GK & CA & Essays by Tahir Habib

2019
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE &

CURRENT AFFAIRS
TAHIR HABIB
ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA
LIST OF FIRST IN PAKISTAN GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1. First Person who received Nishan-e-Haider

Answer: Captain Raja Sarwar
2. First Lady Major General in the Pakistan Army
Answer: Dr. Shahida Malik
3. First Governor General of Pakistan
Answer: Quaid-e-Azam
4. First President of Pakistan
Answer: Iskandar Mirza
5. First Prime minister of Pakistan
Answer: Nawab Liaqat Ali Khan
6. First elected President of Pakistan
Answer: Field Marshal Ayub Khan
7. First elected Prime Minister
Answer: Z. A. Bhutto
8. First Vice President of Pakistan
Answer: Nur-ul-Amin
9. First Chief Justice of Pakistan (Federal court)
Answer: Justice Sardar A. Rashid
10.First Chief Justice Federal Shariat court of Pakistan
Answer: Justice Salahuddin Ahmad
11.First Chief Minister of Punjab
Answer: Iftikhar Hussain Memdoot
12.First Chief Minister of Sindh
Answer: Ayub Khoro
13.First Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Answer: Dr. Khan Sahib
14.First Chief Minister of Balochistan
Answer: Sardar Atta ullah Mengal
15.First Governor of Punjab
Answer: Sir Francis Moody
16.First Muslim Governor of Punjab
Answer: Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar
17.First Governor of Sindh
Answer: Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
18.First Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP)
Answer: Sir George Cunningham
19.First Muslim Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Answer: Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid
GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 2

20.First Governor of Balochistan
Answer: Lt Gen Riaz Hussain
21.First Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan
Answer: Shamma Khalid
22.First Joint chief of Staff committee
Answer: General Muhammad Sharif
23.First Commander-in-chief of Army
Answer: Gen.Frank Meservy
24.First Muslim Commander-in-chief of Army
Answer: G.M. Ayub Khan
25.First Commander-in-chief of Air Force
Answer: Air vice Marshal Allan Perry Keene
26.First Muslim Commander-in-chief of Air force
Answer: Air Marshal Asghar Khan
27.First Commander-in-chief of Navy
Answer: Rear Admiral James Wilfred Jefford
28.First Muslim Commander-in-chief of Navy
Answer: Haji Muhammad Sadique Chaudhry
29.First Cruise missile
Answer: Hatf VII (Babur) August 11, 2005
30.First constitution of Pakistan was enforced
Answer: March 23, 1956
31.Second constitution of Pakistan was enforced
Answer: 8 June 1962
32.Third constitution of Pakistan was enforced
Answer: 14 August 1973
33.First Foreign Minister of Pakistan
Answer: Sir Zafarullah Khan
34.Chief Election commissioner of Pakistan
Answer: F.M. Khan
35.First Chief Scout commissioner of Pakistan
Answer: Quaid-i-Azam
36.First SOS village of Pakistan
Answer: Lahore (1977)
37.Pakistan first private Channel
Answer: STN (1990)
38.First Pakistan Postal stamp issued
Answer: July 1948
39.First constructed Barrage of Pakistan
Answer: Sukkur Barrage (1932)
40.First DNA Test laboratory
Answer: Islamabad (March, 2006)

41.First Motorway of Pakistan constructed in 1997
Answer: Islamabad Lahore Motorway
42.First governor of State Bank of Pakistan
Answer: Zahid Hussein
43.First martial law was imposed in Pakistan
Answer: 7 October 1958
44.First captain of Pakistani cricket team
Answer: Hafeez Kardar
45.First female chancellor in the Pakistan
Answer: Begum Ra’na Liaqat Ali Khan
46.First female vice chancellor in Pakistan
Answer: Najma Najam
47.First female university of Pakistan
Answer: Fatima Jinnah Women University
48.First female gold champion in Pakistan
Answer: Shehzadi Gulfam
49.First female representative of Pakistan in the UN
Answer: Shaista Ikramullah
50.First Pakistan to win the prestigious Pulitzer Prize
Answer: Adrees Latif
51.First female governor State Bank of Pakistan
Answer: Shamshad Akhtar
52.First women Pilot in Pakistan
Answer: Shukriya Khanam
53.First Secretary General of Pakistan
Answer: Ch. Muhammad Ali
54.First Administrator of Karachi
Answer: Syed Hasham Raza
55.First Chairman of senate
Answer: Habib ullah Khan
56.President of first Constitution Assembly of Pakistan
Answer: Quaid-e-Azam
57.First female deputy speaker in Pakistan
Answer: Begum Jahanara Shahnwaz
58.First female member of Parliament
Answer: Begum Shaista Suhrawady Ikramullah
59.First female minister of education
Answer: Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan
60.First female minister of Population
Answer: Dr. Attiya Inayatullah
61.First Pakistan minister of information
Answer: Syeda Abida Hussain

62.First female Pakistani minister of finance
Answer: Benazir Bhutto
63.First female minister of law and human rights
Answer: Shahida Jamil
64.First female “foreign ministry spokesperson
Answer: Tasleem Aslam
65.First private Airline of Pakistan
Answer: Hajvery Airline
66.First public airline of Pakistan
Answer: Orient Airline
67.First capital of Pakistan
Answer: Karachi
68.First TV Station
Answer: Lahore
69.First Nuclear reactor of Pakistan
Answer: Karachi nuclear power plant 1972
70.First Woman Judge of High Court of Pakistan
Answer: Majida Razvi
71.First Speaker of Constitution Assembly
Answer: Molvi Tameez ud Din
72.First Sports channel of Pakistan
Answer: Super Geo
73.First Pakistani who received noble Prize
Answer: Dr. Abdus Salam (1979 in Physics)
74.First Pakistani who received Lenin Prize
Answer: Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1961)
75.First woman Prime Minister in Pakistan
76.Youngest Prime Minister
77.First female Speaker of National Assembly
Answer: Fahmeeda Mirza
78.First Finance Minister of Pakistan
Answer: Ghulam Muhammd
79.First Census in Pakistan
Answer: 1951
80.First natural gas reserves were discovered in Pakistan
Answer: Sui (1952)
81.First time won the cricket world cup
Answer: 1992
82.Pakistan’s First cabinet sworn

Answer: August 15, 1947
83.First news agency of Pakistan
Answer: APP
84.First Pakistani female athlete who won gold medal in SAF Games
Answer: Naseem Hameed
85.First state to join Pakistan
Answer: Bahawalpur
86.First railway track
Answer: Karachi and Kotri (1861)
87.First Five year plan of Pakistan
Answer: 1955-1960
88.First Pakistani who climbed mount Everest
Answer: Nazir Sabir (2000)
89.First Pakistani who draw Pakistani flag in North pole
Answer: Numira Saleem
90.First emergency was declared in Pakistan
Answer: July 25, 1948
91.First rocket launched by Pakistan
Answer: Rahbar
92.First missile launched by Pakistan
93.Answer: Hat 70
94.First female Governor of Pakistan
Answer: Begum Ra’an Liaqat Ali
95.First Chief of staff of the Armed Forces
Answer: Gen. Tikka Khan
96.First Chief of staff of the Air Force
Answer: Air Marshal Zaffar Ahmed
97.First Chief of staff of the Navy
Answer: Hafeez Ahmed
(((====================)))
COOLEST, HIGHEST, LOWEST, BIGGEST, TALLEST, SMALLEST,

OLDEST IN PAKISTAN
• Larges Oil refinery: Pak-Arab Oil refinery
• Biggest mosque in Pakistan: Faisal Mosque Islamabad
• Tallest building of Pakistan: Muslim commercial Bank Building (Karachi)
• Oldest forest of Pakistan: Janipur (Founded between Loralai And Ziarat)

• Longest Motorway in Pakistan: M-8
• Biggest Hockey Stadium of Pakistan: National Hockey Stadium Lahore
• Biggest industry of Pakistan: Textile
• Biggest industrial unit in public sector: Pakistan Steel Mills
• Longest railway tunnel in Pakistan: Khojak
• Longest tunnel: Lawari Tunnel
• Province which have longest coastline: Baluchistan
• Largest language: Punjabi (48)
• Pakistan’s largest museum: Karachi museum
• Biggest park in Pakistan: Ayub National park
• Larges Dam in Pakistan: Terbela Dam
• Largest Earth filled Dam in Pakistan: Terbela Dam
• Oldest Nuclear reactor of Pakistan: Karachi nuclear power plant (1972)
• Biggest fort of Pakistan: Rani Kot Fort (Haiderabad)
• Oldest fort of Pakistan: Daraward Fort
• Coldest place in Pakistan: Skardu
• Highest dam in Pakistan: Mangla Dam
• Highest & longest glacier of Pakistan: Siachen
• Largest Island of Pakistan: Manora
• Oldest Barrage of Pakistan: Sukkur Barrage
• Highest mountain peak: K-2 (8611 meter or 28251)
• Highest railway station of Pakistan: Khan Mehtarzai
• Highest Road: Sharah-e-Karakorm (Sharah Resham)
• Oldest news agency of Pakistan: APP (Associate Press of Pakistan)

• Biggest cricket stadium of Pakistan: National Stadium Karachi
• Largest shipping company of Pakistan: Pakistan national Shipping

Corporation
• Largest university of Pakistan: Punjab University
• Largest (biggest) province by area: Baluchistan
• Biggest province by population: Punjab
• Biggest library found in Pakistan: Punjab Library
• Biggest airline of Pakistan: PIA
• Biggest railway workshop in Pakistan: Mughalpura (Lahore)
• Largest city of Pakistan: Karachi
• Largest District of Pakistan: Chaghi
• Biggest desert found in Pakistan: Thar
• Highest battle field in Pakistan: Siachin Glacier
• Hottest place in Pakistan: Jacobabad
• Biggest airport of Pakistan: Quaid-e-Azam Airport Karachi
• Biggest Commercial Bank of Pakistan: Habib Bank Limited
• Biggest Barrage of Pakistan: Sukkur Barrage (1932)
• Oldest airline of Pakistan: Orient Airline
• Oldest private Airline of Pakistan: Hajvery Airline
• Largest & longest river: Indus (2896 Km) 1800 miles
• Biggest man-made lake found in Pakistan: Keenjhar Lake (Thatha)
• Biggest natural lake in Pakistan: Manchar Lake (Dadu)
• Pakistan’s largest Stock Exchange: Karachi
• Highest pass: Mustagh Pass (6000 meters)
• Biggest Gas field: Sui Gas field

• Biggest hydroelectric power station: Tarbela Dam
• Largest jungle of Pakistan: Changa Manga
• Highest military award: Nishan-e-Haider
• Highest civil award: Nishan-e- Pakistan
• The Longest Coastal area in Pakistan: Balochistan (771 kms long) (total
1046 km)
• The Longest Frontier: Pakistan-Afghanistan border |(2252 kms)
• The Longest Railways Platform: Rohri (Sindh) Length, 1,896 feet
• The Longest Railway Track in Pakistan: Karachi to Landi Kotal
• The Longest Road in Pakistan: Karachi to Peshawar
• The Longest Tunnel (Railway) in Pakistan: Khojak Balochistan (Length

2.43 miles)
• The Longest Tunnel in Pakistan: Lowari (Length 5 miles)
• The Longest (Water) in Pakistan: Warsak Dam Tunnel (Length 3.5 miles)
• The Tallest Tower in Pakistan: Minar-e-Pakistan (Hight 196 feet 8

inches)
• The Tallest Minaret in Pakistan: Four minarets of Shah Faisal Mosque

with a height of 286 feet each.
• The Tallest Mountain Pass Pakistan: Muztagh Pass (Nothern Areas)

height 19,030 feet
• The Tallest Mountain Peak Pakistan: K-2 (Karakoram) height 28,269 feet
• The Tallest Railway Station Pakistan: Khan Mehtarzai (height 2,221 feet)
• First Loin of Pakistan was designed by: Brandley
• The area lowest rainfall in Pakistan: Nokkundi
• The oldest Pakistani TV Station in located in: Lahore
• Largest mobile company in Pakistan: Mobilink

• Largest sector of Pakistan’s economy: Agriculture sector
• Largest radio station in Pakistan: Islamabad
• Highest radio station in Pakistan: Gilgit
• Longest road in Pakistan: Pakistan Highway
• Largest Division of Pakistan: Kalat
• Smallest Division of Pakistan: Karachi
• Shortest river of Pakistan: Ravi River
• Largest Canal of Pakistan: Llovd Barrage Canal
• Largest Hospital in Pakistan: Nishtar Hospital Multan
• Largest Trade partner of Pakistan: USA
• Lowest point below the sea level in Pakistan: Indian Ocean
• Biggest Thermal power station founded in Pakistan: Kot Addou
• Biggest export item in Pakistan: Textile (Cotton)
• Highest rainfall area of Pakistan: Murree
• Largest min excavated in Pakistan: Salt mines Khewra
• Largest stadium of athletics of Pakistan: Islamabad
• Highest population density rate in Pakistan: Islamabad
• Lowest population density rate in Pakistan: Chaghi district
• Largest seaport of Pakistan: Karachi
• Largest mausoleum in Pakistan: Quaid-e-Azam Tomb, Karachi
• Largest circulating Daily Newspaper of Pakistan: Jang
• Largest circulating English Daily Newspaper of Pakistan: Daily News
• Largest Nuclear power plant of Pakistan: KANUPP
(((====================)))

• Longest Time Served by a Prime Minister: Yousuf Raza Gilani (4 Years,
2 Months, 25 Days). Previously, Liaquat Ali Khan served the
longest time as Prime Minister (4 Years, 2 Months, 2 Days). After
aggregating Nawaz Sharif’s three terms, his duration totals up to 4 years, 13
months and 57 days or 5 years, 2 month and 27 days. After aggregating
Benazir Bhutto’s two terms, her duration totals up to 4 years, 8 months and
21 days. Thus both Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto are the longest non-
consecutively serving prime ministers.
• Shortest Time Served by a Prime Minister: Nurul Amin (13 Days) during
1971 Bangladesh-Pakistan War
• Political Party Having the Most Number of Serving Prime Ministers: 5
from Muslim League
• Total Duration of Prime Ministers from Muslim League: 9 Years, 6
Months, 57 Days or in aggregation 9 Years, 7 Months, 27 Days
• Total Duration of Democratic Prime Ministers: 30 Years, 51 Months, 254
Days or in aggregation 34 Years, 11 Months, 14 Days
• Number of Times Prime Minister’s Post Abolished: 5 Times
• Total Duration of the Post Abolishment: 24 Years, 24 Months, 53 Days or
in aggregation 26 Years, 1 Month, 23 Days
• Longest Post Abolishment Period: 13 Years, 2 Months during Zia-ul-Haq’s
dictatorship
• Shortest Post Abolishment Period: 6 Months, 3 Days after the death of
Zia-ul-Haq
• Number of Times Caretakers Came: 6 Times
• Longest Time Served by a Caretaker: Muhammad Mian Soomro (4
Months, 9 Days)
• Shortest Time Served by a Caretaker: Balakh Sher Mazari (1 Month, 8
Days)
• Total Duration of Caretakers’ Terms: 17 Months, 10 Days or in
aggregation 1 Year, 5 Months and 10 days.
• Current & 22nd PM Imran khan , In Office: 18 August 2018 – continued
Chief Ministers of Balochistan

Complete list of Ex Chief Ministers of Balochistan from 1970 to present . Name and tenure
of all chief minister of Balochistan province . Sardar Ataullah Khan Mengal was the first chief
minister of Balochistan . Jamal Kamal Khan is recent elected C.M Of Balochistan .
01- Sardar Ataullah Khan Mengal 01-05-1972 15-02-1973
02- Mir Jam Ghulam Qadir Khan 27-04-1973 31-12-1974
03- Sardar Muhammad Khan Barozai 07-12-1976 05-07-1977
04- Mir Jam Ghulam Qadir Khan 06-04-1985 29-05-1988
05- Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali 24-06-1988 15-12-1988
--- Justice (R) Khuda Bux Marri (Acting) 22-12-1988 04-02-1989
06- Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti 04-02-1989 06-08-1990
--- Mir Humayun Khan Marri (Caretaker) 06-08-1990 06-08-1990
07- Mir Taj Muhammad Jamali 17-11-1990 19-05-1993

08- Nawab Zulfiqar Ali Magsi 20-05-1993 19-07-1993
--- Muhammad Naseer Mengal (Caretaker) 19-07-1993 20-10-1993
09- Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi 20-10-1993 09-11-1996
--- Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (Caretaker) 09-11-1996 22-02-1997
10- Sardar Akhtar Mengal 22-02-1997 15-06-1998
11- Jan Muhammad Jamali 15-06-1998 12-10-1999
12- Jam Muhammad Yousaf 01-12-2002 19-11-2007
--- Muhammad Saleh Bhutani (Caretaker) 19-11-2007 08-04-2008
13- Nawab Muhammad Aslam Raisani 08-04-2008 22-03-2013
--- Nawab Ghaus Bakhsh Barozai (Caretaker) 23-03-2013 08-06-2013
14- Doctor Abdul Malik Baloch 09-06-2013 23-12-2015
15- Nawab Sanaullah Khan Zehri 24-12-2015 09-01-2018
16- Mir Abdul Quddus Bizenjo 13-01-2018 08-06-2018
--- Alauddin Marri (Caretaker) 08-06-2018 18-08-2018
17- Jam Kamal Khan 19-08-2018 Present
Around the World: Longest around the World

S. No. Type Place
1. Longest River Nile
2. Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway
Laedal Tunnel, Norway (24.51 km

3. Longest Road Tunnel
long)
4. Longest Railway Platform Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh, India)
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

5. Longest Ship Canal
(1930 Km long)
6. Longest River Dam Hirakud Dam, Odisha, India
Andes (South America, Length =

7. Longest Mountain Range
5500m)
8. Longest Wall Wall of China
Around the World: Largest around the World

S. No. Type Place
1. Largest Continent Asia
Ganges Delta (consists of

2. Largest Delta
Bangladesh and the state of West

S. No. Type Place
Bengal, India)
Sahara Desert (covers a surface

3. Largest Desert
area of 3.5 million square miles)
4. Largest Island Greenland
Three Gorges Dam (spans the

5. Largest Dam
Yangtze River in China)
United State Library of Congress,

6. Largest Library
Washington D.C.
7. Largest Sea Bird Albatross
8. Largest city in population Tokyo, Japan
9. Largest Peninsula Arabian Peninsula
Kamuthi Solar Plant, Tamil Nadu,

10. Largest Solar Plant
India
Around the World: Tallest, Smallest, Biggest around the

World
S. No. Type Place
1. Tallest Animal Giraffe
2. Tallest Building Burj Khalifa (828 m)
3. Tallest Monument Gateway Arch (USA)
4. Smallest Bird Humming Bird
5. Smallest Continent Australia
6. Smallest Planet Mercury
7. Biggest Country by Area Russia
8. Biggest Planet Jupiter
9. Biggest Ocean Pacific Ocean
10. Hottest Place Death Valley, California, USA.
11. Deepest Lake Baikal (Siberia)
12. Deepest Ocean Pacific Ocean
Around the World: Highest around the World

S. No. Type Place
1. Highest Mountain Peak Mt. Everest
2. Highest Mountain Range Greater Himalayas
3. Highest Plateau Pamir Tibet (Roof of World)
4. Highest Railway Station Tanggula railway station
5. Highest Lake Lake Titicaca
Angel Falls (Venezuela, located
6. Highest Fall
on a tributary of the Rio Caroni)
Metal with highest Melting and
7. Tungsten
Boiling Point
8. Higest Capital City La Paz (Bolivia)
(((=====================)))
The Top Ten: The World's Highest Mountains
Rank Mountain Range Country Feet

1. Everest Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 29,035
2. K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) Karakoram Pakistan/China 28,250
3. Kangchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal 28,169
4. Lhotse Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 27,940
5. Makalu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 27,766
6. Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 26,906
7. Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal 26,795
8. Manaslu Himalayas Nepal 26,781
9. Nanga Parbat Himalayas Pakistan 26,660
10. Annapurna Himalayas Nepal 26,545
List of Important Countries Capital and Currency

Countries Capital Currency
1. Austria Vienna Euro
2. Argentina Buenos Aires Peso

3. Australia Canberra Australian Dollar
4. Afghanistan Kabul Afgan-afgani
5. Azerbaijan Baku Manat
6. Bangladesh Dhaka Taka
7. Belarus Minsk Ruble
8. Belgium Brussels Euro
9. Bhutan Thimphu Ngultrum
10.Brazil Barsilia Real
11.Cambodia Phnom penh Riel
12.Canada Ottawa Canadian Dollar
13.Chile Santiago Peso
14.China Beijing Yuan
15.Colombia Bogota Peso
16.Costa Rica San jose Costa Rican Colon
17.Croatia Zagreb Kuna
18.Cuba Havana Peso
19.Czech Republic Prague Koruna
20.Denmark Copenhagen Krone
21.Egypt Cairo Pound
22.Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ethiopian Birr
23.Fiji Suva Dollar
24.Finland Helsinki Euro
25.France Paris Euro
26.Germany Berlin Euro
27.Ghana Accra Cedi
28.Greece Athens Euro
29.Hungary Budapest Forint
30.Hong-kong Victoria Dollar

31.Iceland Reykjavik Euro
32.India New Delhi Indian Rupee
33.Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah
34.Iran Tehran Rial
35.Iraq Baghdad Dinar
36.Ireland Dublin Euro
37.Israel Jerusalem Sheqel
38.Italy Rome Euro
39.Japan Tokyo Yen
40.Jordon Amman Dinar
41.Jamaica Kingston Dollar
42.Kazakhstan Astana Tenge
43.Kenya Nairobi Shilling
44.Korea North Pyongyang Won
45.Korea South Seoul Won
46.Kuwait Kuwait City Dinar
47.Latvia Riga Euro
48.Lithuania Vilnius Euro
49.Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro
50.Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Ringgit
51.Maldives Male Rufiyaa
52.Mauritius Port Louis Rupee
53.Mexico Mexico city Peso
54.Myanmar Nay Pyi Taw

Kyat
(Burma) (Rangoon)
55.Namibia Windhoek Dollar
56.Nepal Kathmandu Rupee
57.Netherlands Amsterdam Euro
58.New Zealand Wellington Dollar

59.Nigeria Abuja Naira
60.Norway Oslo Krone
61.Oman Muscat Rial
62.Pakistan Islamabad Rupee
63.Peru Lima Nuewo Sol
64.Philippines Manila Peso
65.Poland Warsaw Polish Zloty
66.Portugal Lisbon Euro
67.Qatar Doha Riyal
68.Russia Moscow Ruble
69.Saudi Arabia Riyadh Riyal
70.Seychelles Victoria Rupee
71.Sierra Leone Freetown Leone
72.Singapore Singapore Dollar
73.South Africa Cape Town Rand
74.South Sudan Juba Pound
75.Spain Madrid Euro
76.Sri Lanka Colombo Rupee
77.Sweden Stockholm Krona
78.Switzerland Bern France
79.Syria Damascus Pound
80.Taiwan Taipei Dollar
81.Tajikistan Dushanbe Tanzania Somoni
82.Thailand Bangkok Bhat
83.Turkey Ankara Lira
84.Uganda Kampala Shilling
85.Ukraine Kyiv Hryvnia
86.United Arab
Abu Dhabi Dirham
Emirates (UAE)

87.United States of
Washington D.C Dollar
America
88.Vietnam Hanoi Dong
89.Yemen Sanaa Rial
90.Zambia Lusaka Kwacha
91.Zimbabwe Harare Dollar
92.United Kingdom London Pound
(((====================)))
National Emblems of Famous Countries in the World
Name of Country Emblem/Symbols

Australia Kangaroo
Bangladesh Water Lily
Barbados Head of Trident
Belgium Lion
Canada Maple Leaf, Lily
Chile Candor and Huemul
Denmark Beach
Dominica Sisserou Parrot
France Lily
Germany Corn Flower
Guyana Canje Pheasant
Hong kong Bauhinia
India Lion Capital of Ashoka
Iran Rose
Ireland Shamrock
Isarel Candelabrum
Italy White Lily
Ivory Coast Elephant
Japan Chrysanthemum
Lebanon Cedar tree

Name of Country Emblem/Symbols
Luxembourg Lion with Crown
Mongolia The Soyombo
Netherlands Lion
New Zealand Sothern Cross, Kiwi
Norway Lion
Pakistan Crescent and Star
Papua New Guinea Bird of paradise
Russia Sickle and Hammer
Syria Eagle
Senegal Bhobab Tree
Sierra leone Lion
Spain Eagle
Sri Lanka Lion
Sudan Secretary Bird
Syria Eagle
Turkey Crescent and Star
United Kingdom Rose
United States of America Golden Rod
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Bird
The 100 Most Important People In History

Here's the top 100:
1. Jesus: central figure of Christianity (7 B.C. - A.D. 30)
2. Napoleon: Emperor of France, involved in the Battle of Waterloo (1769 - 1821)
3. Muhammad: prophet and founder of Islam (570 - 632)
4. William Shakespeare: English playwright, wrote "Hamlet" (1564 - 1616)
5. Abraham Lincoln: 16th U.S. president, involved in the Civil War (1809 - 1865)
6. George Washington: 1st U.S. president, involved in the American Revolution (1732 -
1799)
7. Adolf Hitler: Fuehrer of Nazi Germany, involved in World War II (1889 - 1945)
8. Aristotle: Greek philosopher and polymath (384 - 322 B.C.)
9. Alexander the Great: Greek king and conqueror of the known world (356 - 323 B.C.)
10. Thomas Jefferson: 3rd U.S. president, co-wrote the Declaration of Independence
(1743 - 1826)
11. Henry VIII: King of England, had six wives (1491 - 1547)
12. Charles Darwin: scientist, created the Theory of Evolution (1809 - 1882)

13. Elizabeth I: Queen of England, known as "The Virgin Queen" (1533 - 1603)
14. Karl Marx: philosopher, wrote the "Communist Manifesto" (1818 - 1883)
15. Julius Caesar: Roman general and statesmen, said "Et tu, Brute?" (100 - 44 B.C.)
16. Queen Victoria: Queen of Britain, Victorian Era (1819 - 1901)
17. Martin Luther: Protestant Reformation, wrote the "95 Theses" (1483 - 1546)
18. Joseph Stalin: Premier of USSR, involved in World War II (1878 - 1953)
19. Albert Einstein: theoretical physicist, created the Theory of Relativity (1879 - 1955)
20. Christopher Columbus: explorer, discoverer of the New World (1451 - 1506)
21. Isaac Newton: scientist, created the Theory of Gravity (1643 - 1727)
22. Charlemagne: first Holy Roman Emporer, considered the "Father of Europe" (742 -
814)
23. Theodore Roosevelt: 26th U.S. president, Progressive Movement (1858 - 1919)
24. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Austrian composer, wrote "Don Giovanni" (1756 - 1791)
25. Plato: Greek philosopher, wrote "The Republic" (427 - 347 B.C.)
26. Louis XIV: King of France, known as The Sun King (1638 - 1715)
27. Ludwig Von Beethoven: German composer, wrote "Ode to Joy" (1770 - 1827)
28. Ulysses S. Grant: 18th U.S. president and Civil War general (1822 - 1885)
29. Leonardo da Vinci: Italian artist and polymath, painted the "Mona Lisa" (1452 - 1519)
30. Augustus: First Emporer of Rome, Pax Romana (63 B.C. - A.D. 14)
31. Carl Linnaeus: Swedish biologist, father of Taxonomy (1707 - 1778)
32. Ronald Reagan: 40th U.S. president, Conservative Revolution (1911 - 2004)
33. Charles Dickens: English novelist, wrote "David Copperfield" (1812 - 1870
34. Paul the Apostle: Christian apostle and missionary (A.D. 5 - A.D. 67)
35. Benjamin Franklin: Founding father, scientist, captured lightning (1706 - 1790)
36. George W. Bush: 43rd U.S. president during the Iraq War (1946 - )
37. Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of Britain, involved in World War II (1874 - 1965)
38. Genghis Khan: Founder of the Mongol Empire (1162 - 1227)
39. Charles I: King of England, involved in the English Civil War (1600 - 1649)
40. Thomas Edison: Inventor of the light bulb and phonograph (1847 - 1931)
41. James I: King of England, responsible for the King James Bible (1566 - 1625)
42. Friedrich Nietzsche: German philosopher, "God is dead" (1844 - 1900)
43. Franklin D. Roosevelt: 32nd U.S. President, responsible for the New Deal (1882 -
1945)
44. Sigmund Freud: neurologist and creator of psychoanalysis (1856 - 1939)
45. Alexander Hamilton: U.S. Founding Father, National Bank (1755 - 1804)
46. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: Indian nationalist leader, instrumental in non-
violence (1869 - 1948)
47. Woodrow Wilson: 28th U.S. president, involved in World War I (1856 - 1924)
48. Johann Sebastian Bach: Classical composer, wrote the "Well Tempered Clavier"
(1685 - 1750)
49. Galileo Galilei: Italian physicist and astronomer (1564 - 1642)
50. Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector of England, involved in the English Civil War (1599 -
1658)
51. James Madison: 4th U.S. president, involved in the War of 1812 (1751 - 1836)
52. Guatama Buddha: central figure of Buddhism (563 - 483 B.C.)
53. Mark Twain: American author, wrote "Huckleberry Finn" (1835 - 1910)
54. Edgar Allen Poe: American author, wrote "The Raven" (1809 - 1849)
55. Joseph Smith: American religious leader, founded Mormonism (1805 - 1844)
56. Adam Smith: Economist, wrote "The Wealth Of Nations" (1723 - 1790)
57. David: Biblical King of Israel, founded Jerusalem (1040 - 970 B.C.)
58. George III: King of England, involved in the American Revolution (1738 - 1820)
59. Immanuel Kant: German philosopher, wrote "Critique Of Pure Reason" (1724 - 1804)
60. James Cook: Explorer and discoverer of Hawaii and Australia (1728 - 1779)

