JAIN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

RATE OF EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS

CHEMISTRY PROJECT
RATE OF EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS
2019-2020

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs Shobha Thomas GAUTHAM P
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE

1. Acknowledgement 1

2. Introduction and 2
objective
3.Theory and application 4

4.Experiment 1 6

5.Experiment 2 8

6.Experiment 3 10

7.Bibliography 12
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to our teacher Ms.

Shobha Thomas who gave us this golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project.

In all humbleness and gratefulness. I would like to

acknowledge all those who have helped me to put
these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into
something concrete.

i would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame .
 OBJECTIVE
In this project we shall investigate the various factors
affecting the rate of evaporation of liquid such as
surface area, temperature and type of liquid.

INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is the process where atoms or molecules
in solid or liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter
the gaseous state
An evaporation rate is the rate at which a material will
vaporize.
Factors influencing rate of Evaporation:
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the
air
If the air Already has a high concentration of the
substance evaporating, then the given substance will
evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it
can have a lower capacity for the substance
evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance
If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be
faster.

4. Inter-molecular forces
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules
together in the liquid or solid state the more energy
that must be input in order to evaporate them.

5. Air Pressure
Evaporation is also affected by the atmospheric
pressure exerted on the evaporating surface. Lower
pressure on the surface of the liquid results in higher
rate of evaporation.
 Theory

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be

located near the surface, be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only a
small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria,
so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic
energy of a molecule is proportional to its
temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures.

EVAPORATIVE EQUILIBRIUM

If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the

escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the
liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with
returning molecules becoming more frequent as
the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When
the process of escape and return reaches
an equilibrium, the vapor is said to be "saturated", and
no further change in either vapor pressure and density
or liquid temperature will occur. For a system
consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this
equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor
pressure of the substance,

Applications:

When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though

the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of
water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In
a cloth dryer hot air is blown through the clothes,
allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
 EXPERIMENT 1

Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone,
benzene and chloroform.

Requirement:
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.
pipettes, stopwatch, acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A,
B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with
stopper similarly pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and
chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and
start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute.
Now cover each of the Petri dish and note the volume
of remaining material in them.

OBSERVATION:

Liquid Vol.
Petri Volume
Taken Evap. Rate (V/T)
dishes remaining
(V1) V=V1– ml./s
Marked (V2) ml.
ml. V2
A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Results:
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and
chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
Experiment no. 2

Aim : To study the effect of surface area on the rate of

evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement : