s). Momentum is a vector quantity having the same

direction as the velocity. Small letter p usually represents momentum. The unit of SI unit is

kg.m/s. If v is the ultimate speed, mv is the ultimate momentum. If vo is the initial speed, the

initial momentum is mvo.

What is the Impulse- Momentum Theorem?

The theorem of impulse-momentum establishes a very simple relationship between

momentum and impulse, namely that impulse is equal to the momentum shift. Newton's second

law of motion says that F equals ma (F=ma).

Now, we know that when you have a force, it will cause a mass to accelerate.

Momentum is proportional to each weight and rate, which means the rise in one can cause the

modification of the opposite to be a similar. Nevertheless generally, rather than its mass, it's

the speed of the body that determines its velocity.

Anecdote

Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao, popularly known as Manny Pacquiao or Pacman, has

been rated as one of the best pound-for-pound boxers of all time and is the only fighter who

have won the world titles in eight different divisions. The fists of Pacquiao are said to be

"mass destruction weapons”. He offers high-speed punches.

From the point of view of physics, his winning formula in the ring is consistent with

the impulse-momentum theorem in which the impact force is stronger when applied in a short

time or at a higher speed or both.

As stated by Coachslow (2017) the momentum happens when a positive outcome

produces more positive outcomes generating a momentum that pushes forward with a shared

trust. The longer it lasts, the momentum gains more energy. This means if you believe that the

attitude or mentality can change the performance, you also believe in momentum. Momentum

can be a collective or individual mindset. Momentum is a force that moves positively.

Changing an object's momentum depends on the force strength and the time the force

acts. A provided momentum shift may be accomplished by modifying the impact force and the

impact time. An outsized force acting for a brief time or tiny force acting for a protracted time

contributes to a similar momentum shift. For instance, a moving car may be brought to an

abrupt halt by slamming on the brakes or to a gentle stop by slowly applying the brakes.
 There are many variations to this definition of reduced force and longer impact time.

Padded dashboards, helmets, bumpers, fenders, and airbags are designed to reduce passenger

injuries by increasing the amount of time it takes to avoid them during collisions. Through

landing on large airbags, a stuntman can parachute from high altitudes without being injured.

In the absence of absorbing landing material, he must bend his knees directly after colliding

with the surface. In doing so, he gives more time to protect the upper part of his body. When

he landed stiff knees, he could stop abruptly, and the strain on his feet could be enough to snap

his bones and shake his teeth.

Momentum may be a strength live associate degreed a measure of however onerous it's to

prevent an object. A non-moving object has zero momentum. There is a big momentum in a

slow and fast movement of large object.

Momentum is a vector similar to the mass and velocity component that is also a vector. But

how does impulse contribute to momentum when a force is acting on an item for a short time.

Impulse is that the live of what quantity the force changes the momentum of associate degree

object

Because impulse may be a live of what quantity the momentum changes it's as a results of

force acting on a amount of your time and also the formula are like this

This formula relates impulse to the modification of momentum of the thing. Impulse has 2

different units either kilograms times meter per second (k.m/s) or newton times seconds

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(N.s).
 Sample Problems

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1) A ball with a mass of zero.350 weight unit bounces off of a wall. Initially, it traveled
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horizontally to the correct, toward the wall at twenty five.0 m/s. In then bounces, and
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travels horizontally to the left, far away from the wall at fifteen.0 m/s. what's the

impulse of this collision between the ball and therefore the wall?
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Solution:
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The first step is to stipulate a positive direction. the matter are usually resolved with

either the left or right horizontal direction made public as positive, apart from this resolution,
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the positive direction are horizontally to the left (away from the wall). With this definition,

the initial velocity of the ball is (horizontally), and conjointly the ultimate
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rate of the ball is (horizontally). The initial momentum is:

The final momentum is:

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The impulse of the collision is:

[0]

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The impulse of the collision is , horizontally to the left.
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2) A player hits a softball with a mass of zero.125 weight unit with a bat. simply
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before the impact, the ball is traveling horizontally toward the bat at thirty.0 m/s. once the bat
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hits the ball, the ball travels horizontally, on identical path it arrived. If the impulse that

affects the ball's motion is horizontally off from the bat, what's the ultimate rate of the ball?

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Solution:

In this downside, the direction of the

impulse is outlined as horizontally off from the bat, then this direction are going to be outlined
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as positive for this answer. With this definition, the initial speed of the ball

is (horizontally), and therefore the final speed of the ball, , is unknown.

The final momentum is:

The impulse of the collision is:

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The final speed may be found by rearranging this formula:

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The final speed of the ball, when colliding with the bat, is 50.0 m/s, horizontally far from
the bat.
Conclusion

The theory analyzes step by step the subject matter. Vehicles, as is understood, have

four wheels and the effect starts at one level, but impacts a certain area quickly. Because of

this, not only at a particular point, but in a wider area, a certain amount of energy is lost.

Moreover, the friction force between the tires and the road surface creates another energy

loss. Practically no car will remain undamaged after a crash except in minor collisions.

Because the impact energy is absorbed by damage to the body of the vehicle, there is little

protection for the people inside a car.

Nonetheless, during high-speed collisions, both the vehicles and the people inside

absorb the energy released. Therefore, in such a situation, serious injuries can occur. The

theories developed in this paper may help the search for practical solutions by simulation in

the design of passenger cars to increase human safety, but only to a limited extent because

certain assumptions are made and some parameters are neglected. A certain range of errors

must be accepted and the theory has to be improved.

References:

Coachslow: https://www.coachslow.com/momentum/

http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/impulse_momentum_theorem_formula/339

https://web.pa.msu.edu/courses/2012summer/phy231/lectures/section_2/ch07_1_S2_pre.

pdf

https://study.com/academy/lesson/momentum-and-impulse-definition-theorem-and-
examples.html