61. John Adams: Founding Father and 2nd U.S. president (1735 - 1826)
62. Richard Wagner: German composer, wrote "Der Ring Des Nibelungen" (1813 - 1883)
63. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Russian composer, wrote the "1812 Overture" (1840 -
1893)
64. Voltaire: French Enlightenment philosopher, wrote "Candidate" (1694 - 1778)
65. Saint Peter: Early Christian leader (?-?)
66. Andrew Jackson: 7th U.S. president, also known as "Old Hickory" (1767 - 1845)
67. Constantine the Great: Emperor of Rome, first Christian emperor (272-337)
68. Socrates: Greek philosopher and teacher, sentenced to death by hemlock (469 - 399
B.C.)
69. Elvis Presley: The "king of rock and roll" (1935 - 1977)
70. William the Conqueror: King of England, Norman Conquest (1027 - 1087)
71. John F. Kennedy: 35th U.S. president, Cuban Missile Crisis (1917 - 1963)
72. Augustine of Hippo: Early Christian theologian, wrote "The City of God" (354 - 430)
73. Vincent Van Gogh: Post-impressionist painter, painted "Starry Night" (1853 - 1890)
74. Nicolaus Copernicus: Astronomer, theorized a heliocentric cosmology (1473 - 1543)
75. Vladimir Lenin: Soviet revolutionary and Premier of USSR (1870 - 1924)
76. Robert E. Lee: Confederate General during the U.S. Civil War (1807 - 1870)
77. Oscar Wilde: Irish author and poet, wrote "The Picture of Dorian Grey" (1854 - 1900)
78. Charles II: King of England, post-Cromwell (1630 - 1685)
79. Cicero: Roman statesman and orator, wrote "On the Republic" (106 - 43 B.C.)
80. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: philosopher, wrote "On the Social Contract" (1712 - 1778)
81. Francis Bacon: English scientist, created the Scientific Method (1561 - 1626)
82. Richard Nixon: 37th U.S. president, involved in Watergate (1913 - 1994)
83. Louis XVI: King of France, executed in the French Revolution (1754 - 1793)
84. Charles V: Holy Roman Emporer during the Counter-Reformation (1500 - 1558)
85. King Arthur: Mythical 6th-century King of Britain (? - ?)
86. Michelangelo: Italian sculptor and Renaissance man, sculpted "David" (1475 - 1564)
87. Philip II: King of Spain, organized the Spanish Armada (1527 - 1598)
88. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: German writer and polymath, wrote "Faust" (1749 -
1832)
89. Ali: Early Caliph and a central figure of Sufism (598 - 661)
90. Thomas Aquinas: Italian theologian, "Summa theologiae" (1225 - 1274)
91. Pope John Paul II: 20th-century Polish Pope, Solidarity (1920 - 2005)
92. Rene Descartes: French philosopher, coined "I think, therefore I am" (1596 - 1650)
93. Nikola Tesla: Inventor, discovered alternating current (1856 - 1943)
94. Harry S. Truman: 33rd U.S. president, involved in the Korean War (1884 - 1972)
95. Joan of Arc: French military leader and saint (1412 - 1431)
96. Dante Alighieri: Italian poet, wrote the "Divine Comedy" (1265 - 1321)
97. Otto von Bismarck: 1st chancellor and unifier of modern Germany (1815 - 1898)
98. Grover Cleveland: 22nd and 24th U.S. president (1837 - 1908)
99. John Calvin: French Protestant theologian, founded Calvinism (1509 - 1564)
100. John Locke: English Enlightenment philosopher, theorized "tabula rasa" (1632 -
1704)
(((=====================)))
The Ten Largest Lakes of the World

Max.
Area (sq. Length
Rank Name, Location Depth
miles) (miles)
(feet)

1. Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan-Russia- 152,239 745 3,104
Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran (salt
water)
2. Superior, U.S.-Canada 31,820 383 1,333
3. Victoria, Tanzania-Uganda 26,828 200 270
4. Huron, U.S.-Canada 23,010 247 750
5. Michigan, U.S. 22,400 321 923
6. Aral, Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan 13,000 266 223
7. Tanganyika, Tanzania-Congo 12,700 420 4,708
8. Baikal, Russia 12,162 395 5,712
9. Great Bear, Canada 12,000 232 270
10. Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania 11,600 360 2,316
The Top Ten: Longest Rivers of the World

Approximate Length—
Rank River Location
miles
1. Nile Africa 4,180
2. Amazon South 3,912
America
3. Mississippi-Missouri-Red United States 3,710
Rock
4. Chang Jiang (Yangtze) China 3,602
5. Ob Russia 3,459
6. Huang Ho (Yellow) China 2,900
7. Yenisei Russia 2,800
8. Parana South 2,795
America
9. Irtish Russia 2,758
10. Zaire (Congo) Congo 2,716
(((=====================)))
Famous World Airlines

You can find all the rankings here, but this is the complete list of
AirlineRatings.com’s top airlines in the world for 2019.
World Airline Awards 2018 (Top 20)
1. Singapore Airlines
2. Qatar Airways
3. All Nippon Airways (Its main base was Tokyo International Airport.)
4. Emirates (UAE)
5. EVA Air (Evergreen Airways, is a Taiwanese international airline)
6. Cathay Pacific (flag carrier of Hong Kong)

7. Lufthansa (German Airline)
8. Hainan Airlines ( Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China )
9. Garuda Indonesia
10.Thai Airways
11.Qantas Airways ( flag carrier of Australia )
12.Swiss (national airline of Switzerland )
13.Japan Airlines
14.China Southern Airlines
15.Etihad (Etihad Airways is the second-largest airline in the UAE Abu dahbi )
16.Austrian Airlines
17.Air New Zealand
18.Turkish Airlines
19.KLM Royal Dutch Airline
20.Hong Kong Airlines
(((====================)))
Best Intelligence Agencies in the World 2019

1. Pakistan: Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
2. United States: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
3. Russia: Federal Security Service (FSB)
4. China: Ministry of State Security (MSS)
5. United Kingdom: Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)
6. Israel: Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (Mossad)
7. United States: National Security Agency (NSA)
8. Russia: Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)
9. Iran: Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS)
10.France: General Board of External Security (DGSE)
11.Turkey: National Intelligence Office (MIT)
12.The German : (BND)
13.The Indian Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
14.Australian Secret Intelligent Service (ASIS)
15.The Canadian Security Intelligent Service (CSIS)
16.Saudi Arabia: General Intelligence Presidency (GIP)
17.Mexico: Center of Investigation and National Security (CISEN)
(((====================)))
List of News Agencies of Different Countries
Agency Headquarter Country

1. Australian United Press Melbourne Australia
2. Reuters London Britain
3. Xinhua News Agency Beijing China
4. Agents France Presse Paris France
(AFP)

5. Deutsche Presse Hamburg Germany
Agentur (DPA)
6. United News of India New Delhi India
7. Press Trust of India Mumbai India
8. ANTARA Jakarta Indonesia
9. Islamic Republic News Tehran Iran
Agency (IRNA)
10.Mehr News Agency Tehran Iran
11.Inter Press Service Rome Italy
12.Inter Press Service Rome Italy
13.ANSA, Italy Agenzia Rome Italy
Nazionale Stampa
Associate.
14.Kyodo Tokyo Japan
15.BERNAMA WasimaBernama Malaysia
16.Associated Press of Islamabad Pakistan
Pakistan
17.Pakistan Press Karachi Pakistan
International
18.Al Jazeera Doha Qatar
19.ITAR TASS Russian Empire Russia
20.RIA Novosti Moscow Russia
21.Saudi Press Agency Riyadh Saudi Arabia
22.Wafa Palestine Palestine
23.Egypt Middle East News Egypt Egypt
Agency (MENA)
24.Associated Press New York US..A
(((=======================)))
What is a Strait ?
A strait is natural narrow water way that connects two large water bodies. In other
words it can be also be defined as a thin channel of water way which separates
comparatively two enormous water bodies.
Difference between Strait and Isthmus

Isthmus is just opposite to a Strait. A thin piece of land which connects two bigger
lands is called Isthmus. For example Isthmus of Panama connects North America
and South America. A canal is generally built across an isthmus artificially to
promote navigation from one part to other part by water. Panama canal is such an
example which connects Atlantic ocean to Pacific ocean.
Important Straits Of The World

Name of the Strait Water Bodies Joined
Bab-al-Mandeb : Arabian Sea & Red Sea
Bering: Arctic Ocean & Bering Sea
Bosphorus: Black Sea & Marmara Sea
Dover : Atlantic Ocean & North Sea
Florida : Atlantic Ocean & Gulf of Mexico
Gibralter : Atlantic Ocean & Mediterranean Sea
Malacca: Bay of Bengal & Java Sea
Megellan: South Atlantic Ocean & South Pacific
1: Dardanelles Strait
It is also located in Turkey and lies just opposite to the Bosporus strait. It connects
Aegean sea with sea of Marmara.
2: Hormuz strait connects Persian Gulf with Gulf of Oman and separates UAE and
Musandam goveronrate of Oman in west to Iran in east.
3: Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb separates Asia from Africa.
4: Gibraltar Strait
This strait connects The Mediterrane an sea with Atlantic ocean. This
Strait geographically separates Europe from Africa.
(((====================)))
Parliament Name of Country

Country Parliament Name
India Sansad/Parliament
Pakistan National Assembly
Bangladesh Jatiya Sansad
China National Peoples Congress
Bhutan Tsondu
Afganistan Shora
England Parliament
Canada Parliament
Australia Parliament
USA Congress
Germany Wondstag
Taiwan Yuan
Japan Daet
Israil Neset
Maldeep Majlis

Span Cortes
Nepal Rastriya Panchayat
Russia Dyuma
France National Assembly
Iran Majlis
Malesiya Diwan Nigara
Switzerland fedral Assembly
Turkey Grand National Assembly
(((====================)))
List of Important Canals In The World

Canals
A Canal is an arti_cial water system, canals are usually, created for transportation
or irrigation purposes. There are many important canals spread all around the world
such as Panama Suez etc.
Here is a list of some of the major canals in the world along with the name of the
water bodies they connect.
List of Important Canals In The World
Name of the Canal Connects

Panama Sea Pacific Ocean & Caribbean Sea.
Suez Canal Mediterranean Sea & Red Sea.
Erie Atlantic Ocean & Great Lakes.
Kiel North Sea & Baltic Sea.
(((=====================)))
Major Peninsulas of the World and their Location - World

Geography
1. Florida Peninsula: Important state of U.S.A., Florida Peninsula and surrounded by Gulf of
Mexico and Atlantic ocean is located on it. This peninsula is world famous for its beautiful
beaches and ice-cream industry. It has huge reserves of Phosphate. Karst landforms are
present in this peninsula because limestone is dominant here.
2. Yucatan Peninsula: Surrounded by Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, it is an important

peninsular region of Mexico. Silver is produced here on a large scale. Tourism industry has
developed a lot in its coastal parts. It has also been the centre for ancient Maya civilization.
Merida and Cancun cities are situated on this peninsula.

3. Alaska Peninsula: It is a mountain and plateau region of U.S.A. it has huge reserves of
Gold, copper, Tin and petroleum. Here many volcanoes and fumaroles are found. It is a very
important from strategic view of point, because it can be used to keep surveillance on Asia.
It has many wildlife parks.
4. Iberian Peninsula: It is an important peninsula of Europe, on which Spain and Portugal

are situated. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean in west and Mediterranean Sea in the
south and east. It is made of ancient hard rocks. ‘Spanish Meseta’ is major plateau on it.
Mountains like Cantabrian, Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada, are located on it. Metallic
minerals, especially Iron and Mercury are found in large amount on this peninsula. Grapes
and Olives are cultivated a lot on this peninsula.
5. Jutland Peninsula: It is situated between North Sea and Baltic Sea. It is 400 Km long.
Denmark is situated on it. It is world famous for dairy industry. Its southern parts is in
under Germany control. However, it has great strategic and geopolitical significance.
6. Kola Peninsula: Situated in Arctic Ocean, it is part of Russia. This peninsula is famous for
Bauxite production. ‘Murmansk’, the only sea port of Russia which is opened for all 12
months, is located on this peninsula. The deepest hole in the Earth (about 12 km) was
made on the Kola Peninsula by the Russian scientists.
7. Ungava Peninsula: It is situated between Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay. It is an important
region of Canada. It is very rich in mineral resources, like-Iron-Ore and Nickel. Due to
influence of cold Labrador Current, the human population here is very less. This region is
highest deposits of ‘Drumlins’. Having the sparse population of Eskimos this peninsula
remains covered by snow at least for six month in the winter season. Personnel
8. Sinai Peninsula: situated in West Asia, it is part of Egypt. This part has been cut to
constructed the world famous Suez Canal. This peninsula is famous for the production of
mineral oil and date palm. Tourism has also developed here a lot. In its south is the Mt.
Sinai where according to ‘Bible’ and Holy Quran the ‘Ten commandment and the Tables of
Law’ were given of Moses.
9. Crimea Peninsula: Located in Black Sea, it is an important region of Ukraine, which is

diamond shaped. It is famous for the production of mineral oil and Iron-Ore. Its culture is
an amalgamation of different ethnic group. Its main sea port, Sevastopol, remains open
throughout the year.
10. Cape York Peninsula: It is located in Queensland State of Australia. It spreads between
Gulf of Carpentaria and Coral Sea. It is world famous for Bauxite production. Australia’s
world famous ‘Weipa mine’ is situated here, which produces maximum Bauxite in the world.
11. Palmer Peninsula: Part of Antarctica, which lies in South Atlantic Ocean. It is only part
from South America by Drake Passage.
12. Shandong Peninsula: It is important region of China situated between Gulf of Bohai and
Yellow Sea. It is rich in iron-ore and Coal.
13. Kamchatka Peninsula: It is situated between Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea. It is an
extremely cold peninsula due to impact of Oyashio cold current. Many active volcanoes and
hot springs are found on it. It has great strategic importance for Russia. Inhabited by the
primitive tribes of the Yellow Race.

14. Mahia Peninsula: It is situated in eastern part of North Island of New Zealand. It is
mainly a plateau region. Dairy industry has developed here a lot.
15. Bank’s Peninsula: It is situated on South Island of New Zealand. Dairy industry and
sheep breeding have developed here a lot.
16. Chukchi Peninsula: It is a part of Russia surrounded by Arctic Ocean. This region has
Tundra vegetation. There are immense possibilities of finding natural gas here.
17. Scandinavian Peninsula: A large peninsula of northern part of Europe, on which

countries, like-Norway and Sweden, are situated. Kjollen Mountain spread in its central part,
which act as watershed. Many small rivers originate from here. Fjords are found in its
western parts.
18. Nova-Scotia Peninsula: Surrounded by Atlantic Ocean, it is a peninsula of Canada, which

is connected to mainland through Isthmus of Chignecto. It is famous for Apple production.
19. Arabian Peninsula: It is a desertic peninsula located in far south of West Asia. It is one
amongst the world’s lowest populated regions. But it is most rich in petroleum reserves.
‘Rub-ul-Khali’ desert is located on it.
20. Baja Peninsula: Belonging to Mexico, it is an arid and mountains peninsula. Tourism is
developing along the Pacific Ocean coast land of this peninsula.
21.Horn Of Africa,Somalian peninsula

The Horn of Africa is the only large peninsula of Africa towards East Africa. It is also called
Somali peninsula. It consist of full or segments of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and Ethiopia. It
is surrounded by Red Sea and Indian Ocean
22.Tingitana Peninsula
Tingitana Peninsula is a small north west Africa peninsula that forms the southern part of
Strait of Gibraltar.
23. Balkan Peninsula: Extending to the south from central Europe into the Mediterranean
Sea, the Balkan Peninsula (colored dark gray in the map above) includes the countries of
Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro,
Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and the geographical/political region of European Turkey.
(((==================)))
List of Old and New Names of Cities and Countries
Old Name of
S.No City/State/Country New Name of City/State/Country
1 Abyssinia Ethiopia
2 Angora Ankara

3 Aurangabad Sambhaji Nagar
4 Banaras Varanasi
5 Bangalore Bengaluru
6 Baroda Vadodra
7 Basutoland Lesothe
8 Batavia Jakarta
9 Bechunaland Botswana
10 Bombay Mumbai
11 British Guiana Guyana
12 Burma Myanmar
13 Calcutta Kolkata
14 Calicut Kozhikode
15 Cape Canaveral Cape Kennedy
16 Cawnpore Kanpur
17 Central Province Madhya Pradesh
18 Ceylon Sri Lanka
19 Christina Oslo
20 Cochin Kochi
21 Congo Zaire
22 Constantinople Istanbul
23 Dacca Dhaka

24 Dahomey Benin
25 Dutch East Indies Indonesia
26 Dutch Guyana Surinam
27 Ellice Islands Tuvalu
28 Formosa Taiwan
29 Gauhati Guwahati
30 Gold Coast Ghana
31 Holland The Netherlands
32 Ivory Coast Cote D’Ivoire
33 Jubbulpore Jabalpur
34 Jullundhar Jalandhar
35 Kampuchea Cambodia
36 Leopoldville Kinshasa
37 Madras Chennai
38 Malaya Malaysia
39 Manchukuo Manchuria
40 Mesopotamia Iraq
41 Nippon Japan
42 Northern Rhodesia Zambia
43 Nyasaland Malawi
44 Orissa Odisha
45 Palghat Palakkad

46 Panjim Panaji
47 Persia Iran
48 Peking Beijing
49 Petrogad Leningrad
50 Pondicherry Puducherry
51 Poona Pune
52 Quilon Kollam
53 Rangoon Yangon
54 Saigon Ho Chi Minh City
55 Salisbury Harare
56 Sandwich Island Hawaiian Islands
57 Siam Thailand
58 Simla Shimla
59 South West Africa Namibia
60 Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe
61 Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea
62 The New Hebrides Vanuatu
63 Uttaranchal Uttarakhand
64 Zanzibar Tanzania
(((=====================)))
The List of Sobriquets

1. Britain of the East - Japan
2. Britain of the South - New Zealand
3. City of Cycles - Beijing
4. City of Dreaming Spires - Oxford
5. City of Eternal Springs - Quito (Ecuador)
6. City of Sky Scrappers - New York (USA)
7. City of Magnificent Distances - Washinton DC
8. City of Golden Gate - San Francisco (USA)
9. City of Seven Hills - Rome (Italy)
10. Cockpit of Europe - Belgium
11. Copper Country - Zambia
12. Dark Continent - Africa
13. Empire City - New York (USA)
14. Emerald Island - Ireland
15. Eternal City - Rome (Italy)
16. Forbidden City - Lhasa (Tibet, China)
17. Gateway of Tears - Strait of Bab-el Mandeb
18. Garden of England - Kent
19. George Cross Island - Malta
20. Granite City - Aberdeen (Scotland)
21. Herring Pond - Atlantic Ocean
22. Hill Queen - Shimla
23. Holy Land - Palestine
24. Hermit Kingdom - Korea
25. Island of Pearls - Bahrain
26. Island of Cloves - Madagascar
27. Land of Eagles - Albania
28. Land of Golden Fleece - Australia
29. Land of Lilies - Canada
30. Land of Golden Pagoda - Myanmar
31. Land of Maple - Canada

32. Land of Thousand Lakes - Finland
33. Land of Morning Calm - Korea
34. Land of Rising Sun - Japan
35. Land of Setting Sun - Britain
36. Land of Midnight Sun - Norway
37. Land of Lakes - Scotland
38. Land of the Tulips - Netherlands
39. Land of White Elephant - Thailand
40. Land of Thunder Bolt - Bhutan
41. Land of Thousand Elephants - Laos
42. Manchester of the Orient - Osaka
43. Never Never Land - Prairies, North Australia
44. Land of Thunder Dragon - China
45. Nation of Thousand Hills - Rwanda
46. Pearl of Arabia - Bahrain
47. Pearl of Antilles - Cuba
48. Pillars of Hercules - Strait of Gibralter
49. Quaker City of USA - Philadelphia (USA)
50. Queen of the Adriatic - Venice, Italy
51. Roof of the World - Pamirs
52. Sorrow of China - Huang Ho River
53. Sick Man of Europe - Turkey
54. Sugar Bowl of World - Cuba
55. Venice of the North - Stockholm (Sweden)
56. White City - Belgrade
57. Windy City - Chicago
58. World's Bread Basket - Priries of North America
59. Island of Fire - Iceland
60. Land of Windmills - Holland
61. Land of Perpetual Greenery - Natal
62. World Loneliest Islands - Trisdan Da Cunha
63. Battle field of Europe - Belgium

(((====================)))
Mediterranean Sea:
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the
Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by
Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the
Levant.
Caspian Sea:
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, variously classed as
the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is an endorheic basin located
between Europe and Asia, to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of
the broad steppe of Central Asia.
Red Sea:
The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and
the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the
Gulf of Suez.
Located between the East African coast and the Saudi Arabian peninsula, the Red
Sea got its name because of a type of algae called Trichodesmium erythraeum,
which is found in the sea.
Black Sea:
The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between
the Balkans, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia. It is called as black
Strabo thinks that the Black Sea was called "inhospitable" before Greek
colonization, because it was difficult to navigate, and because its shores were
inhabited by savage tribes,
Persian Gulf:
The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an
extension of the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran
to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest.
South China Sea:

The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean,
encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of
Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometers.
Adriatic Sea:
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan
peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea,
extending from the Strait of Otranto to the northwest and the Po Valley.
Baltic Sea:

The Baltic Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, northeast Germany, Poland, Russia and
the North and Central European Plain.
Caribbean Sea:
The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western
Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and south
west, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the
Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the north coast of South America.
Aegean Sea:
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located
between the Greek and Anatolian peninsulas i.e. between the mainlands of Greece
and Turkey. In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black
Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosphorus.
Ionian Sea:
The Ionian Sea is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic
Sea. It is bounded by Southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily, and the Salento
peninsula to the west, southern Albania to the north, and the west coast of Greece.
All major islands in the sea belong to Greece.
Andaman Sea:
The Andaman Sea is a marginal sea of the eastern Indian Ocean separated from the
Bay of Bengal by the Andaman Islands of India and Myanmar and the Nicobar
Islands of India and touching Myanmar, Thailand, and the Malay Peninsula. Its
southernmost end is defined by Breueh Island, an island just north of Sumatra.
Coral Sea:
The Coral Sea is a marginal sea of the South Pacific off the northeast coast of
Australia, and classified as an interim Australian bioregion. The Coral Sea extends
2,000 kilometres down the Australian northeast coast.
Bering Sea:
The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It comprises a deep water
basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the
continental shelves. The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the
Alaska Peninsula.
Barents Sea:
The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern
coasts of Norway and Russia and is divided between Norwegian and Russian
territorial waters. Known among Russians in the Middle Ages as the Murman Sea,
Sulu Sea:
The Sulu Sea is a body of water in the southwestern area of the Philippines,
separated from the South China Sea in the northwest by Palawan and from the
Celebes Sea in the southeast by the Sulu Archipelago.

Yellow sea:
It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula. Its name comes
from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn the surface of the
water golden yellow.
Sea of Marmara:
The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and
in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis is the inland sea, entirely within
the borders of Turkey, that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus
separating Turkey's Asian and European parts.
White Sea:
The White Sea is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast
of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north,
and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. sea is covered with ice most of the year.
Sargasso Sea:
The Sargasso Sea is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents
forming an ocean gyre. Unlike all other regions called seas, it has no land
boundaries. It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its
characteristic brown Sargassum seaweed and often calm blue water
(((===============)))
List of important boundary lines

• Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It
was drawn up in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand.
• Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans
retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I
• Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State.
• Marginal Line was the 320-km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border.
Drawn up by General Mannerheim.
• Macmahon Line was drawn up by Sir Henry MacMahon, demarcating the frontier of
India and China. China did not recognize the MacMahon line and crossed it in 1962.
• Medicine Line is the border between Canada and the United States.
• Radcliffe Line was drawn up by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, demarcating the boundary
between India and Pakistan. Siegfried Line is the line of fortification drawn up by
Germany on its border with France.Order-Neisse Line is the border between Poland
and Germany, running along the Order and Neisse rivers, adopted at the Poland
Conference (Aug 1945) after World War II.
• 17th Parallel defined the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam
before two were united.
• 24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan claims for demarcation between India and
Pakistan. This, however, is not recognized by India
• 26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude which crosses through Africa, Australia and
South America.

• 30th Parallel north is a line of latitude that stands one-third of the way between the
equator and the North Pole.
• 33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which cuts through the southern United
States, parts of North Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China.
• 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South Korea.
• 39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of
Earth’s equatorial plane.
• The Parallel 44o north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 44 degrees north of
the Earth’s equatorial plane.
• 45th Parallel north is often the halfway point between the Equator and the North
Pole. The 45th parallel makes up most of the boundary between Montana and
Wyoming.
• 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and Canada.
• 16th Parallel: Angola and Namibia

• 17th Parallel: North Vietnam and South Vietnam
• 38th Parallel: North Korea and South Korea
• 49th Parallel: Canada and USA
• 8° Channel: Lakshdweep(India) and Maldives
• Coco Channel: India and Myanmar
• Durand Line: Pakistan and Afganistan
• Hiddenberg Line: Germany and Poland
• Maginot Line: France and Germany
• Mc. Mohan Line: India(Arunachal Pradesh Region) and China
• Older Neisse Line: Germany and Poland
• Radcliff Line: India and Pakistan drawn in 1947
(((===================)))
WONDERS OF THE WORLD
Seven Original Wonders of the Ancient World

1. Hanging Garden of Babylon
2. Temple of Diana at Ephesus (Rome)
3. Statue of Jupiter at Olympia
4. Pyramids of Egypt
5. Mausoleum of Mausolus (Ruler of Halicarnasus)
6. Light House of Alexandria
7. The Colossus of Rhodes
New Seven Wonders of the World

(As declared on July 7, 2007 by New Open World Corporation of Switzerland, at a
grand ceremony organised in ‘Stadia da Lutz, Benefica Stadium in Lisban
(Portugal).
1. The Taj Mahal, Agra, India

2. The Great Wall of China, China
3. The Pink Ruins of Petra, Jordan
4. The Statue of Christ the Redeemer, Brazil
5. Incan Ruins of Machu Pichu, Peru

6. The Ancient Mayan City of Chichen Itza, Mexico
7. The Colosseum of Rome, Italy
(((=====================)))
Largest in the World

Land Forms
Largest Continent Asia
Largest Landmass The Eurasian Landmass
Largest Gorge Grand Canyon, USA
Largest Delta Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh
Largest Peninsula Arabia
Largest Island Greenland
Largest Country in Area Russia
Largest Archipelago Indonesia
Largest Desert Sahara, Africa
Largest Forest Coniferous Forests of Northern Russia
Largest Plateau Pamir, Tibet
Largest Mountain Range The Himalaya
Largest Cold Desert Gobi Desert, Mongolia
Largest Active Volcano Mauna Lao on Hawaii
Largest Cave Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA
Water Systems
Largest Ocean Pacific
Largest Sea South China Sea
Largest River Amazon River
Largest River Basin Amazon River
Largest Salt Water Lake Caspian Sea
Largest Fresh Water Lake Lake Superior in North America
Largest Artificial Lake Lake Mead at Hoover Dam, USA
Largest Bay Hudson Bay, North Canada
Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico
Largest Inland Sea Mediterranean Sea
Largest Canal Keil Canal in Germany
Largest Reef Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Largest Strait Tartar Strait
Largest Estuary The Gulf of Ob, Russia
Man Made
Largest Temple Angkorwat, Cambodia
Largest Airport King Khalid International Airport at Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
Largest Church St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
Largest Mosque Sha Faisal Mosque, Islamabad
Largest Embassy Russian Embassy, Beijing
Largest War Plane Mirage, France
Largest Prison Kharkov Russia
Largest Palace Imperial Palace, Beijing
Largest Hotel MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, USA
Largest Stadium Strahove, Czech Republic

Largest Library United States Library of Congress
Largest Museum American Museum of Natural History, New York
Largest Dam Three Gorges, China
Largest Country in Population China
Largest Wall The Great Wall, China
Largest Cemetery Leningrad, Russia
Largest Railway Station Grand Central Terminal, New York
Largest University Building University Of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Largest Open University Indira Gandhi National Open University, New
Delhi
Largest Steel Plant Nippon Steel Plant, Japan
Largest Statue Statue of Liberty
Flora and Fauna
Largest Animal Blue Whale
Largest Land Animal The African Bush Elephant
Largest Park Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
Largest Zoo Krugal National Park, South Africa
Largest River Island Majuli, Assam
Largest Wingspan Albatross
Largest Bird Ostrich
Others
Largest Planet Jupiter
Largest Democracy India
Largest Electorate India
Largest Diamond The Cullinan
Largest Parliament The National People's Congress of the People's
Republic of China
(((====================)))
FAMOUS INTERNATIONAL DAYS

January 10 World Laughter Day
January 26 International Customs Day
January 30 World Leprosy Eradication Day
March 8 International Women’s Day; International Literacy Day
March 15 World Disabled Day; World Consumer Rights Day
March 19 World Disabled Day
March 21 World Forestry Day; International Day for the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination.
March 22 World Day for Water
March 23 World Meteorological Day
March 24 World TB Day
April 7 World Health Day
April 17 World Haemophilia Day
April 18 World Heritage Day
April 22 Earth Day
April 23 World Book and Copyright Day
May 1 International Labour Day

May 3 Press Freedom Day, International Energy Day
May 8 World Red Cross Day
May 12 International Nurses Day
May 15 International Day of the Family
May 17 World Telecom Day
May 24 Commonwealth Day
May 31 Anti-tobacco Day
June 5 World Environment Day
July 1 Doctor's Day
July 11 World Population Day
August 6 Hiroshima Day
August 9 Nagasaki Day
August 12 International Youth Day
August 19 World Photography Day
September 8 World Literary Day
September 15 International Day of Democracy
September 16 World Ozone Day
September 26 Day of the Deaf
September 27 World Tourism Day
October 1 International Day for the Elderly
October 2 International Non-violence Day; World Wetlands Day
October 3 World Habitat Day
October 4 World Animal Welfare Day
October 9 World Postal Day
October 10 World Mental Health Day
October 12 World Sight Day
October 16 World Food Day
October 17 International Poverty Eradication Day
October 24 United Nations Day
October 30 World Thrift Day
November 14 Diabetes Day
December 1 World AIDS Day
December 10 Human Rights Day
December 11 UNICEF Day
(((====================)))
Scientific Instruments and Their Use
Instrument Use
1. Altimeter An instrument used in aircrafts for measuring altitudes
2. Ammeter Measures electric current
3. Anemometer Used to measure the speed, direction and pressure of the wind.
4. Audiometer Measures intensity of sound
5. Barograph Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure

6. Barometer Measures atmospheric pressure and conditions.
7. Binoculars An optical instrument used for magnified view of distant
objects.
8. Bolometer Measures infra-red (Heat) radiation.
9. Callipers Measures diameters of thin cylinder/wire.
10. Calorimeter Measures quantity of heat
11. Carburettor Used for charging air with petrol vapours in an internal
combustion engine.
12. Cardiogram(ECG) Traces movements of the heart ,recorded on a Cardiograph
13. Cathetometer Determines heights and levels
14. Chronometer Determines longitude of a vessel at sea.
15. Cinematograph Used for projecting pictures on the screen.
16. Colorimeter Compares intensity of colours
17. Commutator Used in generators to reverse the direction of electric current.
18. Crescograph Used for measuring growth in plants.
19. Cryometer Measurement of low temperature.
20. Cyclotron Used for accelerating charged particles in microwave oscillator
21. Dilatometer Measures change in volume of substances
22. Dynamo Coverts mechanical energy into electrical energy
23. Electrometer Measures very small but potential difference in electric currents
24. Electrometer Used for measuring electrical potential difference.
25. Electroscope Detects presence of an electric Charge
26. Electron microscope Used to obtain a magnifying view of very small objects (20,000
times).
27. Endoscope To examine internal parts of the body
28. Fathometer Measures depth of the ocean
29. Fluxmeter Measures magnetic flux
30. Galvanometer Measures electric current
31. Gramophone Used to reproducing recorded sound.
32. Hydrometer Measures the relative density of liquids
33. Hydrophone Measure sound under water
34. Hygrometer Used to measure the moisture content or the humidity of air or
any gas.
35. Hygroscope Shows the changes in atmospheric humidity
36. Hypsometer Determines boiling point of liquids.
37. Lactometer Measures the relative density of milk.
38. Machmeter Determines the speed of an aircraft relative to the speed of
sound
39. Manometer Compares magnetic movement and fields
40. Manometer Used to measure atmospheric pressure
41. Micrometer Coverts sound waves into electrical vibration
42. Microphone Converts sound waves into electrical signals.
43. Microscope Used to obtain a magnified view of small objects
44. Nephetometer Measures the scattering of light by particles suspended in a
liquid
45. Odometer An instrument attached to the wheel of a vehicle, to measure

the distance travelled.
46. Ohmmeter Measures electrical resistance of objects
47. Ondometer Measures the frequency of electromagnetic waves(radio waves)
48. Optometer Used for testing the refractive power of the eye.
49. Otoscope Used for visual examination of the eardrum.
50. Periscope Used to view objects above sea level (Used in submarines).
51. Phonograph Used for reproducing sound.
52. Photometer Compares the luminous intensity of the two sources of light
53. Polygraph It simultaneously records changed in physiological processes
such as heartbeat, blood pressure & the respiration (used as lie
detector)
54. Pyrheliometer Used for measuring Solar radiation.
55. Pyrometer Measures very high temperature.
56. Quadrant Measures altitudes and angles in navigation and astronomy
57. Radar Radio, Detection and Ranging.
58. Rain Gauge Measures Rainfall.
59. Refractometer Measures salinity of solutions
60. Refractometer Measures a Refractive Index of a substance.
61. Sextant Used by navigators to find the latitude of place by measuring
the elevation above the horizon of the sun or another star; also
used to measure the height of very distant objects
62. Sextant Used for measuring angular distance between two objects.
63. Siesmograph Used for recording the intensity and origin of earthquakes
shocks.
64. Spectroscope Used for Spectrum analysis.
65. Speedometer An instrument used for measuring speed of the vehicle.
66. Spherometer Measures curvature of spherical objects.
67. Sphygmomanomete Measures blood pressure.
r
68. Stethoscope Used for hearing and analysing the sound of Heart.
69. Tachometer To determine speed, especially the rotational speed of a
shaft(rpm)
70. Tangent Measure the amount of direct current(DC)
galvanometer
71. Telemeter Records physical happenings at a distant place(space)
72. Telescope Used for magnified view of distant objects.
73. Thermometer Measures Temperature
74. Thermostat Automatically regulates temperatures at a constant point.
75. Tonometer Measures the pitch of a sound
76. Transformer An apparatus used for converting high voltage to low and vice-
versa without change in its frequency.
77. Transponder To receive a signal and transmit a reply immediately in
satellites.
78. Venturimeter Measures the rate of flow of liquids
79. Vernier Measures Small sub-division of scale.
80. Viscometer Measures Viscosity of liquid.

81. Voltmeter Used to measure electric potential difference between two
points
82. Wattmeter To measure electric power
83. Wavemeter To measure the wavelength of a radiowave(high frequency
waves)
(((====================)))
40 Famous Inventors
1001 Inventions That Changed the World at Amazon. A look into the numerous inventions
we now take for granted by great inventors such as Archimedes, Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci,
Louis Pasteur, Marie Curie, Alan Turing and Steve Jobs.
ARCHIMEDES (287 BCE – C. 212 BCE) Archimedes of Syracuse was an ancient Greek
mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Amongst other things he
calculated pi and developed the Archimedes screw for lifting up water from mines or wells.
CAI LUNCAI (50–121 CE), Chinese inventor of paper. Cai Lun was a Chinese political
administrator credited with inventing modern paper and inventing the paper-making
process. His invention included the use of raw materials such as bark, hemp, silk and fishing
net. The sheets of fibre were suspended in water before removing for drying.
LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452–1519) Italian artist, scientist and polymath. Da Vinci

invented a huge range of machines and drew models that proved workable 3-500 years
later. These included prototype parachutes, tanks, flying machines and single-span bridges.
More practical inventions included an optical lens grinder and various hydraulic machines.
GALILEO (1564–1642) Italian scientist. Galileo developed a powerful telescope and

confirmed revolutionary theories about the nature of the world. Also developed an improved
compass.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642–1726) English scientist. Newton invented the reflecting
telescope. This greatly improved the capacity of telescopes and reduced optical distortion.
Newton was also a great physicist and astronomer.
THOMAS-SAVERYTHOMAS SAVERY (C. 1650–1715) English inventor. Savery patented

one of the first steam engines which was pioneered for use in pumping water from mines.
This original Savery steam engine was basic, but it was used as a starting point in later
developments of the steam engine.
THOMAS-NEWCOMENTHOMAS NEWCOMEN (1664–1729) English inventor who created

the first practical steam engine for pumping water from mines. He worked with Savery’s
initial design, but significantly improved it, using atmospheric pressure which was safer and
more effective for use in mines to remove water.
JETHRO-TULLJETHRO TULL (1674–1741) English agricultural entrepreneur. Tull

invented the seed drill and horse-drawn hoe. The seed drill improved the efficiency of
farming and led to increased yields. It was an important invention in the agricultural
revolution which increased yields prior to the industrial revolution.

ABRAHAM-DARBYABRAHAM DARBY (1678–1717) English Quaker, inventor and
businessman. Darby developed a process for producing large quantities of pig iron from
coke. Coke smelted iron was a crucial raw material in the industrial revolution.
JOHN HARRISON (1693–1776) English carpenter and clockmaker. He invented a device

for measuring longitude at sea. This was a crucial invention to improve the safety of
navigating the oceans.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1705–1790) American polymath who discovered electricity and

invented the Franklin stove, the lightning rod and bifocals. Franklin was also an American
statesman and an influential figure in the development of modern America.
WILLIAM-CULLENWILLIAM CULLEN (1710–1790) Scottish physician and chemist. He

is credited with inventing the basis for the first artificial refrigerator, although it took others
to make his designs suitable for practical use.
JOHN-WILKINSONJOHN WILKINSON (1728–1808) English industrialist. John ‘Iron

Mad’ Wilkinson developed the manufacture and use of cast iron. These precision-made cast
iron cylinders were important in steam engines.
RICHARD-ARKWRIGHTSIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT (1732–1792) English entrepreneur

and ‘father of the industrial revolution.’ Arkwright was a leading pioneer in the spinning
industry. He invented the spinning frame and was successful in using this in mass-scale
factory production.
James Watt (1736–1819) Scottish inventor of the steam engine, which was suitable for
use in trains. His invention of a separate condensing chamber greatly improved the
efficiency of steam. It enabled the steam engine to be used for a greater range of purpose
than just pumping water.
ALLESANDRO-VOLTAALESSANDRO VOLTA (1745–1827), Italian physicist, credited

with inventing the battery. Volta invented the first electrochemical battery cell. It used zinc,
copper and an electrolyte, such as sulphuric acid and water.
HUMPHREY-DAVYSIR HUMPHREY DAVY (1778–1829) English inventor of the Davy

lamp. The lamp could be used by miners in areas where methane gas existed because the
design prevented a flame escaping the fine gauze.
CHARLES BABBAGE (1791–1871) English mathematician and inventor. Babbage created

the first mechanical computer, which proved to be the prototype for future computers.
Considered to be the ‘Father of Computers,’ despite not finishing a working model.
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791–1867) English scientist who helped convert electricity into a
format that could be easily used. Faraday discovered benzene and also invented an early
form of the Bunsen burner.
SAMUEL-MORSE SAMUEL MORSE (1791–1872) American inventor Morse used

principles of Jackson’s electromagnet to develop a single telegraph wire. He also invented
Morse code, a method of communicating via telegraph.
HENRY-FOX-TALBOT WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT (1800–1877) British Victorian

pioneer of photography. He invented the first negative, which could make several prints. He
is known for inventing the calotype process (using Silver Chloride) of taking photographs.

LOUIS-BRAILLE ,LOUIS BRAILLE (1809–1852) French inventor. Louis Braille was
blinded in a childhood accident. He developed the Braille system of reading for the blind. He
also developed a musical Braille, for reading music scores.
KIRK PATRICK-MACMILLAN KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN (1812–1878) Scottish

inventor of the pedal bicycle. Kirkpatrick’s contribution was to make a rear wheel driven
bicycle through the use of a chain, giving the basic design for the bicycle as we know it
today.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831–1879) Scottish physicist and inventor. Maxwell invented
the first process for producing colour photography. Maxwell was also considered one of the
greatest physicists of the millennium.
KARL-BENZKARL BENZ (1844–1929), German inventor and businessman. Benz

developed the petrol-powered car. In 1879, Benz received his first patent for a petrol-
powered internal combustion engine, which made an automobile car practical. Benz also
became a successful manufacturer.
THOMAS EDISON (1847–1931) American inventor who filed over 1,000 patents. He
developed and innovated a wide range of products from the electric light bulb to the
phonograph and motion picture camera. One of the greatest inventors of all time.
ALEXANDER BELL (1847–1922) Scottish scientist credited with inventing the first
practical telephone. Also worked on optical telecommunications, aeronautics and hydrofoils.
NIKOLA TESLA (1856–1943) American Physicist who invented fluorescent lighting, the
Tesla coil, the induction motor, 3-phase electricity and AC electricity.
RUDOLF-DIESEL RUDOLF DIESEL (1858–1913), German inventor of the Diesel engine.

Diesel sought to build an engine which had much greater efficiency. This led him to develop
a diesel-powered combustion engine.
EDUORD-MICHELINÉDOUARD MICHELIN (1859–1940), French inventor of a

pneumatic tire. John Dunlop invented the first practical pneumatic tyre in 1887. Michelin
improved on this initial design to develop his own version in 1889.
MARIE CURIE (1867–1934) Polish-born French chemist and physicist. Curie discovered
Radium and helped make use of radiation and X-rays.
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS (1871–1948) American inventors who successfully designed,

built and flew the first powered aircraft in 1903.
GUGLIELMO_MARCONIGUGLIELMO MARCONI (1874-1937) Italian inventor of the

radio. Marconi developed wireless transmitter signals using electromagnetic waves. This
developed into the radio.
ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881–1955), Scottish scientist. Fleming discovered the antibiotic

penicillin by accident from the mould Penicillium Notatum in 1928.
John Logie Baird (1888–1946) Scottish inventor who invented the television and the first
recording device.

ENRICO-FERMIENRICO FERMI (1901–1954) Italian scientist who developed the nuclear
reactor. Fermi made important discoveries in induced radioactivity. He is considered the
inventor of the nuclear reactor.
OPPENHEIMERJ. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER (1904–1967), United States – Atomic bomb.

Oppenheimer was in charge of the Manhattan project which led to the creation of the first
atomic bomb, later dropped in Japan. He later campaigned against his own invention.
ALAN_TURINGALAN TURING (1912–1954) English 20th century mathematician,

pioneer of computer science. He developed the Turing machine, capable of automating
processes. It could be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm.
ROBERT-NOYCEROBERT NOYCE (1927–1990) American 20th-century electrical

engineer. Along with Jack Kilby, he invented the microchip or integrated circuit. He filed for
a patent in 1959. The microchip fueled the computer revolution.
JAMES-DYSONJAMES DYSON (1947– ) British entrepreneur. He developed the bag-less

vacuum cleaner using Dual Cyclone action. His Dyson company has also invented
revolutionary hand dryers.
TIM BERNERS-LEE (1955– ) British computer scientist. Tim Berners-Lee is credited with
inventing the World Wide Web, which enabled the internet to display websites viewable on
internet browsers. He developed the http:// protocol for the internet and made the world
wide web freely available.
STEVE-JOBSSTEVE JOBS (1955–2011) American entrepreneur and developer. Jobs helped

revolutionise personal computer devices with the iPod, iPad, Macbook and iPhone. He is
credited with inventing the new wave of hand-held personal computer devices.
List of all Famous Inventions and their Inventor

S.N. Invention Inventor Country Year
1 Adding Machine Pascal France 1642

2 Aeroplane Wright brothers USA 1903
3 Balloon Jacques and Joseph France 1783
4 Ball –Point pen C. Biro Hungary 1938
5 Barometer E. Torricelli Italy 1644
6 Bicycle K. Macmillan Scotland 1839
7 Bicycle Tyre J.B. Dunlop Scotland 1888
8 Calculating Machine Pascal France 1642
9 Centrigrade Scale A.Celsius France 1742
10 Cinematograph Thomas Alva Edison USA 1891
11 Computer Charles Babbage Britain 1834
12 Cine Camera Friese-Greene Britain 1889
13 Cinema A.L. and J.L. Lumiere France 1895

14 Clock (Machanical) Hsing and Ling –Tsan China 1725
15 Clock (Pendulum) C. Hugyens Netherlands 1657
16 Diesel engine Rudolf diesel Germany 1892
17 Dynamite Alfred Nobel Sweden 1867
18 Dynamo Michael Faraday England 1831
19 Electric Iron H.W. Seeley USA 1882
20 Electric lamp Thomas Alva Edison USA 1879
21 Electromagnet W. sturgeon England 1824
22 Evolution (theory) Charles Darwin England 1858
23 Film (with sound) Dr. Lee de forest USA 1923
24 Fountain Pen LE. Waterman USA 1884
25 Gas Lighting William Murdoch Scotland 1794
26 Gramophone T.A . Edison USA 1878
27 Jet Engine Sir Frank whittle England 1937
28 Lift E.G. Otis USA 1852
29 Locomotive Richard Trevithick England 1804
30 Machine Gun Richard Gatling USA 1861
31 Match (Safety) J.E. Lurdstrom Sweden 1855
32 Microphone David Hughes USA 1878
33 Microscope Z. Jansen Netherlands 1590
34 Motor Car (Petrol) Karl –Benz Germany 1885
35 Motorcycle Edward Butler England 1884
36 Neon –Lump G. Claude France 1915
37 Nylon Dr W.H. Carothers USA 1937
38 Photography (Paper) W.H. Fox Tablot England 1835
39 Printing Press J. Gutenberg Germany 1455
40 Rader Dr A.H. Taylor USA 1922
41 Radium Marie and Pierre Curie France 1898
42 Radio G. Marconi England 1901
43 Rayon American viscose Co. USA 1910
44 Razor (Safety) K.G. Gillette USA 1895
45 Razor (electric) Col. J. Schick USA 1931
46 Refrigerator J . Harrison & Catlin Britain 1834
47 Revolver Samuel Colt USA 1835
48 Rubber (Vulcanized) Charles Good year USA 1841

49 Rubber (Waterproof) Charles Macintosh Scotland 1819
50 Safety Lamp Sir Humphrey England 1816
51 Safety pin William Hurst USA 1849
52 Sewing Machine B. Thimmonnier France 1830
53 Scooter G. Bradshaw England 1919
54 Ship ( Steam) J.C. Perier France 1775
55 Ship ( turbine) Sir Charles parsons Britain 1894
56 Shorthand (Modem) Sir Issac Pitman Britain 1837
57 Spinning jenny James Hargreaves England 1764
58 Steam engine (Piston) Thomas Newcome Britain 1712
59 Steam engine James Watt Scotland 1765
60 Steel production Henry Bessemer England 1855
61 Stainless steel Harry Brearley England 1913
62 Tank Sir Ernest Swington England 1914
63 Telegraph code Samuel F.B. Morse USA 1837
64 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell USA 1876
65 Telescope Hans Lippershey Netherlands 1608
66 Television John logie bared Scotland 1926
67 Terylene J. Whinfield England 1941
68 Thermoscope Galileo Galilei Italy 1593
69 Tractor J. Froelich USA 1892
70 Transistor Bardeen, Shockley USA & UK 1949
71 Typewriter C. Sholes USA 1868
72 Valve of radio Sir J.A. ‘fleming Britain 1904
73 Watch A.L. Breguet France 1791
74 X-ray Wilhelm Roentgen Germany 1895
75 Zip fastener W.L. Judson USA 1891
Important Geographical Discoveries Around The World
• South Pole by Amundsenin 1912.

• Sandwich Isles (now Hawaiian) by Captain Cook in 1770
• Solar System by Copernicus in 1540
• New Foundland by Cabot (Venetian) in 1494.
• West Indies by Columbus in 1492

• Laws of Planetary Motion by Kepler in 1609.
• China by Marco Polo(European)
• India by Vasco da Gama (Portuguese)
• Cape Of Good Hope by Baurtho Romeiodeis
• Sailor Of the World- Magellan
• Mount Everest by Edmund Hillary
• North Pole by Robert Peary in 1909
• Tasmania Island by Tasman
• Hudson Bay by Henry Hudson
• Brazil by Pedro Alvares Cabral in 1500
(((=====================)))
SCIENTIFIC REASONING
1:Why is the moon sometimes out during the day?

The moon is just as likely to be visible during the day as it is at night — it orbits Earth
independently of the sun. When its orbit brings it to your part of the sky during daylight
hours, it is illuminated by the sun, and we can see it.
2:Why is the sky blue?

The light coming from the sun is made of many colors; light travels as a wave, and each
color has a unique wavelength. Violet and blue light has shorter wavelengths, while red light
has a longer wavelength, and the other colors have wavelengths in between.
When the different colors of light pass through the atmosphere, they run into molecules,
water droplets and bits of dust. Because all these particles are closer in size to shorter
wavelengths of light, they tend to scatter violet and blue light much more than red, and so
they send rays of violet and blue ricocheting toward the ground — and your eyes. More
violet light actually gets scattered by atmospheric particles than blue light, but your eyes
are more sensitive to blue, so the sky appears blue.
Sunsets are orange-red because in the evening, with the sun low on the horizon, sunlight
must pass through more atmosphere to get to your eyes, and only the red light can make it
all the way through. The shorter wavelengths have all been scattered toward the ground in
the part of Earth where it is still daytime. [The Physics of Rainbows, and Other Everyday
Things]
3:Will we ever discover aliens?

No one knows how rare alien life is in the universe, so there's no telling whether humanity
will ever manage to discover it. However, scientists at the SETI Institute in California, who
are engaged in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, are hopeful that they'll detect
alien signals within the next 20 years. The scientists scan the night sky looking for
unnatural radio or light beams — ones that could only emanate from an intelligent
civilization.

Their 20-year estimate is based on the rapid pace with which astronomers are discovering
planets beyond our solar system, including planets that seem suitable for life; it is also
based on the assumption that, if there are intelligent beings out there, they, too, will seek
contact with others, and will make their presence known by sending signals into space.
4:How much does the Earth weigh?

The first approach to answering this question is to get technical about it. Because the Earth
is in free fall around the sun, it actually weighs nothing. The same goes for astronauts in
orbit; because they are technically falling around the Earth — and if they stood on a scale,
it, too, would be falling — the scale would read zero.
Alternatively, you could discuss the Earth's mass — a property that is independent of where
an object is in the universe, or what it is doing. Earth has a mass of 5.97 × 10^24
kilograms — the equivalent of one hundred million billion Titanics. [What If Everyone on
Earth Jumped at Once?]
5:How do airplanes stay up?

To overcome the forces of drag and gravity, an airplane must generate two forces of its
own: thrust and lift.
Thrust is the force that propels an airplane forward on the runway. By Newton's third law —
every action has an equal and opposite reaction — the plane's engine generates forward
thrust by spewing fuel backwards. Next, as the plane hurtles down the runway, each of its
wings slices the air into two streams, one that flows above it and the other, below. The
wings are shaped in such a way that the air flowing over them is ultimately deflected
downward, and, again because of Newton's third law, the downward motion of the air
causes an equal and opposite upward motion of the plane. This is lift. [Do Planes Get Struck
by Lightning?]
Every airplane has a specific takeoff speed — the point at which lift overcomes gravity. That
critical speed changes based on how much a particular plane weighs. The plane's engine,
meanwhile, has to work to provide enough thrust to overcome drag — friction with the air.
6:Why is the sky blue?

The sky is blue because the Sun produces white light which is made up of all the colours of
the rainbow.
But a clear, cloudless day-time sky is blue because gas molecules and particles in the air
scatter blue light (which travels as short, small waves) from the Sun more easily than they
do red light (which travels as longer, larger waves).
As the Sun sets low on the horizon though, the light has even more of the atmosphere to
pass through before reaching our eyes, so more blue light is scattered, allowing more of the
red and orange light to pass straight though to our eyes.
7:What is a rainbow?
A rainbow is made from light and water – with help from the Sun. Sunlight is refracted
(bent), reflected (bounced off the inside) and then refracted again through droplets of rain,
splitting it into the colours that we see (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet).
However, you have to be in the right place at the right time! To see one, you have to be
between the Sun and the rain (with your back to the Sun) AND for all of these to be aligned

so that the Sun, your eyes and the centre of the arc of the rainbow are in a straight line!
As this tends to mean we can only see a rainbow in the morning or late afternoon, you can
work out where to look if conditions are right: a morning rainbow appears when the Sun
shines in the East, and the rain falls in the West, and an afternoon rainbow appears when
the Sun shines in the West, and the rain falls in the East.
8:What causes the tides?

Tides (the rising and falling of the oceans and seas) are caused by the gravitational pull of
the Moon on the Earth. To a lesser extent, the Sun’s gravitational pull also impacts on the
tides.
The Moon’s gravity ‘pulls’ at the Earth’s seas as it orbits the planet, causing buldges on both
the side of the Earth the Moon is on and the opposite side (because the Moon is pulling the
Earth away from the water on that side).
If you’re at the coast and the Moon is overhead, you’ll experience a high tide. This’ll also be
true if you’re on the opposite side of the Earth.
Therefore, there are two high tides and two low tides at every coastal location each day.
9:Why are bubbles round?

There is surface tension on the bubble’s skin that keeps it pulled in as tightly as it can. As
air molecules trapped inside the bubble move around in all directions, its skin tends to form
a sphere, being the shape with the least amount of surface area compared to the volume of
air trapped inside.
10:What are clouds made of?

Clouds are small droplets of water vapour (water gas) or ice crystals that are light enough
to float on air. Water from the oceans and ground evaporates as it heats up and rises into
the air, where it condenses on tiny dust particles. As they cool, the droplets grow bigger and
become heavier they start to fall as rain, sleet or snow.
11:How do plants grow?

Plants need several things to grow. They make their own food (in the form of sugars) in a
process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis happens in the presence of sunlight, when
water taken in through the plants roots is combined chemically with carbon dioxide gas
taken in through small pores called stomata on the plants leaves.
But, they also need to be within a suitable temperature range and have access to the right
minerals from the soil.
12:Why do bees buzz?

It has now been discovered that it is not the wing beat that actually causes the buzzing
noise, but instead it is all part of the complex flight system found in bees and flies known as
the ‘click mechanism’. This mechanism is what allows the bees to flap their wings fast
enough to provide enough thrust and lift to fly their relatively heavy bodies.
The buzzing noise is created as the bees thorax clicks in and out of place at high speed,
which enables them to not only flap their wings, but also to twist and turn them at an angle
as they beat up and down, which reduces drag and allows the bee to beat their wings even
faster. This means that they can get as many two beats or more for every tiny muscular

contraction, which equates to as many as 200 beats per second. The click of the
exoskeleton resonates in the thoracic cavity and creates that characteristic buzzing sound.
Scientist also think some bees, such as the larger bumble bees, also use this buzzing
vibration to help shake pollen free from flowers, and this may explain why some bees still
buzz loudly when they are on flowers, especially plants such as tomatoes and honey suckle
as these have tubular anthers
which are more difficult for larger bees to reach the pollen inside.
13:How many stars are in the sky?

Answer: Look-up at night at a clear, moonless sky from a city and you’ll be lucky to see a
few hundred stars. Get away from the light-polluted sky though and you’ll see a couple of
thousand.
Like our own local star, the Sun, each one of these twinkling points of light is a giant
nuclear reaction. In our home galaxy, the Milky Way, it’s estimated there are somewhere in
the region of 100 to 200 billion of these burning balls of gas.
However, the Universe appears to contain almost a similar number of galaxies as our galaxy
contains stars. That means there could be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars in
total, if you assume all galaxies are the same size (they’re not – some are much bigger,
some much smaller). But, even that number doesn’t take into account the fact that stars
are constantly dying and new ones being born… so don’t expect to ever get an exact
number!
14:Why does wood float, but stones sink?

The answer to why wood floats and stones sink lies in density. Density is a measure of how
closely packed the particles in an object of a certain volume are.
Effectively, if you were to fill a space with water that was the same volume as one filled with
wood, the space filled with wood would be lighter as it contains less mass.
Those things that are less dense than water will float, whilst those that are more dense sink.
More reasoning Question answers
BLOTTING PAPER ABSORBS INK.WHY ?–SCIENTIFIC REASONING

The blotting paper is porous and has a number of capillaries of very fine pores.When a portion of the
blotting paper is brought in contact with the ink, it enters the capillaries due to the surface tension.
WHY DOES CARBON DIOXIDE IS USED IN EXTINGUISHING FIRE?

Carbon dioxide being heavier than oxygen acts as fire extinguisher by cutting off its oxygen supply to a
burning object.
WHY DO THE STARS TWINKLE ?

Stars appear to twinkle because its light travels through different layers of space of varying densities. As
a result the light from the stars bends and makes them appear to blink on and off.
WHY IS IT NOT POSSIBLE TO SEE THE STARS IN THE DAY LIGHT ?

—SCIENTIFIC REASONING

The blazing light of the sun during daytime prevents the less intense light of the stars from being seen
distinctly.
WHY DOES THE ICE FLOAT ON WATER WHILE IT SINKS IN ALCOHOL?

The specific gravity of ice is less than that of water but the same is more than that of alcohol, hence ice
floats on water but sinks in alcohol.
WHY IS MERCURY USED IN THERMOMETER ?

Mercury is the only metal which is in liquid state even at the ordinary room tempe rature. Also, it
uniformly expands when heated and does not stick to the walls of thermometer. Its high boiling point
and low freezing point is the main reason for using it in ordinary thermometers.
HOW CAN BATS FLY IN THE DARK AVOIDING OBSTACLES?

The ultrasonic waves produced by bats during flying are reflected back when they hit the obstacles.
Hence, bats can find their path without any difficulty.
WHY DOES WATER PIPE OFTEN BURST IN COLD COUNTRIES?

In winter, the water in the pipes freezes. On freezing into ice the water increases in volume, which
results in bursting of water pipes.
WHY IS COOKING QUICKER IN PRESSURE COOKER ?

In a pressure cooker, boiling point of water is raised by increasing pressure with steam. Food gets high
temperature and so cooking becomes quicker.
WE BRING OUR HANDS CLOSE TO MOUTH WHILE SHOUTING TO SOMEBODY AT A DISTANCE. WHY?—
By bringing the hands close to our mouth, the sound energy is not allowed to spread in all directions,
rather being made unidirectional(i.e. directed in a particular direction). Hence the sound produced
becomes louder.
WHY DO WE LEAN FORWARD WHILE CLIMBING A HILL ?

Leaning forward enables us to keep the line passing through the centre of gravity vertically downward,
within our feet, and thus the equilibrium is kept stable.
WHY ARE LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS FIXED AT THE TOP OF HIGH

BUILDINGS ?
When an electric discharge takes place from the cloud, the lightning conductor provides it an easy
conducting path to the earth without damaging the building.
WHY DOES A PARACHUTE MUST HAVE A HOLE ?

A hole in the centre of parachute is made to avoid oscillation of the parachute while descending owing
to the changing currents of wind. The hole allows the air to run out of the parachute regularly.
HOW DOES A FLUTE PRODUCE DIFFERENT SOUND NOTES?

A flute produces different sound notes because air particles passing through it are vibrated with
different frequencies with the closing and opening of the holes.
WHY DO WE USE A FUSE IN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT?

A fuse is used in an electric circuit because when excess current flows through the circuit the fuse melts
and breaks the circuit and prevents the damage to any of the electrical goods used.
WHAT CAUSES WIND ?

Winds are caused by the unequal heating of the earth’s surface and rotation of earth.
WHY DOES A DROP OF LIQUID ASSUME A SPHERICAL SHAPE ?— SCIENTIFIC REASONING

A drop of liquid assumes a spherical shape due to surface tension. A sphere has the least surface area
for a given volume.
WHAT IS A BREEDER REACTOR ?

A breeder reactor is such a reactor which produces more fissionable material than it burns.
WHAT DOES A MODERATOR DO IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR?

The number of nuclei split by the impact of neutrons is regulated by a moderator in a nuclear reactor.
WHY IS A SMALL SPACE LEFT AT THE JOINT BETWEEN THE TWO RAILS?
To permit the expansion of rails due to heat generated by friction of the moving train in summer.
A GLASS TUMBLER IS FILLED TO THE BRIM WITH WATER AND A PIECE OF ICE IS FLOATING ON IT. AS
THE ICE MELTS, WILL THE WATEROVERFLOW OR NOT? GIVE REASON FOR YOUR ANSWER.
Level of water remains unchanged because the volume of water produced by the melting of ice is
exactly the same as that of the piece of ice. On melting, the water will be equal to the volume of water
displaced by the ice.
WHEN A MOVING TRAIN SLOWS DOWN QUICKLY, WILL A PASSENGER TEND TO FALL BACKWARD
ORFORWARD? EXPLAIN WHY?
The passenger will tend to fall forward because the lower portion of his body which is in contact with
the seat will come to rest quickly whereas the upper portion of the body continues to be in a state of
motion. Hence, the person is thrown forward, due to inertia.
EXPLAIN WHY IT TAKES MORE TIME TO COOK MEAT AND VEGETABLES AT HILL STATIONS?
At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is low as compared to that in the plains and, therefore
water boils below 1000C. Hence sufficient heat is not supplied for cooking the meat and vegetables at
hill stations.
WHEN WE DRINK SOFT DRINKS THROUGH A STRAW, WHY DOES THE LIQUID GO UP INTO OUR
MOUTH?—SCIENTIFIC REASONING
When a person sucks air from the straw, the pressure of the air inside the straw is reduced as compared
to the atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. Therefore, the soft drink rushes up into
the straw and to the mouth.
EXPLAIN WHY THE MOISTURE (WATER DROPLETS) GATHERS ON THE OUTER SIDE OF A GLASS
TUMBLER CONTAINING ICE-COLD WATER?
The water vapour present in air gets cooled and appear as droplets of water on coming in contact with
the cold surface of the glass tumbler.

WHY DOES A METAL SEEN COLDER IN WINTER AND HOTTER IN SUMMER COMPARED WITH A PIECE OF
WOOD?
Metals absorb and transmit heat more rapidly than wood.
A THICK GLASS TUMBLER OFTEN CRACKS WHEN A VERY HOT LIQUID IS POURED IN IT. WHY?—
The inner surface of the thick glass tumbler coming in contact with the hot liquid expands more in
comparison to the outer surface which is relatively at a lower temperature. The uneven expansion of
inner and outer surface may produce cracks.
HOW DOES A RAINBOW FORM?

Explain the phenomenon. After rain, some clouds continue to linger in the sky and they contain water
droplets. Water droplets act like prisms. Sun’s rays falling on water droplets suffer dispersion and
produce a spectrum. The different colours are viewed in the form of a rainbow.
WHAT CAUSES THE RUMBLING SOUND OF THUNDER?

Air is heated instantly whenan electrical charge of lightning passes through it. The heat causes the
molecules of air to expand in all the directions. As the molecules seek more room, they collide violently
with layers of cool air, and set up a great air wave that has the sound of thunder.
WHY ARE MORNINGS AND EVENINGS LESS WARM THAN NOON?

In the mornings and evenings, the rays of the sun falling on earth are slanting and their distance is
more.The earth gets heated up only slightly. At noon, the rays of the sun falling on the earth are nearly
vertical and the distance is also less, with the result that the earth gets heated up considerably.Hence
mornings and evenings are less warm than noon.
THE SKY APPEARS BLUE. GIVE REASON.

Violet and blue light have short wavelength and are scattered more than red light waves.While red light
goes almost straight through the atmosphere,blue and violet are scattered by particles in the
atmosphere.Thus we see a blue sky.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PLANET AND A STAR?

Stars are self-luminous celestial bodies and they have a system of their own. Planets, on the other hand,
are bodies which revolve around a star and shine by the reflected light of the stars.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPERSONIC AND ULTRASONIC SOUNDS?

Sounds of frequency higher than 20,000 Hz are known as ultrasonic and are inaudible.The speed greater
than the speed of sound is referred to as supersonic.
COPPER WIRE CANNOT BE USED AS A HEATING ELEMENT IN ELECTRIC HEATERS. WHY?

Copper has less melting point and if we use it in electric heater it cannot withstand high temperature.
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE FORCE OF GRAVITY WERE TO DISAPPEAR SUDDENLY ?

In the absence of gravitational force, all living objects on the earth will be practically in a floating
condition. They will be thrown away because of the centrifugal force caused by the rotation of earth
After a certain time the whole earth will disintegrate.
RADIO RECEPTION IMPROVES SLIGHTLY DURING THE NIGHT.WHY?

During day time due to sunlight the radio broadcasting is affected to a certain extend. Due to the
absence of sun during night radio reception improves slightly.
WE PERSPIRE ON A HOT DAY. WHY?

Human body is physiologically conditioned to maintain in form the temperature. When the heat
produced in the body becomes excessive and not dissipated properly,the sweat glands inside the body
are stimulated to secrete sweat. Therefore, we perspire on a hot day.
THE GUN KICKS BACK WHEN A BULLET IS FIRED. WHY?

According to Newton’s third law of motion, to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. So
the gun kicks back when a bullet is fired.
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Important Inorganic Compounds and Their Uses
Common Name - Chemical Name - Major Uses
➢ Common salt - Sodium chloride - Used in food preservative.
➢ Caustic soda - Sodium hydroxide - Used in manufacture of soap, paper, rayon, etc.
➢ Washing soda - Sodium carbonate - Used in manufacture of glass, softening of water for
washing cloths etc.
➢ Baking soda - Sodium bicarbonate - Used in fire extinguisher, cooking, antacid etc.
➢ Glauber's salt - Sodium sulphate - Used in manufacture of window glass, brown paper,
as detergent additive.
➢ Hypo - Sodium thiosulphate (pentahydrate) - Used in photography for fixing or

washing.
➢ Pearl ash - Potassium carbonate - Used in soft soap, washing wool etc.
➢ Indian salt peter - Potassium nitrate - Used in gun powder which is a 6:1:1 mixture of
potassium, charcoal, and sulphur.
➢ Salammoniac - Ammonium chloride - Used for soldering, in dry cell etc.
➢ Epsum salt - Magnesium sulphate (hepta hydrate) - Used as laxative.
➢ Quick lime - Calcium oxide - Used in cement, glass, mortar, white washing etc.
➢ Milk of lime - Calcium hydroxide - Used in cement, glass, mortar, white washing etc.

➢ Lime stone, marble - Calcium carbonate - Used in cement, glass mortar, white washing
spar etc.
➢ Gypsum - Calcium sulphate - Used in cement, production of (dihydrate) plaster of paris

etc.
➢ Plaster of paris - Calcium sulphate (semihydrate) - Used in casts, moulds, plastering etc.
➢ Heavy spar - Barium sulphate - Used as a barium meal for contrast dye x-ray
photography of the abdomen.
➢ Borax - Sodium tetraborate (decahydrate) - Used as a flux in optical gas, in match, stick
to prevent after glow, as a preservative.
➢ Alum (potash alum) - Potassium aluminum sulphate - Used in purification of water to

remove dirt.
➢ Dry ice - Solid carbon dioxide - Used to induce artificial rain, cinema locations etc.
➢ Oil of vitriol - Sulphuric acid - King of chemicals, used in most industries.
➢ Bleaching powder - Calcium oxychloride - Used as bleaching agent and disinfectant.
➢ Lunar caustic - Silver nitrate - Used in silver mirror, marking ink for identification of
person in elections etc.
➢ Philosopher's wool - Zinc oxide - Used in paints, as a filler in rubber etc.
➢ Corrosive sublimate - mercuric chloride - Used in batteries.
➢ Bordeaux mixture - Mixture of copper sulphate and milk of lime - Used as a fungicide.
➢ Blue vitriol - Copper sulphate (pentahydrate) - Used in bordeaux mixture.
➢ White vitriol - Zinc sulphate (leptahydrate) - Used to produce white paint by mixing
with with barium sulphate.
➢ Water glass - Sodium silicate - Used as a filler in soap, fire proofing timber and textiles etc.
(((==================)))

List of Branches of Science
Branch Concerning Field

Aerodynamics The study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created
Aeronautics Science of fligt of airplanes.
Agronomy Science dealing with crop plant.
Anatomy The study of the structure and organization of living things
Angiology Deals with the study of blood vascular system.
Anthology Study of flower.
Anthropology The study of human cultures both past and present. Study of apes and
man.
Apiculture Honey industries (Bee Keeping).
Araneology Study of spiders.
Archaeology The study of the material remains of cultures
Astronomy The study of celestial objects in the universe. Study of heavenly bodies.
Astrophysics The study of the physics of the universe
Bacteriology The study of bacteria in relation to disease
Batracology Study of frogs.
Biochemistry The study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring
in organisms
Biology The science that studies living organisms
Biophysics The application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to
questions of biology
Biotechnology Deals with the use of micro-organisms in commercial processes for
producing fine chemicals such as drugs; vaccines; hormones,etc. on a
large scale.
Botany The scientific study of plant life
Cardiology Study of heart.
Chemical The application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of
Engineering converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms
Chemistry The science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself
Climatology The study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes
Computer Science The systematic study of computing systems and computation
Craniology Study of skulls.
Cryogenics Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature.
Cryptography Study of secret writing.
Cytology Study of cells.
Dermatology Study of skin.
Ecology The study of how organisms interact with each other and their
environment
Electronics Science and technology of electronic phenomena
Engineering The practical application of science to commerce or industry

Entomology The study of insects
Environmental The science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and
Science biological components of the environment
Etiology Study of cause of insects.
Eugenics Study of improvment of human race by applying laws of heredity. it is
related with future generations.
Evolution Deals with the study of origin of new from old.
Exbiology Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth.
Floriculture Study of flower yeilding plants.
Forestry The science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and
related natural resources
Genetics The science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms
Geology The Study of science of the earth, its structure, and history
Gerontology study of growing old.
Gynaecology Study of female reproductive organs.
Haematology Study of blood.
Hepatology Study of liver.
Horticulture Study of garden cultivation.
Iconography Teachings by pictures and models.
Immunology Science which deals with the study of resistance of organisms against
infection.
Jurisprudence Science of law.
Kalology Study of human beauty.
Lexicography Compiling of dictionary.
Marine Biology The study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems
Mathematics A science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement
Medicine The science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating
disease
Meteorology Study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and
forecasting
Microbiology The study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple
eukaryotes
Mineralogy The study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including
optical) properties of minerals
Molecular Biology The study of biology at a molecular level
Mycology Study of fungi.
Myology Study of muscles.
Nephrology Study of kidneys.
Neurology The branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders
Nuclear Physics The branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom
Numismatics Study of coins and medals.
Obstetrics Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy.
Oceanography Study of the earth’s oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical
and physical processes
Ornithology Study of birds.

Oneirology Study of dreams.
Ophthalmology Study of eyes .
Organic Chemistry The branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures,
synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds
Ornithology The study of birds
Osteology Study of bones.
Paleontology The study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods
Pathology Study of disease causing organisms.
Pedology Stydy of soils.
Petrology The geological and chemical study of rocks
Philately Stamp collecting.
Philology Study of languages.
Phonetics Concerning the sounds of a language.
Phycology Study of algae.
Physics The study of the behavior and properties of matter
Physiographic Natural phenomenon.
Physiology The study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living
organisms
Pisciculture Study of fish.
Pomology Study of fruits.
Psychology Study of the mind and behavior
Radiology The branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy,
including x-rays and radioisotopes
Seismology The study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the earth
Sericulture Silk industry(culture of silk moth and pupa).
Serpentology Study of snakes.
Taxonomy The science of classification of animals and plants
Telepathy Communication between two minds at a distance with the help of
emotions, thoughts and feelings.
Thermodynamics The physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of
processes
Toxicology The study of poisons and the effects of posisoning
Virology Study of virus.
Zoology The study of animals
(((=====================)))
Important Facts about Human Body
Largest and strongest Bone in the body Femur (thigh bone)

Smallest Bone in the body Stapes in ear
Number of Cells in the body 75 trillion
Volume of Blood in the body 6 litres (in 70 kg body)
Number of Red Blood Cells (R.B.C.) 1. In male: 5 to 6 million/cubic mm

2. In female: 4 to 5 million/cubic mm
Life span of Red Blood Cells (R.B.C.) 100 to 120 days
Life span of White Blood Cells (W.B.C.) 3-4 days
Normal White Blood Cells (W.B.C.) count 5000-10000/cubic mm
Other name of Red Blood Cell (R.B.C.) Erythrocytes
Largest White Blood Cells Monocytes
Smallest White Blood Cells Lymphocyte
Who discovered Blood Group Karl Landsteiner
Blood Platelets count 150,000 - 400,000 platelets per micro litre
Haemoglobin (Hb) 1. In male: 14-15 gm/100 c.c. of blood
2. In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c. of blood
Hb content in body 500-700 gm
pH of Urine 6.5-8
pH of Blood 7.36-7.41
Weight of Brain 1300-1400 gm in human adult
Normal Blood Pressure (B.P.) 120/80 mm Hg
Universal blood donor O
Universal blood recipient AB
Average body weight 70 kg
Normal body temperature 37 degree Celsius
Breathing Rate at rest 12-16/minute
Number of Spinal Nerves 31 pairs
Largest Endocrine Gland Thyroid gland
Largest Gland Liver
Largest Muscle in the body Gluteus Maximus or Buttock Muscle
Smallest Muscle in the body Stapedius
Largest Artery Aorta
Largest Vein Inferior Vena Cava
Largest and longest Nerve Sciatic Nerve
Longest Cell Neurons (nerve cells)
Minimum distance for proper vision 25 cm
Thinnest Skin Eyelids
Weight of Heart 200-300 gm
(((====================)))
Important Geography Terms

1. Absolute location
A point on the earth's surface expressed by a coordinate system such as latitude and
longitude.
2. aquifer
An underground reservoir of water which can be extracted for surface use
3. archipelago
A chain or set of islands grouped together
4. atoll
A circular coral reef that encloses a shallow lagoon
5. biosphere
The plant and animal life on the earth

6. caldera
A bowl-shaped circular depression caused by the destruction of the peak of a
volcano. Crater Lake, Oregon is a caldera and not a crater
7. cartogram
A "map" that is a diagram used to present statistical information. A common
cartogram shows the countries of the world with the size of the country representing
its population.
8. cartography
The art and science of making maps
9. census
An investigation or count of a population
10. climate
The long term trends in weather conditions for an area
11. colonialism
The system by which one country controls and dominates a subordinate territory
politically and economically.
12. continental drift
The current theory that the continents of the earth move across the earth on giant
tectonic plates
13. continental shelf
The extension of the continents into the ocean; continental shelf land would be
exposed if sea level dropped
14. contour map
A map which shows points of equal elevation as a line
15. culture
The belief systems, attitudes, languages, social relationships, institutions, and
material goods transmitted within a society
16. cultural geography
The branch of geography dealing with human culture and its impact on the earth
17. demography
The study of population statistics and trends, such as births, deaths, and disease
18. density
The number of items per unit area, such as persons per square kilometer
19. desert
An area with little precipitation or where evaporation exceeds precipitation, and thus
includes sparse vegetation.
20. diffusion
The spread of ideas, disease, technology, etc. among places
21. ecology
The study of the interrelationships between life forms and their environment
22. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
A periodic warming of the ocean waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean which affects
global weather patterns
23. epicenter
The point on the earth's surface directly above the hypocenter, where the energy of
an earthquake is first released.
24. equator
Zero degrees latitude, divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres
25. equinox
The beginning of autumn and spring, the two days each year when the sun is directly
overhead at the equator
26. erosion
Forces that shape the earth's surface. Includes water, wind, and ice

27. estuary
The wide end of a river when it meets the sea; salty tidal water mixes with the fresh
water of the river here
28. fault
A fracture in rock where there has been movement and displacement
29. fauna
Animal life
30. first world
An outdated term that refers to the developed countries of the world
31. fjord
A coastal valley which was sculpted by glacial action
32. floodplain
A flat, low-lying area near a river or stream which is subject to flooding
33. flora
Plant life
34. geography
Literally, writing about the earth, Greek. The study of the earth's physical and
human features. See "What is Geography?" and "Definitions of Geography" on this
site
35. geologic time
The calendar of the earth's history since its birth 4.6 billion years ago; geologic time
is divided into eras, epochs, and periods
36. geology
Science of the earth's crust, strata, origin of rocks, etc.
37. glacier
A large mass of ice thad moves over the land, carving and eroding surfaces as it
moves
38. global positioning system (GPS)
A system of satellites and ground units which enable a user to determine their
absolute location
39. global warming
The theory that temperature of the atmosphere an increasing due to the increase in
gasses such as carbon dioxide
40. globe
A spherical model of the earth's surface that includes a map of the earth; also known
as a terrestrial globe
41. greenhouse effect
The analogy used to describe the ability of gasses in the atmosphere to absorb heat
from the earth's surface
42. hemisphere
Half of the earth's surface. There are four hemispheres, Northern and Southern
(divided by the equator) and the Eastern and Western (divided by the Prime Meridian
and 180°)
43. humidity
The amount of water vapor in the air
44. hurricane
A tropical story that contains winds of at least 74 miles per hour (119km/h). Also
known as a cyclone in the northern Indian Ocean and a typhoon in the western
Pacific Ocean.
45. hydrologic cycle
The circulation of water between the atmosphere, streams and land, the ocean, and
back to the atmosphere.
46. hydrosphere

The water of the earth
47. International Date Line
An imaginary line near 180° longitude that exists to separate the two simultaneous
days that exist on the planet that the same time
48. jet stream
The high-altitude high-speed air current in the tropopause
49. La Niña
A periodic cooling of the ocean waters in the Pacific Ocean which affects global
weather patterns
50. lagoon
A small, shallow body of water between a barrier island or a coral reef and the
mainland, also a small body of water surrounded by an atoll
51. latitude
Angular degrees based on the equator; the equator is 0° latitude and the North Pole
is 90° North while the South Pole is 90° south
52. lava
Magma that reaches the earth's surface through a volcanic vent or fissure
53. lingua franca
The language used by a population as their common language
54. llithosphere
The soil and rock layer of the earth.
55. longitude
Angular degrees based on the Prime Merdidian (0°) at Greenwich, London; degrees
are east or west of Greenwich and meet in the Pacific Ocean at 180°
56. magma
Molten rock that lies beneath the surface of the earth; once exposed, magma
becomes lava.
(((====================)))
Solar system facts:

• The solar system includes the Sun and all the objects that orbit around it due to its
gravity. This includes things such
as planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids and moons.
• The Solar System formed around 4.6 billion years ago.
• There are eight planets in the Solar System. The four inner planets
are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars while the four outer planets
are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
• The inner planets (also known as terrestrial planets) are smaller and made mostly of
rock and metal.
• The outer planets (also known as gas giants) are much larger and made mostly of
hydrogen, helium and other gases.
• As of 2008, there are also five dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake &
Haumea.
• There is an asteroid belt which lies between the orbits or Mars and Jupiter, it
features a large number of irregular shaped asteroids.
• For thousands of years humans were unaware of the Solar System and believed that
Earth was at the center of the Universe.
• Astronomers such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Isaac
Newton helped develop a new model that explained the movement of the planets
with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

• The Sun contains 99.86 percent of the Solar System's known mass, with Jupiter and
Saturn making up making up most of the rest. The small inner planets which include
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars make up a very small percentage of the Solar
System’s mass.
Sun facts:
• The Sun is a star found at the center of the Solar System.

• It makes up around 99.86% of the Solar System’s mass.
• At around 1,392,000 kilometres (865,000 miles) wide, the Sun’s diameter is about
110 times wider than Earth’s.
• Around 74% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen. Helium makes up around
24% while heavier elements such as oxygen, carbon, iron and neon make up the
remaining percentage.
• Light from the Sun reaches Earth in around 8 minutes.
• The Sun’s surface temperature is around 5500 degrees Celsius (9941 degrees
Fahrenheit), so pack plenty of sunscreen if you plan on visiting (remembering that
the average distance from the Sun to the Earth is around 150 million kilometers).
• The Sun’s core is around 13600000 degrees Celsius!
• The Sun generates huge amounts of energy by combining hydrogen nuclei into
helium. This process is called nuclear fusion.
• Because of the Sun’s huge influence on Earth, many early cultures saw the Sun as a
deity or god. For example, Ancient Egyptians had a sun god called Ra while in Aztec
mythology there is a sun god named Tonatiuh.
• The Sun produces a solar wind which contains charged particles such as electrons
and protons. They escape the Sun’s intense gravity because of their high kinetic
energy and the high temperature of the Sun’s corona (a type of plasma atmosphere
that extends into space).
• Planets with strong magnetic fields such as Earth manage to deflect most of these
charged particles as they approach.
• A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
Facts About the Sun

Age 4.6 billion years
Diameter 870,000 miles (one million earths could fit in the sun)
Mass 2.1645 octillion tons
Distance from Earth 93,000,000 miles, the closest star to Earth
Light Light from the sun takes 8½ minutes to reach earth
Sun is the largest object in our solar system, about 10
times in diameter greater than Jupiter, the largest
Relative Size planet
Made of 71% hydrogen, 27% helium, 2% other elements
Surface Temperature 10,800 °F
Core Temperature 29,000,000 °F
•

Mercury Facts :
Mercury is a small planet which orbits closer to the sun than any other planet in our solar
system. As well as being very hot, it features a barren, crater covered surface which looks
similar to Earth's moon.
• The surface of Mercury is very similar to our moon. It has a very barren, rocky
surface covered with many craters.
• Being so close to the Sun, the daytime temperature on Mercury is scorching -
reaching over 400 Degrees Celsius.
• At night however, without an atmosphere to hold the heat in, the temperatures
plummet, dropping to -180 Degrees Celsius.
• Mercury has a very low surface gravity.
• Mercury has no atmosphere which means there is no wind or weather to speak of.
• There is also no water on the surface of Mercury, it is possible however that there
could be water underneath the surface.
• Likewise, there is no air on the surface but it could be trapped underneath.
Venus Facts :
Venus is a fascinating planet that is similar in size to Earth but very different in regards to
atmosphere and surface conditions. Its thick clouds lock in the heat while the surface rages
with active volcanoes.
• The atmosphere of Venus made up mainly of carbon dioxide.

• Its size is slightly smaller than Earth.
• It also features gravity similar to that of Earth.
• Venus is surrounded by clouds consisting of mercury, ferric chloride hydrocarbons
and sulphuric acid. These clouds create the most corrosive acid rain found anywhere
in our solar system.
• The clouds are so thick that little light even reaches the surface. The light that does
reach the surface is converted to heat and can not escape the atmosphere making
Venus the hottest planet at around 500 Degrees Celsius.
• The surface of Venus is often described as a "stormy desert" full of many craters and
very active volcanoes.
• The surface is also likened to molten lead.
Earth facts:
• Magma is the hot liquid rock under the surface of the Earth, it is known as lava after
it comes out of a volcano.
• Natural gas doesn't have an odour, strong smells are added to it by humans so it can
be detected when there are leaks.
• Hawaii is moving towards Japan at the speed of 10cm a year. This is because they
are on different tectonic plates.
• The world's largest desert (outside of the polar regions) is the Sahara, it covers
about one third of Africa!
• Stretching out to an impressive length of 6696 kilometres (4160 miles) long, the Nile
River is the longest river on earth.
• The volcanic rock known as pumice is the only rock that can float in water.
• Mt Everest is the highest mountain on earth, its peak reaches 8,848 metres (29029
feet) above sea level. Check out the highest mountains on each continent of the
Earth.
• On average the Atlantic Ocean is the saltiest of Earth’s major oceans.

• Earthquakes that occur out at sea can cause huge tsunamis capable of reaching land
and endangering people.
• Metamorphic rocks are formed by extreme pressure and heat. Read more
about metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks, find information on rocks and
minerals or check out our interesting fossil facts.
• The Earth isn't perfectly round, it is slightly flattened at the north and south poles.
Learn about the polar regions with our Antarctica facts and Arctic facts.
• Scared of the Bermuda Triangle? Despite its reputation it is actually part of a
commonly sailed shipping route.
• Scientists have the dated the Earth as being between 4 and 5 billion years old!
• The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest on Earth. Enjoy
more rainforest facts or learn about jungles.
• Talc is the softest mineral found on Earth, reaching just 1 on Mohs scale of hardness,
it is often used to make talcum powder.
• The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest living structure in the world.
• The Niagara Falls are located on the border of the USA and Canada.
Earth Planet Profile

• Equatorial Diameter: 12,756 km
• Polar Diameter: 12,714 km
• Mass: 5.97 x 10^24 kg
• Moons: 1 (The Moon)
• Orbit Distance: 149,598,262 km (1 AU)
• Orbit Period: 365.24 days
• Surface Temperature: -88 to 58°C
Mars Facts :
Mars, or the 'Red Planet' as it is sometimes known, has a dusty, rocky surface and a thin
atmosphere. Its relatively calm conditions and close proximity to earth make it the most
likely destination for future planet exploration by humans.
It has already been visited by a number of Mars Rovers in successful (and unsuccessful)
robotic missions. These highly advanced robots gather samples and record important
scientific data for scientists back on Earth to study.
Moons of Mars: The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos. Both were discovered by
Asaph Hall in August 1877 and are named after the Greek mythological twin characters
Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who accompanied their father Ares into
battle. Ares, god of war, was known to the Romans as Mars.
Jupiter Facts :
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. Its famous 'Red Spot' and raging gas
storms give it an impressive if not intimidating appearance. As well as having many moons,
Jupiter also has a number of rings similar to that of Saturn but much less noticeable.
• Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar system. It is so big that more than 1300
Earths could fit inside it.
• Thick, colorful clouds of deadly poisonous gases surround Jupiter. The quick spinning
of the planet whips up the atmosphere, creating the bands around the planet.

• If you were to descend into Jupiter, the thin, cold atmosphere becomes thicker and
hotter, gradually turning into a thick, dark fog. In the blackness about 1000km down
the pressure squeezes the atmosphere so hard that it becomes like liquid.
• At the centre of Jupiter is a rocky core, slightly bigger than Earth but weighing about
20 times more.
• Surrounding the core is an ocean of liquid hydrogen, about 1,000 kilometres deep.
• Jupiter has many storms raging on the surface, most notably the big red spot which
is the largest hurricane in our Solar System. It's been raging for over three hundred
years.
• Jupiter has a very strong magnetic field, you would weigh two and a half times as
much as you would on Earth.
• Jupiter has many moons circling around it. Four of these moons are bigger than
Pluto.
• Moons of Jupiter : Jupiter has at least 67 known moons .The largest four are
called Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. These four moons are called the Galilean
satellites because they were first seen in 1610 by the astronomer Galileo Galilei.
Saturn facts:
• Saturn is the second largest planet in our solar system and is another gas giant.
• Saturn has a small rocky core covered with liquid gas.
• It is surrounded by a system of rings that stretch out into space for thousands of
kilometres.
• The rings are made up of millions of ice crystals, some as big as houses and others
as small as specks of dust.
• Saturn is very light as it is made up of more hydrogen than helium so it is less
dense. If we could fit Saturn into a bathtub it would float (but that would have to be
one big bathtub!)
• Like Jupiter, Saturn has many moons which surround it.
• Saturn is not a peaceful planet. Storm winds race around the atmosphere at
800kmp/h.
• Saturn has a very strong magnetic field which traps energy particles resulting in high
levels of radiation.
• Moons of Saturn: Saturn has 62 confirmed moons of which 9 are waiting to be
officially named.Saturn's largest moon Titan is bigger than both Mercury and Pluto.
Titan has a very thick atmosphere which is mostly nitrogen. Other Moons: Enceladus,
Titan, Mimas, Dione, Tethys, Iapetus, Rhea, Pan,
Uranus Facts :
Uranus likes to be a bit different. It shows off a majestic blue/green haze due to its high
levels of methane gas and rolls like a barrel rather than spinning like Earth and the other
planets in our Solar System.
• Uranus spins lying on its side (like a barrel), this is perhaps due to a large collision
early in its formation.
• Uranus was the first planet discovered by telescope.
• Since Uranus takes 84 Earth years to go around the sun, this means that each of its
poles is in daylight for 42 years and in darkness for the next 42.
• Uranus’s atmosphere is mostly hydrogen but it also contains large amounts of a gas
called methane. Methane absorbs red light and scatters blue light so a blue-green
methane haze hides the interior of the planet from view.

• Uranus hides its interior but scientists guess that under the hydrogen-methane
atmosphere is a hot, slushy ocean of water, ammonia and methane thousands of
miles deep wrapped around a rocky core.
• Moons of Uranus : Uranus has 27 moons that we know of. Five of the moons are
large and the rest are much smaller. The five large moons are called Miranda, Ariel,
Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. Titania is the largest moon of Uranus and it is covered
with small craters, a few large craters, and very rough rocks.
Neptune Facts :
Neptune is a large planet that experiences extreme atmospheric weather conditions. After
the demotion of Pluto, it now holds the distinction of being further away from the sun than
any other planet in our solar system.
• Neptune is a large planet, nearly four times the size of Earth.

• Neptune suffers the most violent weather in our Solar System.
• Storms have been spotted swirling around its surface and freezing winds that blow
about ten times faster than hurricanes on Earth make it the windiest planet.
• Neptune is a large, water planet with a blue hydrogen-methane atmosphere and
faint rings.
• Neptune is covered in thin wispy white clouds which stretch out around the planet.
Moon Profile
• Diameter: 3,475 km
• Mass: 7.35 × 10^22 kg (0.01 Earths)
• Orbits: The Earth
• Orbit Distance: 384,400 km
• Orbit Period: 27.3 days
• Surface Temperature: -233 to 123 °C
How did the planets get their names?

All of the planets, except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods and godesses.
Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus and Mercury were given their names thousands of years ago.
The other planets were not discovered until much later, after telescopes were invented. The
tradition of naming the planets after Greek and Roman gods and goddesses was carried on
for the other planets discovered as well. Mercury was named after the Roman god of travel.
Venus was named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. Mars was the Roman god of
War. Jupiter was the king of the Roman gods, and Saturn was the Roman god of agriculture.
Uranus was named after an ancient Greek king of the gods. Neptune was the Roman god of
the Sea. Pluto, which is now classified as a dwarf planet, was the Roman god of the
underworld. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground.
(((====================)))
List of Important Abbreviations

1. LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
2. TNT: Tri Nitro Toluen
3. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
4. CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

5. ATP: Adenosine Tri Phosphate
6. RBC: Red Blood Cells/Corpuscles
7. ECG: Electro Cardio Gram
8. PVC: Poly vinyl Chloride
9. RAM: Random Access Memory
10. CFC: Chloro Fluoro Carbon
11. LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated emission of Radiation
12. RADAR: Radio Detection And Ranging
13. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
14. ROM: Read Only Memory
15. LAN: Local Area Network
16. WWW: World Wide Web
17. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
18. SONAR: Sound Navigation And Ranging
19. SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
20. NTP: Network Time Protocol/ Normal Temperature and Pressure
21. RQ: Respiratory Quotient
22. NPN: Negative Positive Negative
23. PNP: Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase
24. WAN: Wide Area Network
25. CPU: Central Processing Unit
26. BCG: Bacillus Calmette Guerin
27. STP: Standard Temperature And Pressure/Shielded Twisted Pair/Sodium
Tripolyphosphate/Spanning Tree Protocol
28. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
29. KWh: Kilo Watt Hour
30. BTU: British thermal Unit
31. LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein
32. MAF: Million Acre Feet
33. HDL: Hardware Description Language
34. MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume
35. UHF: Ultra High Frequency
36. LED: Light emitting Diode
37. LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
38. BASIC: Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
39. MASER: Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
40. ETT: Educational Telecommunications and Technology/ European Transaction on
Telecommunication
41. HST: High Speed Technology/ High Speed Train (in UK)/Hubble Space Telescope
42. DBS: Data Base Server/ Direct Broadcast Satellite
43. CRO: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
44. BOT: Build, Operate and Transfer/Botulinum Toxin
45. AMU: Atomic Mass Unit
46. EMF: Electro Motive force
47. ADH: Anti-diuretic Hormone
48. GeV: Giga Electro Volt
49. CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
50. CNS: Central Nervous System
51. PTFE: Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene
52. GUT: Grand Unified Theory
53. LONAR: Long Range Navigation
54. MeV: Mega Electron Volt/ Million Electron Volt/ Multi-experiment Viewer
55. AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System 56. CCTV: Closed-Circuit Television

56. ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missile
57. AC: Alternating Current/Air Conditioning
58 AEC: Atomic Energy Commission
59. Alt: Altitude
60. AM: Ante Maridiem (Before Noon/Midday)
61. Amp: Ampere
62. APTEC: All Pakistan Technology Engineers Council
63. ATM: Automated Teller Machine (Banking)
64. AW: Atomic Weight/ Asia Watch
65. BIOS: Basic Input Output System
66. BDS: Bachelor Of Dental Surgery/ Bomb Disposal Squad
67. BP: Blood Pressure/ Boiling Point/ Blue Print 13. C/A: Current Account
68. CAA: Civil Aviation Authority
69. CABB: Centre Of Agricultural Biochemistry And Biotechnology 16. CAD: Computer-Aided
Design
70. Cal: Calorie
71. CD: Compact Disc/ Civil Defence/ Community Development
72. CD-ROM: Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
73. CECP: Cotton Export Corporation Of Pakistan
74. CHASNUPP: Chashma Nuclear Power Plant
75. CMCC: China Mobile Communications Corporation
76. COM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
77. COMSAT: Communications Satellite Corporation
78. COMSTECH: Council Of Scientific And Technology Cooperation Of Islamic Conference
79. CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation
80. CTBT: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
81. CT-Scan: Computerised Axial Tomography Scanning
82. DVD: Dynamic Versatile Disc
83. ECAT: Engineering Colleges Admission Test
84. EDB: Engineering Development Board
85. EEG: Electroencephalogram
86. ENERCON: Energy Conservation Centre
87. EPA: Energy Protection Agency
88. EPD: Energy Protection Department
89. ESA: European Space Agency
90. ESRO: European Space Research Organisation
91. FAT: File Allocation Table
92. FCPS: Fellow Of The Royal College Of Physicians And Surgeons
93. FM: Frequency Modulation
94. FMCT: Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty
95. FRCS: Fellow Of The Royal College Of Surgeons
96. GHz. Gigahertz
97. GMT: Greenwich Mean Tim
98. HIV: Human Immune Deficiency Virus
99. HTML: Hypertext Mark-Up Language
100. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
101. IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency (UN)
102. IBM: International Business Machine
103. IC: Integrated Circuit/ Intelligence Corps
104. ICBM: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile
105. ICU: Intensive Care Unit
106. IEA: International Energy Agency
107. INSTRAW: International Research And Training Institute For The Advancement Of

Women
108. INTELSAC: International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium
109. Intelsat: International Telecommunications Satellite Organisation
110. IRBM: Intermediate Range ballistic Missile
111. ISP: Internet Service Provider
112. IT: Information Technology
113. ITB: Information Technology Board
114. JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
115. KANUPP: Karachi Nuclear Power Plant
116. KAPCO: Kot Adu Power Company
117. kHz: Kilohertz
118. KV: Kilo Volt
119. kW: Kilowatt
120. MCAT: Medical Colleges Admission Test
121. MDS: Master In Dental Surgery
122. MNP: Mobile Number Probability
123. MRBM: Medium Range Ballistic Missile
124. MRCP: Member Of Royal College Of Physicians
125. MRCS: Member Of Royal College Of Surgeons
126. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
127. MS: Medical Superintendent
128. MSN: Microsoft Network
129. MW: Megawatt
130. NADRA: National Database And Registration Authority
131. NEPRA: National Electric Power Regulatory Authority
132. NM: Nautical Mile
133. NMD: National Missile Defence
134. NPT: Non-Nuclear Proliferation Treaty
135. NRA: Nuclear Regulatory Authority
136. OGRA: Oil And Gas Regulatory Authority
137. NWD: Nation Wide Dialling
138. OGDC: Oil And Gas Development Corporation
139. pm: Post Meridiem
140. PEMRA: Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
141. PTA: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
142. RADAR: Radio Detection and Ranging
143. SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
144. SLV: Satellite Launch Vehicle
145. SMS: Short Message Service
146. SNGPL: Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited
147. SONAR: Sound Navigation And Ranging
148. SSGPL: Sui Southern Gas Pipeline Limited
149. STD: Subscriber’s Trunk Dialling
150. STM: Subscriber Identification
151. SUPARCO: Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Committee (Pakistan)
152. TB: Tubercle Bacillus/ Tuberculosis
153. UHF: Ultra High Frequency
154. UNAEC: United Nations Atomic Energy Commission
155. UNESCO: United Nations Education, Scientific And Cultural Organisation
156. VCD: Video Compact Disc
157. VHF: Very High Frequency
158. WAN: Wide Area Network
159. WAP: Wireless Application Protocol

160. WAPDA: Water And Power Development Authority
161. WHO: World Health Organisation
162. WMD: Weapons Of Mass Destruction
163. WWF: World Wildlife Fund
164. ZPG: Zero Population Growth
See more abbreviation and full forms from: http://jobspapers.com/who-

ABBREVIATIONS.php
(((====================)))
Fathers of Important Subjects

1. Father of Algebra: Diophantus
2. Father of Architecture: Imhotep
3. Father of Ayurveda: Charaka
4. Father of Biology: Aristotle
5. Father of Blood groups: Landsteiner
6. Father of Botany: Theophrastus
7. Father of C language: Dennis Ritchie
8. Father of Economics: Adam Smith
9. Father of Electricity: Benjamin Franklin
10. Father of Electronics: Ray Tomlinson
11. Father of Genetics: Gregor Johann Mendel
12. Father of Geometry: Euclid
13. Father of History: Herodotus
14. Father of Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann
15. Father of Internet: Vinton Cerf
16. Father of Law: Cicero
17. Father of Mathematics: Archimedes
18. Father of Medicine: Hippocrates
19. Father of Microbiology: Louis Pasteur
20. Father of Modern Chemistry: Antoine Lavoisier
21. Father of Nanotechnology: Richard Smalley
22. Father of Periodic table: Dmitri Mendeleev
23. Father of Physics: Albert Einstein
24. Father of Robotics: Nikola Tesla
25. Father of Robotics:;Al-Jazari
26. Father of Search engine: Alan Emtage
27. Father of Statistics: Ronald Fisher
28. Father of Surgery (early): Sushruta
29. Father of Taxonomy: Carolus Linnaeus
30. Father of the American Constitution: James Madison
31. Father of the Green Revolution: Norman Ernest Borlaug
32. Father of Trigonometry: Hipparchus
33. Father of Video game: Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.
34. Father of World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee
35. Father of Zoology: Aristotle
(((===================)))
Vitamins

Vitamin Chemical Name Food Sources Deficiency Diseases
A Retinol Milk, eggs, fish, butter, Night blindness, Skin dryness.

cheese and liver.
B1 Thiamine Legumes, whole grain, nuts. Beri-beri.
B2 Riboflavin Egg, milk, cheese, nuts, Inflammation of tongue, sores

bread products. in the corners of the mouth.
B3 Niacin or Nicotinic acid Meat, fish, pea nuts, whole skin disease, diarrhoea,
grain. depression, dementia.
B5 Pantothenic acid Eggs, liver, dairy products. Fatigue, muscle cramp.
B6 Pyridoxine Organ meats, cereals, corn. Anaemia, kidney stones,

nausea, depression.
B12 Cyanocobalamin Meat, fish. pale skin, constipation,

fatigue.
C Ascorbic acid Oranges, tomatoes, sweet Scurvy, anaemia, ability to

and white potatoes. fight infections decreases.
D Calciferol Direct sunlight, fish oils, Rickets, osteomalacia.

eggs.
E Tocopherol Vegetable oils, olives, Neurological problems,

tomatoes, almonds, meat, problems of reproductive
eggs. system.
K Phylloquinone or Soyabeans, green leafy Failure to clot blood.

Naphthoquinone vegetables, dairy products,
meat.
Vitamins are further divided into two groups- (1) Fat soluble vitamins, and (2) Water soluble
vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E and K.
Water soluble vitamins - Vitamin-B complex (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12), C and Folic acid.
Minerals:
Minerals are also essential for proper development of the body. Minerals helps in building
strong teeth and bones, skin, hair, proper function of nerves, muscle contraction, maintains
heart functions, etc.

Types of Minerals:
Minerals Food Properties Deficiency

Sources Diseases
Calcium Milk, cheese and Build and maintain bones Weak teeth and
other diary and teeth, control heart bones, poor
products, nuts, beat and blood pressure. development of
green leafy body.
vegetables.
Iron Meat, liver, egg It is required for Anaemia, weak
yolk, nuts, cereals. transportation of Oxygen in immunity.
the blood. Maintains
Haemoglobin level in the
blood.
Iodine Iodine-enriched Iodine is the main building Goitre.
salt, milk, cheese. block of thyroid hormone,
T3 and T4. It is essential for
proper development of the
body.
Phosphorus Meat, fish, poultry, It is required in building Poor body growth,
cereals. strong bones and teeth. It weak bones and
also repair cells. It is a teeth.
component of DNA and
RNA.
Sodium Salt Maintains water balance, Low blood pressure,
blood pressure and nervous muscle cramp.
system.
Zinc Meat, liver, fish, It is important for the Retarded body
milk, cheese and function for the enzymes in growth
other diary the body. It builds
products. immunity and regulates
cholesterol levels.
Potassium Fish, milk, pulses, It maintains the pH balance Low blood pressure,
nuts, green of the blood. It controls the weak muscles.
vegetables, meat. water balance of the body.
Magnesium Green vegetables, Magnesium builds It affects nervous
nuts, cereals. immunity. It is important system.
for nerve cell function and
muscle contraction.
(((===================)))

CURRENT AFFAIRS

Basic information About Pakistan
All basic information about Pakistan. Pakistani Facts and figure. Country Profile Static's of Pakistan.
Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Independence 14 August , 1947
day
Founder Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Head of State Dr Arif Alvi
Head of Imran Khan (Prime Minister )
Government
Government Parliamentary form
Location: 30 00 N, 70 00 E
Capital Islamabad
Area 796096 Sq Km
Population 16582000
Emblem Faith, Unity, Discipline
National Urdu
Language
Official Language English
National Poet Allama DR. Muhammad Iqbal
National Anthem Qaumi Tarana
National Animal Markhor
National Bird Chukar
National Flower Jasmine
National Tree Cedrus deodara
National Sports Hockey
Notional Dress Shalwar Qameez
National Juice Sugarcane Juice
Literacy rate 53%
Currency Pak. Rupee.
FEDERAL MINISTERS (April 20,2019)
S/No Name Portfolio

1 Mr. Ghulam Sarwar Khan Aviation Division

2 Mr. Murad Saeed Communications
Addl: Postal Services
3 Mr. Pervez Khattak Defence
4 Ms. Zubaida Jalal Defence Production
5 Mr. Shafqat Mahmood Federal Education & Professional
Training
Addl: National History and Literary
Heritage Division
6 Mr. Dr Abdul Hafeez Sheikh Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs
7 Makhdoom Shah Mahmood Foreign Affairs
Qureshi
8 Chaudhary Tariq Bashir Housing and Works
Cheema
9 Dr. Shireen M. Mazari Human Rights
10 Dr. Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui Information Technology and
Telecommunication
11 Dr. Fehmida Mirza Inter-Provincial Coordination
12 Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Shah Interior
13 Mr. Ali Amin Khan Gandapur Kashmir Affairs & Gilgit Baltistan
14 Dr. Muhammad Farogh Law and Justice
Naseem
15 Syed Ali Haider Zaidi Maritime Affairs
16 Mr. Ali Muhammad Khan Narcotics Control
Mahar
17 Sahibzada Muhammad National Food Security & Research
Mehboob Sultan
18 Mr. Aamer Mehmood Kiani National Health Services, Regulations
and Coordination
19 Makhdoom Khusro Bukhtiar Planning, Development and Reform
20 Mr. Omar Ayub Khan Power Division
21 Mr. Muhammad Mian Soomro Privatization
22 Sheikh Rashid Ahmed Railways
23 Mr. Noor-Ul-Haq Qadri Religious Affairs and Inter-faith Harmony
24 Mr. Fawad Ahmed Science and Technology
25 Mr. Muhammad Faisal Vawda Water Resources
26 Nadeem Babar Special Assistant to PM for Petroleum.
27 Dr Firdous Ashiq Awan Special Assistant to PM for Information and
Broadcasting
28 Azam Swati Federal Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
(((==========================)))

Current Governors of Pakistan
The table below lists the currently-serving Governers and heads of administrative units
(AUs) of Pakistan as of August 2018.
Province Name Took office
(past governors) (tenure length)
Balochistan Amanullah Khan Yasinzai 4 October 2018 (186 days)
Khyber Shah Farman 5 September 2018 (215 days)

Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar 5 September 2018 (215 days)
Sindh Imran Ismail 27 August 2018 (224 days)
Gilgit-Baltistan Raja Jalal Hussain Maqpoon 30 September 2018

(190 days)
Current President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Province Name Took office Party
(past president) (tenure length)
Azad Jammu and Masood 25 August 2016 Pakistan Muslim League
Kashmir Khan (2 years, (N)
(list) 226 days)
Current Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Province Name Took office Party
(past prime (tenure
ministers) length)
Azad Jammu and Raja Farooq 4 April 2016 Pakistan Muslim League
Kashmir Haider (3 years, (N)
(list) 4 days)
Current Chief Ministers of Pakistan

The table below lists the currently-serving Chief Ministers and heads of administrative
units (AUs) of Pakistan as of August 2018.
Province Name Took office Party Ref
(past chief (tenure
ministers) length)
Balochistan Jam Kamal 20 August Balochistan Balochistan
Khan 2018 Awami Party Government
(231 days)
Khyber Mahmood 17 August Pakistan Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Khan 2018 Tehreek-e- Pakhtunkhwa
(234 days) Insaf Government

Punjab Sardar 20 August Pakistan Punjab
Usman 2018 Tehreek-e- Government
Buzdar (231 days) Insaf
Sindh Murad Ali 17 August Pakistan Sindh
Shah 2018 People’s Party Government
(234 days)
Gilgit-Baltistan Hafiz 26 June Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan
Hafeezur 2015 Muslim League Government
Rehman (3 years, (N)
286 days)
(((=========================)))
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONs
UNO – United Nations Organization

Established on 24 October 1945
Headquarters: New York City, USA
Membership: 193 member states, 2 observer states
Secretary General – Antonio Guterres
Deputy Secretary General – Amina J. Mohammed
WTO – World Trade Organization

Founded: 1 January 1995
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
Director General: Roberto Azevedo
Membership – 164 member states
WHO – World Health Organization

Established on 7 April 1948
Headquarters – Geneva, Switzerland
Director General – Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
World Health Day – 7 April
World Economic Forum (WEF)

Head – Klaus Schwab
Founded on – 1971
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO Also called OMPI)

Formation – July 14, 1967

Director General – Francis Gurry
ILO – International Labour Organization

Established in 1919
Director General – Guy Ryder
United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD)

Head – Mukhisa Kituyi
Founded on – 1964
WMO – World Meteorological Organization

Formed in 1950
Secretary-General: Petteri Taalas
President – David Grimes
World Meteorological Day – 23 March
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

Head – Peter Maurer
Founded on – 1863
IMF – International Monetary Fund

Established on 27 December 1945
Headquarters – Washington, USA
Managing Director – Christine Lagarde
Membership – 189 countries
Fund – Special drawing rights (SDR)
WBG – World Bank Group

Formation – 27 December 1945
Headquarters – Washington, USA
President – Dr. Jim Yong Kim
Membership – 189 states (188 UN countries and Kosovo)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

Headquarters – New York, US
Head – Anthony Lake

Founded on – December 1946
United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA)

Headquarters – New York, US
Head – Dr. Babatunde Osotimehin
Founded on – 1969
ADB – Asian Development Bank

Motto: Fighting poverty in Asia and the Pacific
Established on 19 December 1966
Headquarters – Manila, Philippines
President – Takehiko Nakao
Membership – 67 countries
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

Headquarters – Beijing, China
Head – Jin Liqun
Founded on – 4 October 2014
New Development Bank (BRICS Development Bank)

Headquarters – Shanghai, China
Head – K. V. Kamath
Founded on – July 2015
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Founded: 16 November 1945
Headquarters: Paris, France
Director General: Irina Bokova
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD)

Headquarters – Paris, France
Head – Jose Angel Gurria
Founded on – 30 September 1961
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Headquarters – Brussels, Belgium
Head – Jens Stoltenberg
Founded on – 4 April 1949
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Headquarters – Singapore

Head – Dr. Alan Bollard
Founded on – 1989
UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Head – Filippo Grandi
IMO – International Maritime Organization

Formation – 1959
Headquarters – London, United Kingdom
Secretary General – Kitack Lim
Amnesty International
Headquarters – London, UK
Head – Salil Shetty
Founded on – July 1961
UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Head – Filippo Grandi
Commonwealth of Nations
Headquarters – London, UK
Head – Queen Elizabeth II
Founded on – 28 April 1949
IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency

Established on July 29, 1957
Headquarters – Vienna, Austria
Director General – Yukiya Amano
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO)

Head – Li Yong
Founded on – 1966
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Head – Mohammed Barkindo

Founded on – 1961-62
World Tourism Organization

Formation – 1975
Headquarters – Madrid, Spain
Secretaries General – Taleb Rifai
World Tourism Day – 27 September
International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Headquarters – Lausanne, Switzerland
Head – Thomas Bach
Founded on – 23 June 1894
International Cricket Council (ICC)

Headquarters – Dubai, UAE
Head – David Richardson (CEO)
Founded on – 15 June 1909
The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

Headquarters – Zurich, Switzerland
Head – Gianni Infantino
Founded on – 21 May 1904
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization

Established in 16 October 1945
Headquarters: Rome, Italy
Director General: Jose Graziano da Silva
Membership – 194 Member Nations, 2 associate members & the European Union
World Food Day – 16 October
International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Headquarters – The Hague, The Netherland
Head – Ronny Abraham
Founded on -1945
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND HEADQUARTERS
1. Asian Development Bank(ADB) Manila (Philippines)
2. Amnesty International London (England)
3. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Singapore

4. Association of South -East Asian Nations(ASEAN) Jakarta( Indonesia)
5. African Union (AU) Addis-Ababa (Ethopia)
6. Council Of European Strasbourg
7. Commonwealth London
8. Common wealth Heads of Governments Meet (CHOGM) London
9. Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) Ankara(Turkey)
10. Economic Commission of Africa (ECA) Addis-Ababa
11. Economic Commission of West Asia (ECA) Baghdad
12. Economic Commission of Europe (ECE) Geneva
13. European Common Market (ECM) Geneva
14. European Energy Commission (EEC) Geneva
15. European Economy Community (EEC) Brussels
16. European Free Trade Association(EFTA) Geneva
17. European Space Research Organization(ESRO) Paris
18. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Bangkok (Thailand)
19. European Union (EU) Brussels
20. Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO) Rome(Italy)
21. General Agreement on tariffs &Trade (GATT) Geneva
22. International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) Vienna (Austria)
23. International Bank For Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Washington
24. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Montreal(Canada)
25. International Court of Justice (ICJ) The Hague
26. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)Geneva (Switzerland)
27. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Rome

28. International Labor Organization (ILO) Geneva
29. International Maritime Organization (IM) London
30. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington
31. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Lusane
32. International Standards Organizations Geneva
33. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Geneva
34. NAM Non Aligned Movement (NAM) New York
35. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Brussels (Belgium)
36. Organization of American States (OAS) Washington D.C.
37. Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Counties (OAPEC) Kuwait
38. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD ) Paris
39. Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) Mecca
40. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Vienna
41. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Kathmandu (Nepal)
42. Transparency International Berlin
43. United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) New York
44. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS) Geneva
45. United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) New York
46. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) New York
47. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Geneva
48. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) New York
49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Nairobi (Kenya)
50. United Nations Educational scientific and cultural Organization(UNESCO) Paris
51. United Nations Frame Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Germany

52. United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) New York
53. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) New York
54. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Geneva
55. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) New York
56. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Vienna (Austria)
57. United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNIAR) New York
58. United Nations Organization (UNO) New York
59. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC) Vienna
60. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Geneva
61. Woman Aid International London
62. Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) London
63. World Council of Churches (WCC) Geneva
64. World food Program (WFP) Rome (Italy)
65. World Health Organization (WHO) Geneva
66. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Geneva
67. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva
68. World Bank Washington
69. World Tourism Organization (WTO) Madrid
70. World Wildlife fund (WWF) Gland (Switzerland)
(((==================)))

ESSAYS ON CURRENT
TOPICS / HOT ISSUES

Essay Writing Tips & Tricks for Scoring Excellent Marks
Essay writing is not an inborn quality rather it is an art or, more rightly, a skill that can be
learned, enhanced and mastered with practice. When it comes to writing an English essay in
CSS, PMS or any of the competitive exams, it turns out to be an uphill task for most of the
aspirants. But to be precise, essay writing is a skill of formulating, categorising and
prioritising one’s ideas on a topic in a rational, argumentative, convincing and balanced as
well as coherent style.
Why do people fail the essay paper? What could be the most effective techniques to prepare
for this paper?
Here are a few tips and tricks that can help you in getting through this paper with excellent
marks:
Topic Selection
In examination, a candidate has to write on one out of few given topics. Make sure that the
topic you select is broad enough to give you the maximum space to express your knowledge
and ideas effectively. For that, a topic related to contemporary issues would be the best
choice. Instead of going after literary topics, it is better that you focus on topics related to
current affairs like social issues, economy, international relations, international
organisations, religion, science, global political scenario, etc.
Expression
Good expression adds beauty to the essay. The term ‘expression’ includes diction, style,
clarity, idiomatic flavour and use of appropriate quotations.
Making Outline
Outline of the essay plays an instrumental role in making the examiner believe that you
have a sound grip on the topic. Outline must be given in a terse style and its content should
encompass all possible aspects of the topic. It is always advisable to make small headings,
points, bullets, etc., in the outline. An outline can, therefore, be taken as your first
handshake with the examiner. So it must be impressive and appealing and lasting.
Writing Essay
1. Introduction
When writing essay, always start with an introductory paragraph that should be most
relevant to the topic as well as subject matter of the essay. This paragraph depicts what —

and how — you have comprehended from the topic statement. The introduction should be
precise, well-worded, appealing and, at the same time, fascinating. Remember, it makes
your first impression on the examiner and you know first impressions are the most lasting.
2. Body
Body is that part of essay which initiates right after the introduction. It is the middle, and
the largest part, of the essay and can consist of as many paragraphs as you want to write.
This all crucial segment of the essay must be divided into many small paragraphs, with a
new point to be discussed in each one of them.
3. Conclusion
It is the concluding part of essay as it sums up all the ideas discussed in the preceding
paragraphs. It can be termed as a summary of the essay.
Dos and Don’ts
Following points must be considered for writing a good essay.
5 Dos
present the ideas and thoughts in simple but correct English. The essay must be a reflection
of your knowledge, maturity of thoughts and ideas as well as rational and multidimensional
approach.
give your best while using the punctuation marks.
make your writing most relevant to the topic. Relevance comes with the knowledge and
knowledge shows how well read you are on personalities, various aspects of society, political
issues and events, science, religion, art, literature, history, current issues and challenges,
etc.

maintain inter-paragraph coherence and congruity. The last line of a paragraph must be
connected to the first line of the following paragraph.
give an approximate word count and the approximate time at the end of the essay.
5 Don’ts
not make any spelling errors and factual mistakes.
not write long sentences unnecessarily rather prefer to write as short a sentence as possibly
you can as it lessens the chances of making errors and wrong sentence structures.
not try to fill the pages only to meet the desired word count. It won’t take you to any fruitful
end.
not write repeatedly on a single idea.
not indulge into verbosity and using flowery language to impress the examiner. A very
simple vocabulary shall serve the purpose.
(((====================)))

TERRORISM THE BIGGEST THREAT TO PAKISTAN
Pakistan Faces Various Forms of Terrorism
1. Introduction
2. History of Terrorism in Pakistan: An Overview
3. Pakistan Faces Various Forms of Terrorism

a. Ethnic / Sectarian
b. Nationalist / Separatist
c. Jihadi / Islamist
4. Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan

a. Augmenting Illiteracy
b. Increasing Social Injustice
c. Swelling Poverty
d. Derailing Democracy
e. Heightening Religious Intolerance
f. Unending Afghan War
g. Crippling Economy
5. Is Terrorism a Great Threat to Pakistan: YES

I. To Democracy
II. To Sovereignty
III. To Economy
IV. To Governance
V. To Progress
VI. To National Security
VII. To National Integrity
6. Recommendations:
I. Using the Influence of Religious Leaders
II. Utilizing Civil Society
III. Employing Media Effectively
IV. Revamping Education System
V. Achieving Peace in Afghanistan
VI. Ensuring Competent Intelligence
VII. Dealing Effectively with Militants
VIII. Economic Recovery & Poverty Alleviation
IX. Ensuring Speedy & Affordable Justice
7. Conclusion Essay

Terrorism , Its causes, impacts ,& solutions
DEFINITION OF TERRORISM
• Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person or Property to

intimidate or coerce of government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof,
in furtherance of political or social objectives.” F.B.I Definition
• terrorism is the unlawful use of, or threatened use of force or violence against
individuals or property to coerce and intimidate government or societies, often to
achieve political, religious or ideological objectives. US Department of Defence
• “Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political
change.” Brian Jenkins
CAUSES OF TERRORISM
Social and political injustice: Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism
when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical
wrong—when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
The belief that violence or its threat will be effective: Another way of saying this
is: the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely
that they choose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.
Religious: Religious: perhaps the most commonly held belief today is that terrorism is
caused by religion. Though it is not the main cause for terrorism, religion does play a
significant role in driving some forms of it. Many terrorist get wrong understanding in
religion. Since 1980, there has been an increase in terrorist activity motivated by
religion.
Illiteracy: Lack of education amongst the people has been put forward as a prime
reason of terrorism. Uneducated person are easy to be persuaded to commit
the crime because they have no high ability of thinking. Many terrorists believe crazy
things; they're more likely to do crazy things.
IMPACT OF TERRORISM
Economic impact: loss of life, infrastructures, and business. Government spending on
security.
Society impact: create atmosphere of suspicion, fear and panic all around
Politic impact: makes world politics more complicated and difficult.
SOLUTIONS TO TERRORISM
• Education!!!
• Understand the differences in cultures, religions, beliefs and human behaviors
• Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all human beings, not just “one
group of people”
• Eliminate the root of terrorism
YEARLY DATA OF FATALITIES BY TERRORIST ATTACKS (GIVEN IN THE TABLE BELOW)

www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/pakistan (South Asia terrorism portal)

Yearly Fatalities
•
Year Incidents of Killing Civilians Security Forces Terrorists/Insurgents/Extremists Not Specified Total
2010 1246 1537 511 4937 348 7333
2011 1575 2391 666 2750 254 6061
2012 2347 2727 729 2444 272 6172
2013 2030 2701 660 1538 375 5274
2014 1570 1476 512 3268 263 5519
2015 950 866 341 2408 73 3688
2016 522 543 279 897 68 1787
2017 295 440 215 533 81 1269
2018 163 359 163 161 14 697
2019 39 64 40 28 0 132
Total* 10737 13104 4116 18964 1748 37932
*Data till , April 19, 2019 ( given by South Asia terrorism portal )SAPT
NACTA: National Counter Terrorism Authority
Formed:2009 , Headquarters,Islamabad, Pakistan

Motto Stand United Against Terrorism
The National Counter Terrorism Authority is an Internal Counterterrorism Authority of
Pakistan. NACTA is mandated to devise a counter-terrorism strategy that should address
short, medium and long-term goals and devise action plans for their implementation. NACTA
was initially set up in 2009, administratively, but its powers and mandate has been clearly
spelled out in March 2013, under an Act of Parliament.The NACTA 2013 Act sets up the
framework of the organization.
National Action Plan, 2014
NAP Background:
After Army Public School attack on 16th of December 2014, a national consensus was
evolved to come down hard on the the terrorists through a concerted national effort.
Whereas the National Internal Security Policy 2014 pointed out the broad policy guidelines
and long-drawn reforms in various state institutions, a need to felt to chalk out an Action
Plan with specific, mostly quantifiable and ultimately time-bound agenda to curb the
scourge of terrorism which had by now started massacring even innocent school-age
children. A 20 Points National Action Plan (NAP) for countering terrorism and extremism
was chalked out by NACTA/ Ministry of Interior in consultation with the stakeholders and
approved on 24th of December, 2014 by the Parliament. After the National Internal Security
Policy 2014, it was the 2nd consensual policy document approved by the Government. The
National Action Plan, spelled out the specifics for the counter-terrorism drive in the country.
NAP Implementation & Monitoring Framework:

The Prime Minister directed the Minister for Interior to design and implement a
national monitoring mechanism for implementation, as NAP involved a number of Federal
Ministries and Provincial Governments. NACTA was assigned and entrusted with the role of
monitoring body of the National Action Plan. Within NACTA, Director General (CVE) is
entrusted with the monitoring of NAP, who is assisted by a Director NAP and other staff.
The 20 Agenda Items of National Action Plan:
The 20 agenda items of National Action Plan 2014 are:
1. Implementation of death sentence of those convicted in cases of terrorism.

2. Special trial courts under the supervision of Army. The duration of these courts would be
two years.
3. Militant outfits and armed gangs will not be allowed to operate in the country.
4. NACTA, the anti-terrorism institution will be strengthened.
5. Strict action against the literature, newspapers and magazines promoting hatred,
extremism, sectarianism and intolerance.
6. Choking financing for terrorist and terrorist organizations.
7. Ensuring against re-emergence of proscribed organizations.
8. Establishing and deploying a dedicated counter-terrorism force.
9. Taking effective steps against religious persecution.
10. Registration and regulation of religious seminaries.
11. Ban on glorification of terrorists and terrorist organizations through print and electronic
media.
12. Administrative and development reforms in FATA with immediate focus on repatriation
of IDPs.
13. Communication network of terrorists will be dismantled completely.
14. Measures against abuse of internet and social media for terrorism.
15. Zero tolerance for militancy in Punjab.
16. Ongoing operation in Karachi will be taken to its logical end.
17. Balochistan government to be fully empowered for political reconciliation with complete
ownership by all stakeholders.
18. Dealing firmly with sectarian terrorists.
19. Formulation of a comprehensive policy to deal with the issue of Afghan refugees,
beginning with registration of all refugees.
20. Revamping and reforming the criminal justice system.
(((===================)))

Economic Challenges Faced by Pakistan
1. Introduction:
2. Brief History about economy of Pakistan:
3. Challenges faced by Pakistan:

We Consume More and Save Less
We Import More and Export Less.
Government spends more than it earns as Revenues
Inflation
Low Tax to GDP ratio
Devaluation of money
Trade deficit and balance of payment issue.
Our Share in the World Trade is Shrinking
Poor health and educational facilities
Political instability
Immature media
External debt, caught in foreign cloches.
Mismanagement and underutilization of natural resources
Energy crisis
Low FDI
Incompetent judiciary
Corruption
Low capital formation
Population pressure
Agrarian economy
Inconsistent policies
Untrained Labor force
4. Causes of economic turmoil:

Mismanagement
Wealth Concentration
Lack of good governance
External debt
Public issues unresolved.
Poor law and order situation.
Population pressure
Trade deficit
5. Remedial measures:
Exploration of new markets
Industrialization
Tight monetary policy
Investor’s friendly policies

Regional peace
Improved law and order
Good governance:
6. Conclusion:
Different challenges and prospects of Pakistan’s economy
Pakistan has been facing different challenges regarding to its economy. The
economic situation of Pakistan is very critical and people are looking towards the
solution of these challenges faced by the economy of Pakistan. Pakistan has
different opportunities which can help it to solve its economic problem. But without
tackling long term challenges and problems decisively, country will no longer be
able to take advantages of opportunities. Increase in debt, increase in import and
decrease in export, low saving, lower investment, low tax collection, lack of policy
implementation, excessive taxation are some of the challenges faced by the
Pakistan’s economy. Some of the solutions of these problems are offering low
interest rate, collection of the taxes, proper use of young labor force, use of
technology, governance and decentralization.
Decentralization is one of the factors which can help increase the economy of the
country. An individual sitting in capital can’t identify the needs of the different areas
of country but the local people those are living there know exactly what they
needed, what are their requirements. One has to transfer power to other,
decentralize and delegate authority, provide resources to the local/district
governments so that they can take decisions at their own at district level. District
government will take decision according to the requirement and the needs of the
areas. Local government should report to the provincial government about its
activities and provincial government should report to federal government. If our
government does so we can do more by same resources which are being wasted
today. Economic growth rate can be raised from 6-7 percent average to 8-9 percent
annually.
Interest rate is one of the factors which can increase the economy of country.
Government can offer low interest rate to the public so that it becomes easier for
the investors to borrow money from the banks and invest it in their business.
Return in the form of interest rate should be low so that people do invest their
money. Borrowing at low interest rate and investing money will increase the level of
demand in the economy. It will increase the demand of labor force to meet the high
production level. GDP and living standard of people will improve.
Tax collection can play a vital role to improve the economy of Pakistan. For the past
four years, Pakistan has witnessed 81 percent rise in tax revenue, which is a big

plus for Pakistan. There was 5.4% growth in GDP, which is highest and the first
time in over a decade. Government should allow Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) to
work as impartially, independently and transparently which will make FBR an
efficient and effective tax administration. This will increase the confidence of
taxpayers in FBR and increase tax collection in fair manner. This higher collection of
tax can be used for the development of infrastructure. It will help to create jobs by
reducing unemployment and generate income for the millions.
Pakistan is among those countries which has a young labor force which can be
bound for its own and global economy. If we tool these young women and men
accurately, we increase the female participation in labor force, give them
knowledge and skills, they can become the labor force for the rest of the world. This
will give immense boost to Pakistan’s economy. In 2001, worker allowances were
less than a billion dollars; today we have almost 7-8 billion dollars. Currently this
can be multiplied by three or four times if we have educated labor force i.e. skilled
labor force going for foreign employment. This is the best mode to create
employment opportunities because if you have younger people approaching to labor
force and you don’t have job opportunities for them you can have social
disturbance. Therefore, it is commanding to make employment opportunities for
them and train them in the kind of skills which are not necessary only by the
national economy but also by the international economy. Pakistan can put over 30
million plus population by drilling training in various fields to meet the market
needs in the age group of 25-35.
Technology has been spreading like a wild fire. 5 years ago, not every individual
had mobile phone but today 95 million Pakistanis have mobile phones today. This
technology can be used to provide individuals banking services, information on
climate/weather, agriculture extension, health, education etc. Technology
particularly the information/communication technology can be used for the
betterment of social and economic problems of Pakistan. Pakistan is making good
progress on Business-to-Business (B2B) front as software industry aims to achieve
the goal of $5 billion export mark by year 2020 through software development and
service out-sourcing which will help to improve economy of country.
While there is a crucial need to fix persistent challenges, more innate reforms are
required to improve and attract talent to serve in the businesses and public sector.
Instead of politicians, the academics, intellectuals and community leaders should
come forward and play their role in social revolution.

The economy of Pakistan is the 23rd largest in the world in terms of purchasing
power parity (PPP), and 42nd largest in terms of nominal gross domestic product.
... Primary export commodities include textiles, leather goods, sports goods,
chemicals, carpets/rugs and medical instruments.
GDP: $277.2 Billion (Nominal, Dec 2018) $1.1...
GDP rank: 23rd (PPP) (2018-19); 42nd (nomin...
GDP per capita: $1,641 (nominal, 2018)
(((=====================)))

Corruption in Pakistan
Pakistan is lagging behind in all spheres of life. This is the outcome of corruption. It has
brought Pakistan to the point where it has lost its identity and failed to establish its
credibility among the other nations of the world.
Introduction:
Definition of corruption
Root cause of all ills in Pakistan
Socio-economic backwardness’ an outcome of corruption
Thesis statement leading to conclusion
Causes of corruption:
Political causes:
Absence of culture of accountability
Incompetent judiciary
Highly centralized economic system
Absence of rule of law
Punctuated constitutional supremacy
Socio- economic causes:

High inflation and food prices
Meager salaries of government servants
Class conflict due to capitalism
Evasion of ethical and religious values
Nepotism and favoritism
Feudalism
Impacts of corruption:
Pakistan ranked 139th by transparency international
Increased crime rates
Tarnished image of society and state
Discouraging FDI
Nepotism’ Order of the day
NRO
Pragmatic ways to curb corruption:

Emancipating accountability
Need for ethical councelling through education
Ensuring meritocracy instead of red tapism
Enhancing transparency
Increase in salaries of govt. servants
Implementing law in its true letter and spirit.
Conclusion.

MENACE OF CORRUPTION – MAJOR IMPEDIMENT
IN GOOD GOVERNANCE
Introduction
1. The word corruption is derived from the Latin word corruptus which means, “to break”. In
the layman use, corruption means, the misuse of delegated power for personal gains.
National anti-corruption strategy (NACS) has defined the corruption as;
“A behavior on the part of the office holder in the public or private sector whereby they
improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves or those close to them or induce others to do
so, by misgiving the position in which they are placed”.
Corruption is one of most chronic issues all over world especially in the third world countries
like Pakistan where it has routed down in government institutions enough that cannot be
eliminated easily following the stakes of powerful bureaucrats and corrupt politicians.
Power tends to corrupt and absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely.

One thing must be given preference that it is not the severity of punishment but the
certainty of punishment that matters.
Corruption is a method and a technique adopted just to bypass the rule of law and engulfing
the whole system into socio-economic turmoil. Furthermore, corruption, being the mother of
all ills, gives birth to multifarious problems including nepotism, favouritism and negating
meritocracy, transparency and accountability. It is an established fact that the cruelty shows
its influence as the rule of law is abrogated. Banking scams, industrialist’s monopoly to
create baseless crises, bypassing the constitutional supremacy, lavish living styles of the
ruling class, foreign tours under the head of national exchequer, general apathy, neglect,
carelessness and an attitude of indifference towards national issues are all the outcomes of
corruption which is root cause of all evils in the motherland. The poor are sidelined, the rich
are bestowed, the needy are ignored and the affluent are delivered. However, the story
does not end here. The socio economic situation is much more dubious and gloomy than as
expected.
Corruption has spoiled Pakistan completely and is resulting in increase in poverty,

unemployment, hunger and is tarnished the image of the country by bringing immense
miseries to its people. Corruption has been deep routed in all levels either private or
government from top to bottom and anti-corruption institutions have unfavourably failed to
address this or even reduce the ongoing dishonesty and frauds. There are many top
politicians who have been reportedly involved in this misconduct that are concerned with
their stakes only without thinking about the public.
We can find two vast concerns or issues in present Pakistan that are expanding like
epidemics(corruption and terrorism) which have reinforced their germs in every cells of our
society.

There are numerous indirect corruption charges from social media and electronic media
present but no ruling authority is ready to investigate the corrupt persons for these illegal
and dishonest concerns like illegal Sui-Gas and electricity supply, illegal possession of land
and so on. Murder of merit and Justice, political nepotism and selling of government jobs by
‘corrupt ruling politicians’, hundreds of thousands of skilled and educated youth are
deprived of deserving jobs.
Given the dismal state of affairs, as is evident from all the above-explained short story,
there is a stringent need of implementing religious and ethical values, if the nation wants to
get out of the clutches of monster like corruption. The religious counseling must be given at
all levels so that ethics and values have a strong hold on the characters and actions of the
people. Educational reforms based on morality must be given place in the social system.
Redtapism, nepotism, favouritism must be eradicated by grooming and nurturing a culture
of accountability based on trickledown effect that runs from top to bottom. Independence of
judiciary and rule of law can only bring in meritocracy so that talented and high caliber
people must be employed at the higher posts.
Another pragmatic solution is to increase the salaries of the government servants. Financial
satisfaction to all and sundry can bring in a positive change in the society. It forces the
workers to follow the principles of morality and honesty.
Moreover, the laws must be made strict and their implementation be ensured.
Unfortunately, Pakistan is a land of laws which are never implemented. One thing must be
given preference that it is not the severity of punishment but the certainty of punishment
that matters. Such practices put the things in order and in right directions. Therefore, strict
implementation of laws is the only way forward. China after the empowerment of
communist party, paved this way for a cause of change.
Corruption is social curse that must be ditched. The lawmakers in the parliament must take
stringent efforts and evolve practicable strategies to eradicate the mushrooming menace.
Rule of law, supremacy of the constitution and independence of judiciary and off course a
free and vibrant media being the fourth pillar of the state, must be implemented in true
letter and spirit. The accused must be given a cold fist. Time is ripe that drastic measures
be taken to get rid of this tsunami of corruption that undoubtedly has torn and destructed
our very social and economic fabric. Enough of apathy and negligence, the need of the hour
is to join hands on all fronts by all members and areas of society to ouster this curse. If
Pakistan wants to run in the race of socio economic development, evils like corruption do
not fit in the scenario.
It is the responsibility of every individuals to work jointly with the government institutions
to make Pakistan a corruption-free country. Corruption will not prevail in the society until
deserving peoples are given their rights. And this isn’t the Pakistan which the our
forebearers dreamt for.
Facts and figures:

Pakistan is the 117 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2018
Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in

Pakistan averaged 109.04 from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 144 in 2005
and a record low of 39 in 1995.
The performance of NAB under the dynamic leadership of Honorable Justice Mr. Javed Iqbal, Chairman
NAB remained excellent. NAB received 44,315 complaints in 2018 which were almost double from the
previous year, and after due process scrutinized complaints as per law. On the basis of prima facia
evidence, 1,713 complaints were converted into complaint verifications which were again scrutinized
and after complaint verifications, 877complaints were converted into inquiries; After obtaining point of
views of both complainants and accused persons, inquiries were converted into investigations and
subsequently 227 investigations were upgraded and 440 corruption references were filed in respected
Accountability courts during the last single year; an excellent achievement as compared to last five years
of NAB.
On the basis of across the board accountability under its Enforcement policy, NAB has not only arrested
503 accused persons during one year but also recovered Rs. 2,580 million from corrupt elements and
deposited all amount in national exchequer.
(((=====================)))

EDUCATION AS AN AGENT OF CHANGE
OUTLINE
ISSUE:-
Education brings change and if there is no change then there is something wrong with the
education system.
Extent of the issue
Education As An Agent Of Change
1. Education brings economic change.

2. People learn skills to survive.
3. Improvement in social status and living standards is caused by education.
4. Emergence of middle class.
5. Overall progress of a country.
6. Education brings intellectual change which revolutionise life.
7. Awareness
8. Political awareness.
9. Social awareness
10. Religious understanding
11. Cultural understanding.
12. Behavioral understanding understandings.
13. On oral understandings.
14. Education promotes women empowerment.
15. Education brings con􀀯dence.
16. Education helps in solving unresolved problems.
Reasons for failure of education to bring change in Pakistan:

1. Education system of Pakistan is examination oriented, not knowledge oriented.
2. No uniform system of education.
3. Education sector is not on the priority list of Government.
4. Existing curriculum lacks relevance to the needs of life.
5. Outdated curriculum.
6. Unskilled teachers.
7. There are hindrances in the way of women to acquire education.
Remedies:
1. Education must inspire inquiry.
2. Improving the relevance of curriculum to the needs of life.
3. Research based curriculum.
4. Nexus with industry and workplace.

5. Focus on character building.
6. There should be a uniform system of education.
7. Increased budgetary allocations.
8. Raising the status of teachers.
Conclusion
Education as an agent of change

1. Education is an important ammunition in the arsenal of a nation that ensures and
promotes its socio-economic development. Education brings economic, intellectual and
social changes in the society. It is a catalyst for national development. Nations rise or fall
merely on the strength or weakness of their education system. It changes the whole outlook
of society. It helps in solving the unresolved problems of society. In other words, it is the
education which promotes social progress of a society and if it fails to bring a
meaningful change, as is the case of Pakistan, then there is something wrong with the
educational system.
2. Education brings change in the economic structure of society. It results in the economic
emancipation of individuals. Modern societies are open and an individual can move in
upward or downward direction on the Socio-economic Scale. Education helps an
individual to move in an upward direction. People learn the skills to survive through
education. It equips a person to cope with the unfavourable circumstances. Education
teaches the art of living that can be utilized to live a better life.
3. Modern world is knowledge oriented. People with education are more likely to succeed in
this modern world. An educated person can improve his social status and raise his living
standard. On the other hand, an illiterate person is trap in a vicious cycle of poverty. There
is a tendency among the poor people to send their children to workplace instead of school in
the hope of earning some extra pennies. But what they do, is ruin the prospect of career
advancement of their child. It is only the education that can help in destroying the
shackles of poverty. Without education a person cannot 􀀯nd a suitable and respectable
source of earning. Thus, education can help in reducing poverty and promoting individual as
well as national development.
4. The most noticeable change brought by the education is the emergence of middle class.
Middle class is created when people belonging to the lower strata of society are able to raise
their status. In other words, it is created as a result of the development of
poor people. Only education has the capacity to raise the status of a person. This middle
class which emerges as a result of education is extremely important for the progress of a
country. Middle class acts as a stabilizing factor of society. It helps in furthering the
democratic principals in a society. It also raises the savings of a country which can be used
for investment purposes. This results in the overall progress of a country and it changes into
a more better place to live.

5. In addition to the economic change, education also brings intellectual change. Intellectual
emancipation of a society is imperative if it is to attain its rightful status among the comity
of societies. Education helps an individual to come out from the shadow of
superstitions and understands the realities of life. It creates awareness in him. A person
becomes more conversant with his surroundings. In this democratic world, political
awareness is imperative for the protection and promotion of rights. In countries
where there is high literary level, there is an increased level of public participation in
polities, hence, established democracy. People become more involved in the national
policies which keeps the government on the right path.
Problems to education system in Pakistan

There are a number of reasons behind the bleak and worrisome situation of Pakistan’s
education system. The most important thing is that ‘Education For All’ commitment is not
being fulfilled properly. Federal and all four provincial governments seem unwilling to take
serious steps in order to achieve set targets of education.
Other than this, terrorism also holds children back from schools. Between 2007 and 2015,
there were around 870 attacks by different terrorist groups on educational institutions of the
country. It is a bitter reality that Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) closed hundreds of schools
in country’s northern areas.
Poverty is another hurdle in the way of high literacy rate in Pakistan. Almost 30 percent
Pakistanis are living below the poverty line. It is a sad reality that the number of children at
different workplaces is more than the total number of children at schools. Amidst all the
financial issues, the poor parents find it advantageous to send their children to work in
order to earn a few rupees. Let it be very clear, the issues of education cannot be resolved
unless poverty is controlled. Though government initiated a few schemes to provide free
education at school level but it must be realized that this is not a long-term and sustainable
solution. The government provides free books and a few other facilities to the students of
public schools, but many of these books are in English, whereas many teachers, especially
those belonging to rural areas, do not have proficiency in the English language. As a result,
they ask students to buy the same book in Urdu. This shows the importance of training that
must be provided to all the teachers.
In addition, all the appointments must be made on merit and all the teachers must be
competent enough to train and teach their students in a better way. Moreover, in many
areas, school buildings are without proper boundary walls and lack other basic amenities.
Students are made to sit in open areas even during harsh weather conditions.
Other than this, no steps are being taken to develop analytical and critical thinking of the
students. Even in many private schools, students suffer due to workload and, hence, they
have to focus on bookish material rather than thinking and analyzing different aspects
critically.
Owing to all these reasons, the rate of unemployment is rising and pass percentage in
competitive exams is decreasing. Besides, the process of hiring faculty in our country is also
politicized. The issue of ghost teachers/schools and shortage of teachers has become

another common phenomenon. Our government must adopt strict policies to ensure the
presence of teachers at schools. Moreover, lack of proper facilities at different schools has
also made it difficult for students to keep pace with the rapidly-changing world. The need of
the time is to ensure the provision of modern equipments along with all basic technologies
and facilities at schools.
It is not wrong to say that old methods of teaching focus on rote system so they must be
changed. The world has become a global village and only those countries can now stand
independently that promote new ideas. By considering this fact, we must realize that we will
have to change the learning environment at our educational institutions. We are lagging
behind the world in the field of research and that is why our universities are not ranked
among the top institutions.
Way forward:
Other than this, no steps are being taken to develop analytical and critical thinking of the
students. Even in many private schools, students suffer due to workload and, hence, they
have to focus on bookish material rather than thinking and analyzing different aspects
critically.
Owing to all these reasons, the rate of unemployment is rising and pass percentage in
competitive exams is decreasing. Besides, the process of hiring faculty in our country is also
politicized. The issue of ghost teachers/schools and shortage of teachers has become
another common phenomenon. Our government must adopt strict policies to ensure the
presence of teachers at schools. Moreover, lack of proper facilities at different schools has
also made it difficult for students to keep pace with the rapidly-changing world. The need of
the time is to ensure the provision of modern equipments along with all basic technologies
and facilities at schools.
It is not wrong to say that old methods of teaching focus on rote system so they must be
changed. The world has become a global village and only those countries can now stand
independently that promote new ideas. By considering this fact, we must realize that we will
have to change the learning environment at our educational institutions. We are lagging
behind the world in the field of research and that is why our universities are not ranked
among the top institutions.
Fact and figures of Education in Pakistan:

Therefore, the Pakistan Economic Survey says that the figures for 2015-2016 should be
considered for the current year as well. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey, 2017-
2018, the literacy rate for entire Pakistan, includes ten years old and above is 58 percent.
According to a recent UNESCO report Pakistan resides with the countries of the least
literacy rate over the world with 55 percent and an overall ranking of 160 out of the world.
Similarly in 2015 the EFA Development Index (EDI) ranked Pakistan 106 out of 113
countries. Even comparing our figures with neighbouring countries Bangladesh and India we
see that we see that Pakistan spends less than 2 percent of its GDP on education which is

far less than the minimum margin set by UNESCO (4 Percent). Similarly UNESCO’s global
primary education report has revealed much about the poor infrastructure and lack of
planning in country’s educational system. Over 6 million children are out of schools, the
second highest in the world after Nigeria. Similarly Pakistan also holds the highest number
of illiterate adults after India and China. In terms of Public expenditure on Education,
Pakistan is globally ranked 177. Moreover the country is also among the 21 unlucky nations
who are facing an ‘Extensive learning crisis’ according to the report.
The Constitution of Pakistan states that every child has the right to free and
compulsory education, yet millions of children in the country remain deprived of
their Constitutional right, says a new report by Alif Ailaan, a local alliance for
education reform.
The report titled “25 Million Broken Promises” says that there are currently 25.02 million
boys and girls between the ages of 5 and 16 who are not in school.
“What’s worse, the proportion of out-of-school children (OOSC) increases as the level of
education rises so that by the higher-secondary level almost 85% are not in school,” the
report reveals.
(((====================)))

Higher Education in Pakistan Ills and remedies
1. Introduction
2. Types of Education
• Formal education
• Informal education
3. An Overview of Higher Education Setup in Pakistan
• Statutory position
• Administrative system
• Institutes
4. Ills Prevailing in Higher Education System of Pakistan
A. Infrastructure-related Ills
• Lack of institutes
• Missing necessary facilities
• Overcharging by private-sector institutions
B. Human Resource-related Ills
• Meagre strength of faculties
• Lack of motivation in members of faculty
• Lack of skills and expertise
• Meagre strength of support staff
• High dropout ratio at elementary level
C. Curriculum-related Ills
• Curriculum not in consonance with domestic needs
• More focus on mere theories
• Presence of mistakes and errors
• Lack of analytical approach
• Uninteresting and monotonous descriptions
• No focus on character-building
D. Teaching Methodology-related Ills
• Promotion and encouragement of cramming
• No focus on conceptual study
• Monotonous style of teaching
E. Examination-related Ills
• No testing of analytical skills
• Use of unfair means in examination halls
• Inconsistent style of grading
5. Factors Responsible for the Presence of Ills
• Budgetary constraints
• Myopic vision of the policymakers
• Distracted attention of the government
• Bureaucratic hurdles

• Poor growth of economy
• Commercialization of education
• Missing element of morality in the society
• Persistently-rampant corruption
• Incapacity of concerned HR departments
6. Impacts of Flawed Higher Education System
• Unemployment and underemployment
• Lack of talent and skills
• Devastating impacts on different sectors of economy
• Deteriorated image of the state
• Social degradation
• Increase in lawlessness and crime
7. Recommendations for the removal of Ills of the Higher Education Sector
• Devising sharply-focused, meticulously-planned and thoroughly-integrated policies
• Allocating reasonable budget to higher education
• Tapping of indigenous mineral, geographical and human resources to enhance the
availability of funds
• Introduction of civil service reforms to improve the bureaucratic structure
• Mature, responsible and objective role of media for the upgrade of moral standards
of the society
• Tightening the monitoring and regulatory mechanism to curb the commercialization
of education
• Devising pragmatic policies for maximum utilization of available resources
• Focus on skills development of education- related human resource
• Annual revision and upgrade of curriculum
• Use of technology to improve the examination standards
• Attracting best brains to education sector by improving perks
8. Conclusion
(((======================)))

China Pakistan Energy Corridor (CPEC)
• Introduction
• Development of Gwadar
• Previous project: Silk Road
• Projects
• Fruits for Pakistan
• The Concept of One Belt and One Road
• Different Routes
• Agreement of Bilateral Trade and Economic Ties
• Geostrategic Location of Gwadar
• Challenges for Pakistan
• Internal
• External
• Counter Indian Influence
• Economic Gains from This Project
• Removal of Social Problems Due to CPEC
• Balance of Power in South Asia
• Effects of the Projects
• Conclusion
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a framework of regional connectivity. CPEC will not only
benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran, Afghanistan, India, Central
Asian Republic, and the region. The enhancement of geographical linkages having improved
road, rail and air transportation system with frequent and free exchanges of growth and
people to people contact, enhancing understanding through academic, cultural and regional
knowledge and culture, activity of higher volume of flow of trade and businesses, producing
and moving energy to have more optimal businesses and enhancement of co-operation by
win-win model will result in well connected, integrated region of shared destiny, harmony
and development.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor is journey towards economic regionalization in the

globalized world. It founded peace, development, and win-win model for all of them.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor is hope of better region of the future with peace,
development and growth of economy.
The CPEC is a 3,000-kilometre network of roads, railways and pipelines to transport oil and
gas from Gwadar Port to Kashgar city, northwestern China’s Xinjiang Uygur autonomous
region, China Daily reports. China and Pakistan have agreed to build One Belt One

Road project more commonly known as China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is expected to
bring about both peace and prosperity in South Asia. This corridor will link between Kashgar
in north-western China to Pakistan’s Gwadar port on the Arabian Sea near the
border with Iran via roads, railways and pipelines. There are many internal and external
challenges for Pakistan government to implement this multi-dollars project. However, it is a
game changer project which will transforn1 the fate of Pakistan and will help
Pakistan modernize. It will improve the economy and trade, enhance regional connectivity,
overcome energy crises, develop infrastructure and establish people to people contacts in
both the countries.
Proposed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013, the CPEC
will act as a bridge for the new Maritin1e
Silk Route that envisages linking three billion people in Asia, Africa and Europe.
President of China
Mr. XI Jinping
’’’’To build a China-Pakistan community of shared destiny is a strategic decision
made by our two governments and peoples. Let us work together to create and
even brighter future for China and Pakistan.’’’
Official Message
Prime Minister Imran Khan at Investment forum Saudi Arabia:
’’’CPEC is great opportunity for Pakistan. CPEC connect us to China which is one of the
biggest markets. Because of CPEC we are developing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) which
invite investment across the globe. China is a huge market and CPEC route will connect
China and Pakistan located at strategic position of world.’’
DEFINITION of One Belt One Road (OBOR)
The One Belt One Road (OBOR), the brainchild of Chinese President Xi Jinping, is an
ambitious project that focuses on improving connectivity and cooperation among multiple
countries spread across the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe. Dubbed as the “Project of
the Century” by the Chinese authorities, OBOR spans about 78 countries.
BREAKING DOWN One Belt One Road (OBOR)
Initially announced in the year 2013 with a purpose of restoring the ancient Silk
Route that connected Asia and Europe, the project's scope has been expanded over the
years to include new territories and development initiatives. Also called as the Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI), the project involves building a big network of roadways, railways,
maritime ports, power grids, oil and gas pipelines and associated infrastructure projects.
OBOR’s Importance to China
OBOR is of prime significance to China as it aims to boost its domestic growth, and is also a
part of the country’s strategy for economic diplomacy. By connecting the less developed
border regions like Xinjiang with neighboring nations, China expects to bump up economic
activity. OBOR is expected to open up and create new markets for Chinese goods, and will

also enable the manufacturing powerhouse to gain control of cost-effective routes to easily
export materials. Any excess capacity in terms of production can be channelized effectively
to regions along OBOR routes. China has announced investments over $1 trillion in the
various infrastructure projects, and is funding them by offering low-cost loans to the
participating countries.
CPEC / OBOR’s Importance to Pakistan:
1: The report, "The economic benefits of the modern silk road: The China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC)," is jointly prepared by the Association of Chartered Certified
Accountants (ACCA) Pakistan and the Pakistan-China Institute (PCI).
The report, which is based on research work and surveys, said that the unprecedented CPEC
has provided 60,000 jobs to Pakistanis since 2015 and that it would create over 800,000
new jobs in different sectors up to 2030.
It said that the 21 energy projects planned under CPEC will double Pakistan's current
capacity of electricity production by producing 16,400-megawatt electricity after their
completion.
(1) In the strategic context, CPEC conforms to Pakistan’s security paradigm and “Look East”
policy and will serve towards furtherance of strategic partnership.
(2) Located at the crossroads of huge supplying and communicating markets, fully
functional Gwadar Port linked with China and Central Asia can play a vital role in economic
revival of Pakistan.
(3) It also affords us great opportunity for socio-economic development of GB and

Balochistan Province.
(4) Pakistan would benefit through investment from China for development of requisite
infrastructure and to bridge energy shortfall. This will help Pakistan in realizing the potential
to become a regional trade hub and energy corridor thereby bringing huge transit revenues
and employment opportunities.
(5) Even the conservative estimates show projected possible revenues of over 100 Billion
US Dollars on account of transit revenue per annum in long term besides creating
employment opportunities in hundreds of thousands.
(6) With 95% of Pakistan’s trade through sea and economy heavily dependent on sea trade,
development of Gwadar Port and its connectivity is of extreme significance to reduce load
on Karachi and Bin Qasim ports for furtherance of Pakistan’s Sea borne trade.
Impact of CPEC on Pakistan's economy-Fact Sheet
GDP Growth
• $62 billion to be added to the economy, 20% of the total GDP of Pakistan.
• Pakistan’s GDP growth rate increased from 4.7% in 2015 to 5.4% in 2016 (World
Bank)

• Pakistan total GDP has increased from $244 billion in 2014 to more than $ 300
billion in 2017(World Bank)
• $13 billion will be added to Pakistan’s GDP by 2025 (IMF)
• 2 to 2.5% annual economic growth rate expected till 2030. (Applied Economics
Research Centre)
Energy generation
• Access to electricity for the rural population increased from 90.3% in 2015 to
98.8% in 2016 (World Bank)
• Transmission and Distribution Losses went down to 16.5% in 2017 from 19% in
2015 (Ministry of Finance)
• Bill recoveries increased from 16% in 2015 to 19% in 2017 (Ministry of Finance)
• Installed capacity of electricity is 29,573 MW in 2018, which was 22,812 MW in
2013 (Pakistan Economic Survey)
• Electricity generation increased from 96,496 GW/h to 117,326 GW/h (Ministry of
Finance)
• A total of $ 33.8 billion in energy project have added 12,230 Megawatts of
energy (Pakistan Economic Survey)
Job Creation
• Early harvest projects of CPEC have created 30,000 direct jobs for Pakistanis
(ACCA Global and PCI)
• 800,000 direct jobs estimated in the next 15 years. (Ministry of Planning and
Development)
• Construction of ML-1 projects will further create 10,000 to 15,000 direct jobs this
year (Ministry of Planning and Development)
• CPEC will reduce unemployment by 2.32 million by end of 2018 (Global Times)
• 75% of the total employees working in CPEC projects are Pakistanis, contrary to the
belief that the Chinese have a higher representation (Ministry of Planning and
Development)
Current Status of CPEC:
With robust momentum of 2018’s development packages, China Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) is all set to go into high gear in 2019 by establishing Pakistan’s first Special
Economic Zone (SEZ), multiple youth skills development plans and massive poverty
alleviation schemes especially in Balochistan,
Next year will also mark the completion of most awaited western and eastern routes of the
China Pakistan Economic Corridor. These two routes will connect eventually deep-sea port
of Gwadar to Chinese border. The eastern route will pass through Makran coastal highway,
Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Multan, Lahore, Islamabad, Mansehra, Thakot, Raikot to
Khunjarab while the western route will pass through Gwadar, Turbat, Bismah, Surab, Qalat,
Quetta, Zhob, Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Kohat, Peshawar and Islamabad onward.
The procedures of SEZ and socio-economic strategies have already been mapped out in 8th
Joint Cooperation Committee (JCC), highest forum and decision making body of China
Pakistan Economic Corridor, 57th China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Progress Review
meeting and cabinet approval with consensus.

According to a press release issued by the PM’s Office, Imran remarked that the “first
phase of CPEC comprised merely of a few power plants and three
roads.”“Meanwhile, in the second phase, under the incumbent government,
agriculture, education, health, water, skill-based education, skill development,
transport projects and upgrading of Main Line-1 will be done,” he added.
Conclusion. CPEC is a win win synergy for both the nations and the region. It is a rare
opportunity for Pakistan to realize its true strategic and economic potential. FWO in its
capacity is vigorously pursuing multi sectoral initiatives in sync with our socio-economic
imperatives. This of course, if not gigantic, is at least a colossal undertaking requiring the
private sector and financial institutions to come forward and join hands for expeditious
implementation.
Informative Websites:
http://www.cpecinfo.com/home
http://cpec.gov.pk/
(((==================)))

Water Crisis in Pakistan
Water security has a direct impact on human security. It is a multidimensional challenge
with complex undertones, as water security is both an increasing concern as well as critical
for sustainable development. Before it is too late and Pakistan faces a drought across its
entire territory, a comprehensive water policy needs to be prepared and implemented.
I. Introduction
II. Water sources
A. Water reservoirs / capacities

Pakistan is having three basic reservoirs, namely mangla dam reservoir, Terbela dam
reservoir and Chashma barrage reservoir. More small reservoirs like Warsak, Baran dam
hub, Khanpur, Tanda, Rawal, Simly, Bakht khan Hamal lake, Mancher lake, Kinjhar lake and
Chotiari lake Arealso included as small storage. The storage capacity of these reservoirs is
as shown on the view foil.
1. Terbela dam reservoir
World’s largest earth and rock filled dam was built at Terbela on river Indus in 1976 with a
gross capacity of 11.62 maf and a live storage capacity of 9.68 maf. With the passage of
time, due to silting, 24.6% of the storage has been lost and now it has a live storage
of 7.295 maf.
2. Mangla dam reservoir
Mangla reservoir is the second major storage of Pakistan. It was built in 1967 on river
Jhelum with a gross capacity of 5.882 maf and live storage of 5.41 maf. Again due to
siltation it has lost 13.2% of its storage and presently can store 4.636 maf of water.
3. Chashma barrage reservoir
Chashma barrage is situated on river Indus and was built in 1972 with a gross storage of
0.870 maf and live storage of 0.717 maf. It has also reduced its storage capacity by 39.3%
and is left with a storage capacity of 0.435 maf.
B. Rivers
C. Lakes and streams
D. Underground water
III. Major uses of water

In Pakistan we utilize the water available to us for different purposes. The basic utilization is
for irrigation and then used for power
generation, drinking and also provided to some Industries.
A. Irrigation

Out of 240.22 maf, 172.21 maf water is utilized for irrigation purposes as shown on the
view foil. In this the canal diversions is 105.23 maf; system loses are 144-40; rainwater is
6.0 maf; ground water is 41.30 and utility above rims is 5.28 maf.
B. Power generation
Water released by the hydropower plants returns to the river system. The reservoirs are
operated on priority bases only for irrigation.
Recent increase in thermal generation has reduced the potential conflicts between water
releases from reservoirs for hydropower generation and irrigation. Now most of the annual
storage is utilized for irrigation and not for hydropower, but conflicts do arise at times.
C. Drinking
Most of the rural and urban water is supplied from ground water through tube wells and
hand pumps except few cities like Karachi and Islamabad/Pindi. Total urban and rural
(domestic and commercial) requirements estimated is 10-15% of the surface water, out of
which 80% return to the system, however with degraded quality. Net consumption is
normally about 2% of the total water available.
D. Industry
Water is also utilized in Industries basically for cooling purposes and also in manufacturing
processes. This utility is less than 1%.
IV. Causes of present alarming crisis

A. Water supplies are vulnerable and suffer from extensive losses
B. Limited storage capacity
C. Trans-boundary disputes intensifying river supply vulnerability
D. Outdated distribution system and inequitable distribution of water
E. Groundwater resource depleting rapidly due to over-pumping
F. Extremely low water tariffs are distorting incentives for water conservation
G. Low recovery and underfunded water infrastructure contributing to high water losses
H. Gaps in governance leading to inefficient management
I. Climate Change – a Major Emerging Challenge for Water Sustainability
J. Reduced rainfall
K. Poor water management
L. Poor handling of industrial wastewater
M. Climate change
N. Lack of political will to address the governing issues
O. Change in food consumption pattern and lack of proper water storage facilities
P. Ignorance at the household level
Q. Wastage of drinking water in non-productive means
R. Corruption in water sector
S. Mismanagement in irrigation sector
T. Hydrological warfare- water terrorism by India
Hydrological warfare- water terrorism by India

India started almost every project without informing Pakistan which is in violation of IWT
1. Manipulation of the treaty terms

There is a restriction of aggregate storage allowed to India over western rives via Annexure
E of the treaty. India, however, is manipulating this provision by building a series of
storages on western rivers, increasing storage and water regulation capabilities manifold.
2. Construction of Kshanganga dam

India has recently awarded a tender for construction of 330 MW Kshanganga hydro-electric
project (HEP), which will be built on Indian tributary (Kishanganga) of Jhelum River.
Pakistan has announced a similar project on Pakistani side of River Jhelum. According to
IWT, the country that completes the project first will win the rights to the river. Hence,
despite costing 68% more than estimated, India is endeavoring to finish the project first.
3. Construction other dams on Western rivers

India has plans to construct 62 dams and hydro-electric units on Rivers Chenab and Jhelum
thus enabling it to render these rivers dry by 2014.19
Implications resulting from India’s terrorism
1. Risk of breaching ITW
India’s future energy and water demands, which are enormous, can compel her to
undertake projects in violation of IWT. Certain quarters in India are already saying that IWT
is more of a binding for India and should therefore be abrogated.
2. Possibility to divert water
Though India does not have the capability to divert water from the western rivers at
present, however, possibility of a project similar to China’s Great South-North Water
Transfer Project can not be ruled out.
3. Internal and external political and armed conflicts
Any reduction in water inflow to Pakistan at this stage will cause shortage of water for
irrigation and if supplemented by adverse climatic conditions and other internal water
mismanagement issues, can trigger inter-provincial water conflicts of serious magnitude. If
India is found violating IWT at that point in time, then it will spark serious differences
between India and Pakistan and might become prelude to a major conflict.
4. Negatively Impacting agriculture and damaging social life
Most recently, water flows in Chenab has declined by 40 per cent to about 6,000 cusecs
from a 10 year average of about 10,000 cusecs, mainly because of construction by India of
over a dozen hydropower projects upstream, reduction in rainfall and diversion of river
waters. Incase India resorts to stoppage of water as per her capability, 406 Canals and
1125 Dis tributaries will become dry rendering 0.35 million acres of cultivated land barren
and eventually ruining a total of 7.0 million acres of fertile land. India’s decision to go ahead
with Kishanganga HEP and four other dams in India administered Kashmir is geared not so
much towards meeting its own needs as impoverishing Pakistan. Agriculture is Pakistan’s
backbone and water flowing in the channels is its blood line. It contributes 21% to the GDP

and employs 45% of labour force.24 Adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would
have a spiraling effect on the prevailing level of poverty leading to economic and social
problems.
5. Lose of water annually
To fill Baglihar Dam, India had consistently obstructed Chenab’s flow; resultantly Pakistan
received only 19,351 cusecs on 9 October 2009 and 10,739 cusecs on 11 October 2009,
when it should be receiving a minimum of 55,000 cusecs per day. Total loss was
approximately 321,000 MAF of water. India has gained a water holding capacity on western
rivers which can seriously affect water inflow at Marala HWs / Mangla Dam causing acute
shortage of water for winter crop. Though, presently India is not capable of diverting water,
possibility of a project similar to China’s Great North-South Water Transfer Project cannot
be ruled out.
6. Effecting economic growth
The growth rate of Pakistan’s agriculture is already decreasing due to water shortages. In
order to achieve the required growth targets in agriculture, Pakistan needs an estimated
149 MAF of water in 2000, 215 MAF in 2013 The shortage of surface water will result in
drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, hence water table will go
down causing water constraints to the population.
V. Far-reaching reparations
A. Effects on agriculture in general and on economy in particular
The adverse effects of water shortage on agriculture would have a spiraling effect on the
prevailing level of poverty.
1. Less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the food requirements of the
nation, we will be dependent on other countries.
2. Raising livestock is the main source of livelihood of rural areas. it is also an important
economic activity, which contributes 9.7% of GDP, will be affected due to shortage of water.
3. Orchards of Pakistan bring home a healthy amount of foreign exchange, which can be
affected due water shortage.
4. Due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the
Industries related to them will suffer adversely.
5. Then due to drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, the water
table will go down, and this will cause water constrains to the population.
6. Less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which
will increase the unemployment further.
7. The distribution of water is controlled from the center by IRSA (Indus river system
authority) as per 1991 agreement between the provinces. Now the shortage of water will
cause disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity.
VI. Recommendations
A. Building dams and reservoirs
1. Water development
The construction of following dams should start immediately:-
a. Chashma dam

It would be located 200 miles upstream of terbela on river Indus. its gross storage capacity
would be 7.3 maf and live storage 5.7 maf. Its power generation capacity would be 3360
mw.
b. Kalabagh dam
Kalabagh dam site is located 132 miles down stream of Terbela. Its gross storage would be
6.1 maf. It would have a power generation
of 3600 mw. Here I shall further suggest that the construction of Kalabagh be under taken
only, once all the provinces are convinced
and willing to cooperate.
c. Thal reservoir
It would be located on the right bank of Chashma – Jhelum link canal, along the western
bank of river Jhelum. Its reservoir would have
gross capacity of 2.3 maf.
d. Raised Mangla dam
in this the present Mangla dam would be further raised by 40 ft and thus increasing its
gross capacity to 9.5 maf. In addition, its power
generation capacity would be increased by 15%.
e. Mirani dam
Its gross storage is 0.30 maf.

f. Gomalzam dam
It is located at Khajori Kach on Gomal River in South Waziristan, about 75 miles from Dera
Ismail Khan. Its main objective will be to
irrigate 132000 acres of land, power generation of 17.4 mw and flood control.
From these projects we shall be able to store additional 20maf of water.
B. The National Water Strategy
1. Water developments
2. Water management
C. Solutions to counter Indian water terrorism
1. Pakistan should highlight the importance of the issue on various international forums.
Merely passing the political statements will not resolve the problem.
2. Indian intentions and needs should be distinguished on quantitative terms to highlight
the real face of India among international community.
3. The treaty does not provide so many important issues like availability of water, effects of
climate change and proportional increase or decrease of water in quantitative terms.
Pakistan should look for proper strategic forum for deliberative discussion and policy
options for these issues.
4. At present, renegotiating the treaty seems impossible and Pakistan has to relook its
water policy in the given limits of treaty. Therefore, effective role of Indus Water
Commissioners is the need of hour.
5. Interstate conflict can be managed through internal strength and same is the case with
water conflicts.
6. Pakistani policy makers should understand the concept of conflict resolution and
initiatives must be taken on capacity building as no
one can compel any sovereign state (India or Pakistan) to act on morality.
7. There is serious need to work on water management as the available water is being
wasted and the groundwater table is going below and below.
D. Need of robust diplomacy at regional and international level

E. Introducing proper water usage fee
F. Need for more forests
G. Seeking assistance from international aid agencies
H. Lining of canals and the optimal use of water for agriculture

1. Define the groundwater ownership
2. Legislation for licensing of groundwater
3. Increase the groundwater recharge for urban and rural areas under legal framework
I. Control Water pollution
1. Including both the surface water pollution
2. Groundwater pollution is a tough task to handle
3. Implementation of national environmental quality standards
4. Incentives should be given to industrial sector in form of subsidies and tax relaxation
against the installation of waste water treatment plants
5. Impose fine on the polluter pay plenty rule
J. Adopting more crop per drop technologies for agriculture
1. Laser levelling
2. Drip irrigation
3. Sprinklers can help to minimize water wastage at farm level
K. Positive awareness
L. Agro-climating zoning should be preferred instead of provincial boundaries for
water resources
M. Mainstreaming environmental change concerns
1. Eco-framework conservation
2. Proper administration and use of water
N. Construction of Reservoirs on emergency basis: Diamer-Basha, Kalabagh Dam
O. Revamping the system of water rights
P. Strengthening the role of IRSA
Q. Disseminate awareness regarding the rising stress on water resources
R. Raising height of existing dams to increase capacity
S. using advanced technology e.g. drip framing for water conservation
T. Building national consensus on water sustainability via constitutional
amendment
U. using wireless sensor network/ telemetry system as a central database to
monitor water consumption/ flow yearly
VII. Conclusion
(((=================)))

Energy crises
Pakistan is one of the most populous, geographically and strategically important countries
located in south Asia. Pakistan is suffering from energy crises since more than the last three
to four decades. Today, we have many challenges due to energy crises in our country which
directly or indirectly mediates many difficulties for facilitating the social problems and
preventing social evils. Pakistan produces about 81 percent of its electricity through oil and
gas which costs us about 9.4 billion dollars. It is in other terms which are about 53 percent
of our total exports and are a significant cost burden on the products which we had
purchased from the others countries. Our necessity for thermal power is so large, we simply
cannot knock it down and magically moves to hydro power. Instead of using oil and gas,
both of which are getting more expensive and have volatile international prices, we can
move to using coal. Thar coal is an important asset for producing power at very reasonable
expenses. Energy mix refers to sources of energy we utilize in Pakistan to fulfill our overall
energy needs. In Pakistan one problem that often plagues progress in global problem is the
slow translation of research into practice.
Pakistan suffers from a huge electricity deficiency due to a heavy reliance on imported fuels,
and this deficiency has become a significant impediment to socio-economic development in
the country. For example, a routine problem is that electricity supply cannot be maintained
during peak hours, resulting in frequent power shutdown of 13–14 h in urban areas, and
16–19 h in rural areas. This scenario creates an increase in local fuel prices and limits
potentials in the establishment of new industrial zones.
Pakistan has a serious energy crisis that is affecting all sectors of the economy and the
various segments of the society. A change of attitude and a change of life style is needed at
the national level which could be triggered by the ruling elite and followed by all segments
of the society that have access to electricity. The prices of energy raw materials also kept
changing.
Some factors are poor management, lopsided priorities and lack of accountability on the
part of those who stay at the wheel of undertaking. There are no immediate solutions to
generating additional power through any source because a unit takes at least 2-3 years to
establish properly. More than 5 years is required to construct a hydroelectric dam and the
investment is enormous. Energy conservation or efficient use of electricity is what is needed
at this crucial time. There are three major users of electricity and they need to be educated
and motivated to play their role in energy conservation. The three stakeholders are:
industrial sector, transport sector and domestic/household sector. Each sector needs to be
dealt separately to high light the efficacy of conserving energy. Energy consumption is an
important component in growth, directly or indirectly as complement to capital and labor as
input factors of production. Policy makers will have to take into account the feedback effect
of economic growth on energy consumption by implementing regulations to reduce energy
use. In addition, economic growth should be decoupled from energy consumption to avoid
adverse effect on economic growth resulting from a reduction of energy policy. The political
parties are in conflict over making the dams which have long term solution for the energy
crises in Pakistan. Government has launched different energy programs to overcome the
energy crises. No foreign investor has agreed to invest money in power sector in Pakistan
due to unstable situation in Pakistan. Private companies have been making monopoly in the
sense of generating high prices due to make artificial energy crises. A poor policy also has
one of the most important causes of the crises in Pakistan. The impact of power crises on

the economy of Pakistan and how the lower class is affected by that occurrence Pakistan is
one of the most populous, geographically and strategically important countries located in
south Asia. Pakistan has a deficit of fossils or hydrocarbon sources of energy and to cover
up the deficit, it depends upon importing crude oil at an enormous cost from its meager
force reserves. The need of crude oil is on an increase because of an improved life style
which has necessitated the use of vehicles and cars for transportation.
There are three major users of electricity and they need to be educated and motivated to
play their role in energy conservation. The three stakeholders are: industrial sector,
transport sector and domestic/household sector
Wayforward:
Thermal power is mostly produced by burning either natural gas or imported oil. The
country is yet to switch over to coal from the indigenous source of energy that is estimated
to be the third largest in the world with a reserve of 33.0 trillion tons. The Energy market
has been changing according to the demands of power consumption. Natural resources
should be used for the generation of electricity. The Ministry of Water and Power should
take radical steps for improving power sector. Attract foreign investors to work energy
sector in Pakistan and invest money on wind energy to generate electricity.
Media should make the consumers socially aware about using the electricity only when
needed, otherwise saving it. Those factories who have their own power plants to generate
electricity, give them permission to give electricity to consumers and collects bills from
them. Policies for the distribution of electricity for rural and urban areas should be made. In
urban areas, the markets should close after 8 pm. Bio gas technology programs have
introduced by the federal government and loans have been given for establishing them.
Solar panels also have a cheaper way to generate electricity.
There are three major users of electricity and they need to be educated and motivated to
play their role in energy conservation. The three stakeholders are: industrial sector,
transport sector and domestic/household sector.
A new government budget bill, expected to be approved in parliament within a month,

would give renewable energy manufacturers and assemblers in the country a five-year
exemption from the taxes.
"Pakistan is paying the heavy cost of an ongoing energy crisis prevailing for the last many
years," Finance Minister Asad Umar said last week in a budget speech.
"In this difficult time, the promotion of renewable energy resources like wind and solar has
become indispensable."
Only about 5 to 6 percent of the power to Pakistan's national electrical grid currently comes
from renewable energy, according to the country's Alternate Energy Development Board
(AEDB).
Germany has less than 50% of total area in comparison with Pakistan’s. It is producing
39,000MW wind energy. It has 50% sunshine hours than Pakistan but still producing
38,000MW solar energy. Can’t we fulfill our needs of electricity by establishing the wind,
solar and hydropower plants? These projects are cheap, durable and environment friendly.
According to an American research institution, NREL, Pakistan has immense capacity for
producing wind and solar energy. The estimation of solar energy is almost 29,000MW. It is
100% more than our needs. The capacity for generating wind energy in Pakistan is
346,000MW. Aren’t we thankless to Allah Almighty and depending on foreign investment,

loan and interest? It is the need of the hour that we should learn to secure our interests as
a nation.
We should stress the governments to change their priorities. They should establish cheap
and durable power projects instead of expensive projects. If we want to get rid of
loadshedding and provide electricity to industry and trade, we have to depend on hydro,
solar and wind energy. We should set our priorities honestly and sincerely. We should save
money and produce investment opportunities for foreign countries. We should attract the
foreign investors to our energy projects so that we can be able to produce energy according
to our needs.
The developments of the hydro-electric plants and large water reservoirs such as Kalabagh
dam (3600MW) should be begin immediately. Pakistan, at present, produces approximately
0.2% of its total energy through coal. Compare to this global average of 40% electricity
production through coal. Pakistan should utilise this source to produce electricity at cheap
rate.
Domestic applications of solar power should be publicised and encouraged. Utilising financial
resources effectively to make sure independent power producers (IPPs) and power plants
based on oil operate to their maximum capacity. Immediate steps should be taken to reduce
transmission losses and power theft. It is best time to take concrete steps to combat the
current energy crisis.
A recent survey aided by the United States Agency for International Development
determined that across the whole of Pakistan, a total exploitable wind resource of
approximately 120,000 MW could be technically exploited to power the national grid. The
Pakistani government has announced plans to increase wind power generation from less
than 300 MW today to more than 3,500 MW by end of 2018.
Pakistan is also ideally situated to profit from the solar energy boom. Located in subtropical
latitudes, most of Pakistan consistently receives more than 300 days of sunshine per year.
Pakistan’s Alternative Energy Development Board has estimated that Pakistan has
about 2900 GW of solar power potential.
The presence of hydroelectricity in Pakistan is also set to grow. Only approximately 7000
MW of the country’s estimated 42000 MW hydro potential has so far been exploited. New
developments like the Dasu power plant, a 4320 MW hydroelectric dam currently being
constructed on the Indus River in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of northern Pakistan,
are a promising sign for Pakistan’s energy future. The Pakistani government plans to invest
a further $500 million in renewable energy projects in the country by 2030.
(((=================)))

Global Warming: News, Facts, Causes & Effects
Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature
of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently
changing the Earth’s climate. There is great debate among many people, and sometimes in
the news, on whether global warming is real (some call it a hoax). But climate scientists
looking at the data and facts agree the planet is warming. While many view the effects of
global warming to be more substantial and more rapidly occurring than others do, the
scientific consensus on climatic changes related to global warming is that the average
temperature of the Earth has risen between 0.4 and 0.8 °C over the past 100 years. The
increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of
fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be the
primary sources of the global warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have
recently predicted that average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
by the year 2100. Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due
to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and severity of
storms and other severe weather events.
Global warming: Global warming means earth is becoming warmer

gradually.
Outline
1. Introduction
2. What is global warming?
3. Green house effect
4. Evidences of global warming/climate change

a) Temperature,
b) Precipitation,
c) Rise in sea level.
5. Causes of global warming-emissions

6. Sources of emissions
7. Who are responsible for green house emissions?
8. Possible impacts of global warming:

a) Most affected would be marginalised communities,
b) Coastal areas,
c) Frequent and strong storms and floods,
d) Health problems,
e) Ecosystem destruction,
f) Agricultural loss (Food insecurity).
9. Unpredictable surprises
10.Threshold level
11. Strategies to mitigate global warming:

a) Transforming to renewable sources of energy,
b) Energy conservation and efficiency,
c) Individual efforts.

12.Conclusion
What is climate change :
Climate change: it's a subject you can't avoid, and you're only going to hear more about it
as the world continues to feel the heat.
Maybe you've watched documentaries about cute endangered polar animals or tried to read
complicated scientific journals about wildfires, rising ocean levels or fossil fuels. The causes
of climate change are everywhere, from the clothes you wear to the burger you eat -- but
do you actually understand the basics?
What is climate change?

The term, climate change is used to describe a long-term change in global temperatures
and weather patterns.
The earth's temperature has changed drastically in its 4.5 billion year history, from the
Huronian Ice Age that covered vast portions of the planet in ice for nearly 300 million years,
to a period about 50 million years ago, when scientists believe that palm trees and
crocodiles were native above the Arctic Circle.
Today, climate change is commonly used as a term to describe the effects of global
warming that have occurred as a result of human activity following the industrial
revolution in the 18th century.
Some gases, including nitrogen and oxygen -- that together accounts for 99% of the gas in
the atmosphere do not absorb heat from the sun, allowing it to reflect back into space from
the Earth's surface.
Other gases, known as greenhouse gases -- including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous
oxide -- absorb heat and make up roughly 0.1% of the atmosphere. When these gases
absorb solar energy, they radiate it back towards the planet's surface and to other gas
molecules, creating the greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect plays an important role in naturally regulating the temperature of our
climate. Without it the Earth's average temperature would -18C. That's roughly the temperature
of a domestic freezer.
Since the industrial revolution the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has
been increasing as a result of human activities like burning fossil
fuels, deforestation and modern farming practices. Which means more greenhouse effect, and
more heating.
A 2013 report by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a UN body of climate
scientists, found that the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration had risen by 40% since the
industrial revolution, resulting in earth's temperature increasing by 1C.
What is the impact of climate change?
The impact of climate change depends on how much the earth warms.
In 2018, the IPCC released a stark report on the effects of a 1.5C temperature increase.
These include more extreme weather conditions, sea-level rising, the destruction of coastal
ecosystems, loss of vital species and crops, population displacement and a huge cost to the
global economy.
In 2018, the United Nations warned that without urgent action global temperatures are set
to rise above 3C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century.
At that temperature the outlook begins to look even worse -- Entire cities could be
swallowed by the rising oceans, species of plants and animals face extinction as their
ecological systems fail to adapt to the heat, and hundreds of millions of people could be
forced to migrate due to coastal flooding, longer-lasting draughts and depleting crop yields.

(((=================)))

Problems and Prospects of Social Media:
Thesis Statement:
Social media itself is not a bad thing itself: all we need is to train our people so that they
can use the social media platforms in a constructive manner and derive maximum benefit
from it. Also the government needs to frame rules and regulations and PEMRA must play
proactive role in stopping online cheatings and frauds.
Introduction: what is social media?
The Emerging Power Of Social Media: Prospects And Problems
Role of social media in our everyday life:

Prospects of Social Media:
1. Role of social media in our personal and family life:
More connected
Personal development
Any type of tip, trick usage related to everyday life is available online
Ready and quick information
2. The role of social media on social life:

Well informed society
More knowledge of the rights of people.
Global connections are coexisting now
3. The role of social media on religious life:

Online lectures of renowned scholars are available
Online tuitions have made approach to better teachers easier.
Recorded lectures are available.
Online books, notes, and researches are more and more helpful
Information and comparison of educational institutions have made students more informed
and efficient.
Distant learning or online courses of different institutes have provided easy access to
studies for all
4. The role of social media on political life.

People are well informed of their rights and duties.
It’s easier to streamline the party workers
Public check on performance of government is easy now
5. The role of social media in economic life:

It has made business more easy for small entrepreneurs
Online shopping
Online meetings and dealings
Global access
Information of global trends and international news
Problems of social media:

1. Problems in family life:
Social media engulfs family time
Health issues
Stress on eyesight
Constant exposure to dangerous rays of gadgets
Less physical work brings lethargy in daily routine.
2. Social Impacts:
Moral degradation because of easy access to any type of vulgar or obscene material which is
easily available on internet.
Deception by making fake Ids
Wastage of time
People get easily trapped in any type of propaganda
Mixing of global cultures are raising the weak local cultures.
3. Religious Impacts:
Baseless issues are discussed online that have two effects
Arousal of sectarian sentiments
Persons with little or no knowledge portraying themselves as experts or muftis.
Time waste on surfing keeps us away from religious ritual performance.
4. Political impacts:
Political wings of political parties are busy in mudslinging on their opposition parties and
common people are unaware of such phenomenon.
5. Economic impacts:
Misrepresentation or false representation
No rules and regulations for cheaters in online business because most of the time the
parties especially sellers are having fake Ids.
No returning oblique changing or claiming policy yet.
Housewives are easily trapped.
Conclusion:
(((===================)))

Democracy in Pakistan Hopes and hurdles
1. Introduction
2. An Overview of Political History of Pakistan
• Inception of Pakistan and initial problems
• The game of musical chair during the first eleven years
• Imposition of martial law by Ayub Khan
• Secession of East Pakistan
• Democratic Pakistan in the 70s
• Overthrow of democratic government by General Zia-ul-Haq
• Miracles of 58-2(b) in the 90s
• Entry of Pervez Musharraf and partial restoration of democracy
• Charter of democracy
• Revival of democracy
3. Hopes Pertaining to Democracy in Pakistan at the Moment
• Very promising and high
4. Factors that Indicate Promising Future of Democracy in Pakistan
A. Political Factors
• Emergence of new national-level political parties
• Successful completion of democratic tenures in the last decade
• Increasing political awareness among the masses
• Improved voter turnout in 2013 elections
• Responsible role of politicians
B. Social Factors
• Improving literacy rates
• Increasing role of women in political, economic and social sectors
• Presence of wide-awake and relatively independent media
• Apparently more responsible role of judiciary
C. Administrative Factors
• Engagement of military in counterterrorism activities and on eastern border
• More professional and cautious approach of military leadership
• Revival of the institution of local government
• Improving situation of national integration
D. Economic Factors
• CPEC-related projects and funds
• Improving economic indicators
5. Hurdles in the Way of Democracy in Pakistan
A. Political Hurdles
• Weak role of Election Commission of Pakistan
• Absence of true democratic spirit in political parties
• Lack of public interest in electoral process
• Irresponsible and short-sighted role of opposition
B. Social Hurdles
• Illiteracy and poverty
• Class disparities and gaps
• Backwardness of women
• Irresponsible and motive-driven role of media
C. Administrative Hurdles
• Clash of institutions
• Corrupt, unpatriotic and unprofessional role of bureaucracy

• Inequitable development and growth
• Poor performance of democratic governments
D. Economic Hurdles
• Deteriorating situation of economic growth
• Persistently-rampant corruption
• Increasing foreign debts
• Destabilization of currency
6. Recommendations for the Best Handling of Hurdles
a. Devising sharply-focused, meticulously-planned and thoroughly-integrated policies
b. Tapping of indigenous mineral, geographical and human resources to enhance the
availability of funds with the government
c. Unfaltering, inflexible and incorruptible role of judiciary
d. People-oriented, sharply-focused and highly- equitable performance of democratic
governments
e. Strengthening of local government. system, regular conduct of intra-party elections and
holding of political activities at educational institutes to promote new leadership
f. Professionally mature, responsible and objective role of media
g. Initiation of scrupulously-designed poverty- alleviation programmes
h. Structural reforms, institutions buildings and use of technology for the eradication of
corruption
I. Introduction of civil service reforms to improve the bureaucratic structure
7. Conclusion
DEMOCRACY IS A STATE WHERE THE FREE MEN AND THE POOR, BEING IN
MAJORITY ARE VESTED WITH THE POWER OF THE STATE, THE MOST PURE
DEMOCRACY, FOR THAT IS WHAT THE LAW IN THE STATE DIRECTS. (ARISTOTLE)
The 70 years history of Pakistan stands evident of the fact that true democracy is a word
unknown to this land of the pure. It is unfortunate that the country which was created on
the basis of democratic values remains deprived of the true spirit and essence and taste of
democracy even after good six decades of independence. Why democracy fails to come to
Pakistan or where does the true democracy come from? This is a million dollar question that
has echoed throughout in the political history of Pakistan. The true democracy is the only
remedy for all the miseries this nation has suffered during the 64 years. Since its inception,
the most difficult challenge Pakistan had to counter was to establish a true democratic
system, which could guarantee its survival, stability and development. Unfortunately,
democracy could not find its place in Pakistan to make the country a true democratic
state•. Pakistan was conceived on the basis of Islam, which is democratic both in letter and
spirit. It is indeed very unfortunate that the plant planted by Quaid-e-Azam and watered by
the blood of millions of Muslim men, women and children has not thrived in the country. In
other words, we have not proved worthy of the freedom achieved after immense sacrifices.
After the sad demise of Quaid-e-Azam and Shaheed-e-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan, the spirit of
freedom movement died down and selfish interests and political intrigues dominated the
national scene.
“Government of the people, by the people, for the people”

This is what Lincoln has to say about Democracy. The above statement of this great
statesman says it all. A form of Government which is made for the people by the people
around and it consist of the people from within.
It is the most basic form of Government which is praised by many in our times. The adults
have their say in the important decision making of their lives and this is how the rules of the
Government are made. The adults of a nation give their votes to the leader and the leaders
then drive the Government for the betterment of the people.

This is what Democracy is all about but it is not in the purest of its form at this moment. A
huge total of 167 countries in the world are running under the form of Government which is
called Democracy and Pakistan is one of those countries.
Different types of democracies prevail in Pakistan at different times. The constitution of
Pakistan is now a backing a Parliamentary form of Government but in the previous
constitutions like 1962 and 1956, we had Presidential form of Government. The constitution
at this moment is an amended version of 1973, which is following the Parliamentary form of
Government.
According to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Quaid-e-Azam,

“Pakistan is made for the betterment of the people living in it. People will
themselves select their Leader and it’s the responsibility of the Leader to fulfill the
needs of the people and work day and night for this Motherland.”
Democracy and illiteracy don’t move together

Democracy, which postulates enlightenment, is, by and large blessing, and illiteracy, which
implies ignorance, is a menace. How the two coexist? Democracy assumes that there is a
high degree of political consciousness, a fair degree of education and intelligence, a
continues interest in public affairs and a full, abiding realization of the duties responsibilities
of true citizenship. No less important, there is tolerance dissent and a willingness to accept
the verdict of the majority. For all these qualities literacy is indispensable; where there is
illiteracy the conditions for the success of a democratic set-up do not exist.
Again, democracy is government by discussion, response and cot Where there is no

discussion, no free exchange of views and no fret of expression, which enables uninhibited
exchange of views, there a be real democracy. These factors also presume the existence of
literacy how can there be discussion, debate and a free exchange of view public affairs when
the people are not literate and do not posses basic qualifications, as well as a fair standard
of intelligence which i with literacy and education?
Education and literacy both have a pivotal and transcendental potential to solidify
democracy. The relationship between knowledge and power is explicitly addressed by Michel
Foucault who posits that knowledge produces a certain type of society. And through his
rationale, an education system based on principles of reason and logical thinking is likely to
be recurred within the society as well.
Democracy and education are two virtues congruent with each other, and if our democratic
system reserves strong value for reason and rationality, we can help in establishing a more
humane and literate society, which can stand against feudalism, religious fanaticism, social
inequality and poverty, terrorism and discrimination.
(((=======================)))

Industrial Sector of Pakistan, Situation, Issues and
Solutions
1. Introduction
2. Industrial Sector and Its Components
3. Importance of Industrial Sector For A Country
4. Different Phases of Industrial Development in Pakistan

a) 1950s: The era of rapid industrial growth
b) 1960s: The ere of industrial stabilization
c) 1970s: Nationalization and its impacts
d) 1980s: Russia-Afghan war and pro-industry policies of Zia
e) 1990s: The decade of privatization
f) Post 9/11: Commercialization under Musharraf
5. Present Situation of Pakistan’s Industrial Sector

a) Situation of manufacturing sector
ü Large-scale manufacturing (LSM)
ü Small-scale manufacturing (SSM)
b) Situation of construction sector
c) Situation of mining sector
d) Situation of electricity-generation and distribution sector
6. Issues Confronting the Industrial Sector of Pakistan

a) Economic Issues
Energy crisis
Huge bank spread
Devaluation of currency
Pressure of inflation
Under-utilization of national resources
Lack of infrastructure
b) Social Issues
Marginalized role of women
Overpopulation
Malnutrition and diseases
Corruption
Slackness and lethargy
c) Political Issues
Terrorism
Flawed policies
International isolation
Political instability
d) Administrative Issues
Poor performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
Labyrinthine procedures and processes in government offices
Poor law and order situation

Weak criminal justice system
Lack of focus on research and development
7. Some Workable Solutions to the Industrial Sector Issues

a. Provision of cheap and uninterrupted supply of energy to the industrial sector on
preferential basis
b. Provision of cheap and easy credit facility
c. Maximum extraction and utilization of indigenous mineral resources
d. Effective and beneficial use of women workforce
e. Provision of necessary healthcare facilities for the labour
f. Eradication of the scourge of terrorism
g. Research-based and workable industrial policies.
h. Sustenance of democracy and political stability
i. Promotion of public-private partnership
j. Improved law and order situation and protection of property rights.
k. Reservation of substantial budget for research and development.
8. Conclusion
(((====================)))
Relevance of OIC in Global Political Scenario and its Role in

Promoting Interests of the Muslim World
1. Introduction
2. History and structure of OIC
a. Creation of OIC
b. Major objectives
c. Organizational structure
3. Relevance of OIC in present global scenario

a. Successful role of many organizations e.g. ASEAN, SCO, NATO.
b. Unresolved political issues of Muslim states
c. Ongoing war on terror in Muslim countries
d. Abysmal economic and social conditions in Muslim states
e. No other representative platform of Muslim states
f. Widening gap between Muslim and non-Muslim states
g. Sectarian divide within the Muslim bloc
4. Role of OIC in promoting and protecting interests of Muslim states

a. Positive role
i. Role in keeping the Palestine issue alive
ii. Resolutions against abuse of human rights of Muslims
b. Negative role
i. Unresolved issues of Palestine and Kashmir
ii. Armed aggression by foreign states against Muslim countries
iii. Blatant denial of fundamental human rights to Muslim population in non-Muslim as well
as Muslim states
iv. Widening gulfs within Muslim states
v. Persistent prevalence of backwardness in Muslim states
vi. Deteriorating image of Islam and Muslims at global level

vii. Low volume of trade among Muslim states
viii. Biased approach of the US and the UN toward Iran as compared to Israel
5. Causes of failures of OIC

a. Lack of capacity of the organizational structure
b. Lack of unity among Muslim states
c. Negative role of religious leaders
d. Leadership crisis
e. Personal interests and motives of Muslim rulers
f. Economic divide between Muslims sates
g. Evils of illiteracy and backwardness
h. Absence of single representative electronic media channel
6. Recommendations for enabling OIC to protect interests of Muslims

a. Internal conflict-resolution (ending of Shia-Sunni divide)
b. Effective role of religious leaders to end sectarian hatred
c. Restructuring of OIC in accordance with the contemporary needs
d. Promotion of democratic values within Muslim states
e. Strengthening the system of Zakat to end economic disparities
f. Formation and implementation of meticulous policies to end backwardness and illiteracy
g. Launching of representative media network
7. Conclusion
(((=======================)))

THE 7 MAJOR PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN THAT HAVE
STUNTED OUR GROWTH!
Pakistan has become a center of political, social, and economic problems. There are
downturns in many aspects. You can simply point out regression wherever you go in the
country. Since 1971 liberation war, the economic downturn of Pakistan is the most argued
context; either it is on social media, print media, social gatherings, etc.
Pakistan is turning into a developed state but still after 70 years of independence, we
belong to a third world country. Our country is facing a major downfall and the seven major
problems that are needed to be enlightened are stated below:
The gap between the rich and the poor is increasing day by day. The rate of poverty in
Pakistani urban and rural areas is inclined. About 40% of the total population today, is
earning below the poverty line. People are unable to fulfill the needs of themselves and their
families.
1.Poverty:
Poverty is a curse. Pakistan is a poor and under developed country. Most of its population
lives in entirely adverse circumstances. Some reports reveal that more than forty percent
population of Pakistan lives below the line of poverty. Four out of 10 Pakistanis are living in
acute poverty with the population of Balochistan faring the worst among the provinces,
according to Pakistan’s first-ever official report on multidimensional poverty.
2. Illiteracy:
About 50% of the total population in Pakistan is either a school dropout or does not go to
educational institutions because of the unaffordability tactic. Learning has become
impossible for the families with a low income because of the increased tuition fees.
However, there are no proper schools in rural areas that are the major cause of illiteracy.
Fewer education results in less produced people to serve the country.
3. Energy Crises:
Our country is facing a huge amount of energy crises either it is in electricity, gas, or other
utility. People use unfair means such as meter tempering, kunda system, etc. This
contributes to high utility bills and loss of energy. However, it is a significant challenge for
Pakistan to revamp this issue.
4. Corruption and Political Instability:

Politics has never turned out to be anywhere in favor of Pakistan. Corruption is the biggest
key to turning the society into a deceleration. Un establishment has become a fatal problem
for Pakistan. All loyal and honest politicians have been thrown out of the society and
unorganized leaders are leading us to the new toxic path. This is why political progression is
not taking Pakistan to the new levels of prosperity.
5. Foreign Relations:
A slight downfall in the relation of Pakistan with its fellow countries has been seen. Import
and export are lessened down. However, the contribution of Pakistan in foreign affairs is
also not much visible in the present. Pakistan is considered as the center of all the terrorist

activities in the world and due to its proxy war politics, we are unable to create a better
image in front of the world, especially the world power states.
6. Terrorism:
After the 9/11 U.S. incident and 2009 Srilankan cricket team attack and the APS Peshawar
attack, Pakistan is considered as the main court of terrorist activities. Terrorism has served
as the keen destructive aspect of the image of Pakistan. Bomb blasts, attacks have killed
over 35,000 people and have contributed to a huge economic loss for the country. However,
the conditions have improved much now.
7. Overpopulation:
Overpopulation is a cause of two sub-branches, that is Inflation and Unemployment. The
population of Pakistan I growing rapidly which is why people remain un-staffed because all
the organizations and companies are already filled with the employee quota. Pakistan is
already an under pressured country and these reasons are adding more to it.
(((=======================)))

Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty in Pakistan Causes, Consequences and Remedies:

Pakistan is plagued by many social and economic problems since its inception. But one
problem that beset it is poverty. Poverty is the inability of people to acquire minimum of set
living standard of food, clothing and shelter. As of 2007/08, 17.3% of of the total population
lived below the poverty line, earning less than $ 1/day. Pakistan’s Human Development
Index (2009)(HDI) was 0.572, much less than accepted standard. 60.3% of Pakistan’s
population earned less than $2 a day. According to recent document (Dec 2016) submitted
by Ministry of Planning and Development in the National Assembly of Pakistan, about 29.5%
Pakistani lived below the poverty line which translates into 55 Million people. This reflects
the dilemma of a pathetic situation prevailing in Pakistan.
Economic Survey 2017-18: People living below poverty line plunge to 24.3pc
Poverty is a curse. Pakistan is a poor and under developed country. Most of its population
lives in entirely adverse circumstances. Some reports reveal that more than forty percent
population of Pakistan lives below the line of poverty. Four out of 10 Pakistanis are living in
acute poverty with the population of Balochistan faring the worst among the provinces,
according to Pakistan’s first-ever official report on multidimensional poverty.
A large number of people in our country do not have proper place to live, this miserable
condition has given birth to a large number of beggars and needy people who live on the
charity of the rich people. The economic condition of an average individual is very pathetic.
Poverty; hunger and unemployment afflict a large section of population. The causes of
poverty are quite obvious and known.
A STUDY on poverty has brought Pakistan face to face with a reality that it will find hard to
accept: every third Pakistani is caught in the ‘poor’ bracket i.e. some 58.7 million out of a
total population of 180 million subsist below the poverty line.
This includes more than half the population in the forever remote Balochistan, 33 per cent in
Sindh, 32 per cent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 19 per cent in Punjab. These are daunting
figures. But they are much needed for planning, especially when the government appears
too embarrassed to release statistics related to poverty. The Sustainable Development
Policy Institute, which has carried out this economic-mapping exercise, is justified in calling
for the release of government figures and for a policy to combat acute poverty. These are
facts which are being kept under wraps at great peril to the country.
At one time, not so very long ago, a Pakistani could proudly say, while drawing a
comparison with India where millions slept hungry at night, that no-one in his country went
to bed with an empty stomach. No more, alas! The spiralling rise in the prices of goods of
daily use, on the one hand, and the static incomes on the other have combined to spread
hunger, which now affects a large segment of our society. And if one were to add the
growing incidence of unemployment caused by inflationary pressures, the picture would
become starker.
Firstly we are facing a population explosion. There are more mouths to feed than there are
hands to earn. Ones income is limited; he cannot afford to maintain a large family. He
works hard and consequently he falls ill and dies. Then his wife steps in works in village,

fields or city, homes to bring up her children, this cycle of poverty goes on. Poor remain a
poor, the whole of his life. The main cause of poverty in Pakistan lies in the difference
between the resources and the population increase.
Secondly most of the people in Pakistan are uneducated. They are ill equipped to lead a
good life; they do not know the modern methods of farming. They are ignorant to better
ways of earning money in the mills and factories with poor knowledge of life. They cannot
increase production in mills and factories. Modern machinery is mostly computerized. An
uneducated person cannot understand and operate computer. The result is that the remains
poor till the last day of his life. It is very sad that result do not educate the workers. The
workers do not get a chance to earn more money.
Thirdly our economic system is based on feudalism. A big landlord keeps the small farmers
and workers under his political slavery. In Punjab and Nwfp the same condition exists. The
economic condition of the small farmers and workers cannot become better in the presence
of feudal lords.
Fourthly, Pakistan is a country where does not exist any form of social, cultural and
economic justice. The rich people in Pakistan are becoming richer while the poor are
becoming poorer. The economic disparity between the rich and the poor has eaten the very
vitals of society. The interesting thing is that no ruler has paid attention to minimize this
disparity. The rich do not pay taxes; they do not abide by any law. They live in a rich
bungalow, ride a beautiful car and send their children to costly schools. They enjoy every
comfort and luxury of life without any hindrance.
Fifthly poverty in Pakistan exists due to scarcity of jobs in the public and government
sector. Our rulers are not responsible, dedicated and missionary. They failed to build new
dams, a network of industry and roads in the country. The shortage of electricity and gas
has resulted the lock up of mills and factories. New factories were not set up in the past.
The result is that our uneducated worker remains unemployed the educated people have
degrees, but they do not have opportunities to get job.
To solve this cause, Pakistan have to adopt the following measures:
The rulers of Pakistan must discard their lavish way of living. They must be one with their
people; they must lead a life of a common and hard working person. This will go a long way
to bride over the disparity between a rich and poor person. The population explosion must
be controlled. People should be educated and guided to produce small number of children.
More industries, mills and factories should be set up to provide jobs to the workers and
small farmers.
Education must be made compulsory for all the individuals in Pakistan. It will train them
earn more money by using their skill in a modern way. Opportunities to get computer
education should also be increased. To address the root causes of poverty, the key issue is
to provide quality education.
Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime. It is not natural it is man-made and can be
reduce by justice and quality education because the best way to end poverty is to empower
people through access of quality education. Moreover, if we can’t feed the people but atleast
we have to fund a war against this cause beca
use it’s time to restore humanity.

Poverty can be controlled by few strict and stringent measures. The menace of corruption
has to be controlled so that available resources do not go down the drain but are available
for building opportunities. Strong anti-corruption laws should be formulated and
implemented with full zeal and zest. Judiciary and anti-corruption departments must not be
influenced by bureaucracy, politicians, military or anyone.
The justice must be done and justice must prevail to curb corruption.
The literacy rate must be improved to make people skillful and capable of earning a decent
livelihood for oneself. The cultural and family norms must not create hurdles in the way of
education. Research based education must be encouraged because it not only in demand
but gives good reward in the form of pay and privileges.
Gender disparity of wealth must be eliminated. Both genders must have equal access to
work. Females should work side by side with men. Women confined within four walls cannot
alleviate poverty. She must come out and serve the society and country.
Brain drain must be reduced and maximum intellects must be assimilated for prosperity and
development of the country. Brain can be exported in the form of latest research and
innovations and invasions ideas to earn much needed foreign exchange for the poverty-
stricken country.
There is need to introduce reforms in agriculture and industry. Agricultural productivity and
cultivable area must be increased. Sustainable use of water, seed, and fertilizer must be
ensured. Land should be fairly distributed to people for cultivation. They should be provided
with free seed and fertilizer and must be charged after reaping of crop. Small and Medium
enterprises (SMEs) are backbone of any economy and pivotal to every program aimed at
poverty alleviation. Small scale dairies and poultry industry must be established to employ
more and more people and generating revenue by exporting these products. Fisheries and
forest industry must be supervised. Bee and silk industry can provide employment as well
revenue.
Pakistan is not a poor country but it is being managed poorly. In the last six decades, we
have failed to realize the hopes and aspirations of the people and to secure a respectable
living worthy of our potential and promise among the comity of nations. It is a fact that
Pakistan is facing numerous problems, the solution of which are indispensable for the
sovereignty and survival of our beloved land. Its never too late. Still we have time and
resources to make Pakistan one of the most respectable and prestigious country of the
world. Unless, we do not give a decent living to our citizens by freeing them from shackles
of poverty, we would not be able to attain our rightful status in this globalizing world.
(((=====================)))

Kashmir Issue
“The history of liberty is a history of resistance.”(Former US President Woodrow

Wilson)
Location
Located in the heart of Asia, with historical links to both South and Central Asia, Kashmir
shares borders with India, Pakistan, China, Afghanistan and with a small stripe of 27 miles
with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is the only nation in the world which shares its borders
with three nuclear powers – India, Pakistan and China.
Area
86,000 square miles, more than three times the size of Belgium, the Netherlands and
Luxemburg combined. Larger than 103 sovereign countries.
It is also larger in size than the following 35 members countries of the United Nations
combined: Antigua & Barbuda; Bahamas; Bahrain; Barbados; Brunei Darussalam; Cape
Verde; Comoros; Cyprus; Dominica; Gambia; Grenada; Holy See; Jamaica; Kosovo;
Lebanon; Luxemburg; Maldives; Malta; Mauritius; Micronesia; Monaco; Montenegro; Qatar;
Saint Kitts & Nevis; Saint Lucas; Saint Vincent & the Grenadines; Samoa; San Marino; Sao
Tome & Principe; Seychelles; Singapore; Tonga; Trinidad & Tobago; Tuvalu; and Vanuatu.
Population
20 million (estimate) including 2.0 million refugees in Pakistan and 2.3 million expatriates.
Bigger than 129 independent nations.
Status
Historically independent, except in the anarchical conditions of late 18th and the first half of
the 19th centuries, and when incorporated in the vast empires set up by the Mauryas (3rd
century BC), the Mughals (16th to 18th centuries), and the British (mid-19th to mid‑20th
centuries). All these empires included not only present‑day India and Pakistan, but other
countries as well. Under the British raj, Kashmir had internal autonomy.
Cause of Dispute
India’s claim that Kashmir is its territory is based on nothing more than an Instrument of
Accession that is said to be signed by the Maharajah in order to obtain India’s military help
against a popular insurgency. This accession was conditional on a reference to a popular
vote (not yet held) under impartial auspices. The Indian claim is rejected by the people of
Kashmir. It has never been accepted by the United Nations, never legally validated.
As per the UNSC Resolution 47 (1948) The Government of India should:
(a) When it is established to the satisfaction of the Commission set up in accordance with
the Council’s resolution of 20 January that the tribesmen are withdrawing and that
arrangements for the cessation of the fighting have become effective, put into operation in
consultation with the Commission, a plan for withdrawing their own forces from Jammu and
Kashmir and reducing them progressively to the minimum strength required for the support
of civil power in the maintenance of law and order;

(b) Make known that the withdrawal is taking place in stages and announce the completion
of each stage;
(c) When the Indian forces shall have been reduced to the minimum strength mentioned in
(a) above, arrange for consultation with the Commission for the stationing of the remaining
forces to he carried out in accordance with the following principles:
(i) That the presence of troops should not afford any intimidation or appearance of
intimidation to the inhabitants of the State.
(ii) That as small a number as possible should he retained in forward areas.
(iii) That any reserve of troops which may he included in the total strength should he
located within their present base area.
Amnesty International Report 2016-17

The killing of a leader of the Hizbul Mujahideen armed group in July sparked widespread
protests. More than 80 people, mostly protesters, were killed in clashes and thousands
injured. At least 14 people were killed and hundreds blinded by [Indian] security forces’ use
of pellet-firing shotguns, which are inherently inaccurate and indiscriminate. [Indian]
Security forces used arbitrary or excessive force against demonstrators on several
occasions. In August, Shabir Ahmad Monga, a lecturer, was beaten to death by army
soldiers.
The Jammu and Kashmir government imposed a curfew which lasted over two months.
Private landline, mobile and internet service providers suspended their services for weeks
on orders from state authorities. The communications shutdown undermined a range of
human rights. Residents reported being unable to reach medical assistance in cases of
emergencies.
In July, the state government prevented the publication of local newspapers in Kashmir for
three days. In September, Khurram Parvez, a Kashmiri human rights defender, was
arrested and detained for over two months on spurious grounds, a day after he was
prevented from travelling to a UN Human Rights Council session in Geneva, Switzerland. In
October, the government ordered a Srinagar-based newspaper to cease printing and
publication on vague grounds. Hundreds of people, including children, were placed in
administrative detention. Dozens of schools were set on fire by unidentified people.
Possible Solutions
1. International border
One option suggested for Kashmir is to put the current division of the area on a more official
footing, by turning the line of control between India- and Pakistan-administered Kashmir
into an international border. There are indications that India might accept this solution.
Several Indian political parties have backed it, as has the former chief minister of Indian-
administered Kashmir, Farooq Abdullah. However, such a plan would be unacceptable both
to Pakistan and to many Kashmiris living on either side of the Line of Control.
2. Let Kashmiris choose
Another straightforward solution would be the implementation of United Nations resolutions

on Kashmir, leading to a plebiscite which would give Kashmiris the choice of either Indian or
Pakistani rule.

Fatally, for this plan, India is unlikely to walk into the almost-certain embarrassment of
losing the vote. Equally important for India, there are fears that a plebiscite on Kashmir’s
future could set a precedent, fuelling the calls for similar referendums which are already
being heard in north-eastern states, Punjab and even in the south.
Neither would all Kashmiris be happy to be given a choice of rulers. Many would want the
third option of an independent Kashmir.
3. Independence
The creation of an independent state of Jammu and Kashmir would have its own problems.
The argument for self-determination is essentially that historically Kashmir was an
independent entity until its incorporation into the Mughal Empire in 1586.
The leader of the pro-independence Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, Amanullah Khan,
suggests a five-phase formula for independence, to be overseen by a UN committee
comprising representatives from a wide variety of countries. Such a committee would work
toward a referendum in 15 years, following a phased withdrawal of troops by both countries
and the disarming of Kashmiri freedom fighters.
Even within Kashmir, however, a plebiscite leading to independence would not be welcomed
by all.
4. Religious segregation
In 1950 the Australian diplomat Sir Owen Dixon put forward a plan to redraw the
boundaries of Kashmir on religious lines. He saw the river Chenab as a natural border.
This would have meant that most of the Muslim-dominated areas of what is Indian-
administered Kashmir would go to Pakistan, but the Hindu-dominated area would have
remained with India.
The plan met with opposition from those with pro-independence sentiments, but it had a
more serious flaw. The large wave of migration caused by the imposition of such a border
would involve the displacement of many thousands of people, which could itself lead to
violence.
It seems unlikely that the international community would back a plan of this sort, which
would involve segregation of Hindus and Muslims who have been living for a long time as
neighbours in many areas. As many as 800,000 people might be uprooted as a result of
such a partition.
5. Partition
The United States and Britain had urged India and Pakistan to search for a partition solution
in the mid-60s, soon after the Indo-China war.
The United States supported the creation of an independent Kashmir valley, but Britain
feared that Russia and China would immediately exert communist influence over the new
sovereign state.
The Soviets were also against an independent Kashmir, fearing that the US would hold sway
there and use it as a base.
The talks also discussed the partition of Kashmir valley, but ultimately failed. They were
followed by the outbreak of war.
6. The Andorra model

In 1998, a Kashmiri-American businessman assembled a group of western policymakers and
academics to set up the Kashmir Study Group. The group soon published a set of possible
resolutions, including an innovative arrangement on the pattern of Andorra, the tiny state
which lies on the borders of France and Spain.

It involved the reconstitution of part of Jammu and Kashmir as a sovereign entity, in the
same way as Andorra, with free access to and from both of its larger neighbours. The part
of the state which was to be reconstituted would be determined through an internationally-
supervised agreement involving the Kashmiri people, India and Pakistan.
The resulting entity would have its own secular, democratic constitution; distinct citizenship;
a flag; and a legislature which would pass laws on all matters other than defence and
foreign affairs.
The proposal relies on India and Pakistan overseeing the defence of the Kashmiri entity, and
jointly working out its funding.
There would be no change in the present line of control, but the whole entity would become
a demilitarised zone.
The plan does not try to avoid a particularly important question which has dogged the
Kashmir dispute: the politics of ego and prestige attached to the claim on the area. Any real
solution to the Kashmir problem would have to be immune to the suggestion that it
amounted to a defeat for either of the warring neighbours.
Involving as it does no movement of borders, the Andorra proposal has at least the
potential to secure both sides a limited measure of control over the entire Kashmir region,
and attain for both populations a sense of victory. The feelings of Kashmiris too would be
assuaged to a great extent. It may be the only possible solution in sight.
Immediate Necessity
The intervention of the international community to bring the violence in Kashmir to a quick
end. Initiation of a political dialogue between the genuine Kashmiri leadership and the
Governments of India and Pakistan to set the stage for a democratic and peaceful solution.
And an appointment of a person of an international standing like Bishop Desmond Tutu or
Kofi Annan as a special envoy on Kashmir.
Conclusion
The world powers, including the United States can, and should, lead the effort to achieve a
fair and lasting settlement of the dispute - fair to the people most immediately involved and
fair to its own commitments to democracy and human rights. By doing so, the United States
can strengthen the principles of a just world order. It will also earn the gratitude of
generations in Kashmir, in Pakistan and even in India itself.
(((======================)))

SCO’s Expansion Prospects and Challenges
1. Introduction
2. Overview of SCO and Its Recent Expansion

a. Establishment of SCO
b. Geographical and historical overview
c. Previous and new members
3. Importance and Significance of SCO in the Contemporary World

a. Enormous potential for trade
b. Shifting the global balance
c. A step toward a multi-polar world
4. Prospects Emerging out of SCO’s Recent Expansion
a. Economic Prospects
i. Increased multilateral trade
ii. Opening up of new transit routes
iii. Increased access to global markets
iv. Cooperation in medicine, energy, food and technology sectors
b. Political Prospects
i. Strong Eurasian bloc
ii. Decreasing tensions among member states
iii. Active role in conflict-resolution
iv. Better cooperation against terrorism
v. Use of ARTS platform for security cooperation
vi. Better border management
c. Social Prospects
i. Effective role against smuggling
ii. Minimizing the drug trade
iii. Cooperation against human trafficking
iv. Cultural exchange
d. Prospects Peculiar to China and Russia

i. Strong regional allies
ii. Access to new markets
iii. Increased influence in global politics
iv. Countering USA’s ‘Pivot to Asia’ policy
e. Prospects Peculiar to Central Asian Republics

i. Infrastructural development
ii. Access to warm waters
iii. Transit route to Africa and Southeast Asia

f. Prospects Peculiar to India and Pakistan
i. Energy trade with Central Asian Republics
ii. Better conflict management
iii. Increased interdependence
5. Challenges Associated with Recent Expansion
a. Political and Administrative Challenges

i. Conflicts among states
ii. Unstable political setups
iii. Lack of political cooperation
iv. Security situation in Afghanistan
v. Terrorism and terrorist organizations
vi. Foreign funding and threat of the ISIS
vii. US influence over India and Pakistan
viii. Pakistan and India’s poor record as SAARC member states
b. Economic and Social Challenges

i. Lack of infrastructure
ii. Underdevelopment prevailing in Pakistan and India
iii. Rough terrain, hard to develop
iv. Lack of funds
v. High dependence on foreign loans
6. Recommendations to Overcome the Challenges
a. Member states should increase political cooperation among them
b. SCO should play active role in conflict-resolution
c. Cooperation on ARTS platform should be enhanced
d. Comprehensive plan should be made against smuggling, drug trafficking, etc.
e. China and Russia should provide loans to other member states
f. Budget of SCO should be increased
g. SCO nations should cooperate in technology
h. Non-tariff trade barriers should be removed
7. Conclusion
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), or Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian political,

economic, and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in
Shanghai, China by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and
Uzbekistan; the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter, formally establishing the
organisation, was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003. The
original five nations, with the exclusion of Uzbekistan, were previously members of the
Shanghai Five group, founded on 26 April 1996. Since then, the organisation has expanded
its membership to eight countries when India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members on 9
June 2017 at a summit in Astana, Kazakhstan.
The SCO is widely regarded as the "alliance of the East", due to its growing centrality in
Asia-Pacific, and has been the primary security pillar of the region. It is the largest regional
organisation in the world in terms of geographical coverage and population, covering three-
fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly half of the human population. The SCO is one of
the world's most powerful and influential organisations, and stands as one of the strongest
military alliances globally.

Abbreviation SCO
Predecessor Shanghai Five group, founded on 26
April 1996
Formation 15 June 2001
Type Mutual security, political, economic
organisation
Headquarters Beijing, China
Membership 8 member states
4 observer states
Official Chinese and Russian
language
Secretary Vladimir Norov
General
Pakistan, along with India, has been admitted as a Full Member by the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at its AstanaSummit in Kazakhstan. Existing SCO leaders
have hailed Pakistan’s entry as carrying‘historic significance’.
All stakeholders are excited at Pakistan’s entry into SCO. Pakistan is happy because, the
SCO membership allows it to deal with issues with India and Afghanistan under the SCO
Treaty on Long-Term Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation, which is second
most important document after SCO Charter. The membership also provides opportunity to
increase trade and bilateral relations with previously ignored Eurasian countries like
Kazakhstan and Russia.
China: The SCO membership increases existing all-weather Chinese relationship with
Pakistan to new levels. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is already included in
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) asa flagship project. The SCO membership upgrade
could cement these ties.
More importantly, it allows China to find find new ways to resolve regional hotspot issues
including continued terror in Afghanistan and Pakistan’s border tensions on Line of Control
with India. China could seek multilateral frameworks in addition to bilateral dialogues or
restart the stalled processes.
India: As a new SCO member, India is seeking regional stability so its trade and export
volumes could meet its GDP growth potential, highest in the world.
For Pakistan, this membership must be intelligently capitalised upon by developing close
knit ties with member states, developing their trust in Pakistan and her future for business
and investment purposes.
Pakistan and India became full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in
June 2017. The joining of SCO by the arch enemies will change the complexion of SCO in
terms of balance of power-both being nuclear nations, as opposed to previous two other
nuclear powers as members before. Pakistan’s inclusion was backed by China whereas that
of India by Russia.
The Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation that came in effect in 9 September
2003 outlines the core objectives, structure and goals of the organisation. Main targets of
SCO is promotion of good relations between all member nations, cooperating on different
levels including energy, technology, education, culture, environment protection, trade,
tourism, economy, a secure and stable region pooling efforts of all members of the
organisation moving towards a more balanced world order based on principles of justice. In
2006 it declared the goal of fighting the drug mafia, funds from where are disbursed to fan

global terrorism. In 2008 SOC declared pitching in to return Afghanistan to return to a
normal liveable country. The main thrust of SCO objectives has been to address economic
and security issues. This will be a first for India and Pakistan to be members of a group
seeking military and security cooperation.
For Pakistan, this membership must be intelligently capitalised upon by developing close
knit ties with member states, developing their trust in Pakistan and her future for business
and investment purposes. Most of these Central Asian states are land locked, inclusion of
Pakistan as SCO member offers a forum to offer them an opportunity to access via Gawadar
and by road.
(((==================))))

GK & CA & Essays by Tahir Habib

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2019

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE &

1. First Person who received Nishan-e-Haider

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 2

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 3

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 4

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 5

COOLEST, HIGHEST, LOWEST, BIGGEST, TALLEST, SMALLEST,

• Larges Oil refinery: Pak-Arab Oil refinery

• Biggest mosque in Pakistan: Faisal Mosque Islamabad

• Tallest building of Pakistan: Muslim commercial Bank Building (Karachi)

• Oldest forest of Pakistan: Janipur (Founded between Loralai And Ziarat)

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 6

• Biggest Hockey Stadium of Pakistan: National Hockey Stadium Lahore

• Biggest industry of Pakistan: Textile

• Biggest industrial unit in public sector: Pakistan Steel Mills

• Longest railway tunnel in Pakistan: Khojak

• Longest tunnel: Lawari Tunnel

• Province which have longest coastline: Baluchistan

• Largest language: Punjabi (48)

• Pakistan’s largest museum: Karachi museum

• Biggest park in Pakistan: Ayub National park

• Larges Dam in Pakistan: Terbela Dam

• Largest Earth filled Dam in Pakistan: Terbela Dam

• Oldest Nuclear reactor of Pakistan: Karachi nuclear power plant (1972)

• Biggest fort of Pakistan: Rani Kot Fort (Haiderabad)

• Oldest fort of Pakistan: Daraward Fort

• Coldest place in Pakistan: Skardu

• Highest dam in Pakistan: Mangla Dam

• Highest & longest glacier of Pakistan: Siachen

• Largest Island of Pakistan: Manora

• Oldest Barrage of Pakistan: Sukkur Barrage

• Highest mountain peak: K-2 (8611 meter or 28251)

• Highest railway station of Pakistan: Khan Mehtarzai

• Highest Road: Sharah-e-Karakorm (Sharah Resham)

• Oldest news agency of Pakistan: APP (Associate Press of Pakistan)

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 7

• Largest shipping company of Pakistan: Pakistan national Shipping

• Largest university of Pakistan: Punjab University

• Largest (biggest) province by area: Baluchistan

• Biggest province by population: Punjab

• Biggest library found in Pakistan: Punjab Library

• Biggest airline of Pakistan: PIA

• Biggest railway workshop in Pakistan: Mughalpura (Lahore)

• Largest city of Pakistan: Karachi

• Largest District of Pakistan: Chaghi

• Biggest desert found in Pakistan: Thar

• Highest battle field in Pakistan: Siachin Glacier

• Hottest place in Pakistan: Jacobabad

• Biggest airport of Pakistan: Quaid-e-Azam Airport Karachi

• Biggest Commercial Bank of Pakistan: Habib Bank Limited

• Biggest Barrage of Pakistan: Sukkur Barrage (1932)

• Oldest airline of Pakistan: Orient Airline

• Oldest private Airline of Pakistan: Hajvery Airline

• Largest & longest river: Indus (2896 Km) 1800 miles

• Biggest man-made lake found in Pakistan: Keenjhar Lake (Thatha)

• Biggest natural lake in Pakistan: Manchar Lake (Dadu)

• Pakistan’s largest Stock Exchange: Karachi

• Highest pass: Mustagh Pass (6000 meters)

• Biggest Gas field: Sui Gas field

GK & CA BY : TAHIR HABIB (ANFAL ACADEMY QUETTA) Page 8

• Largest jungle of Pakistan: Changa Manga

• Highest military award: Nishan-e-Haider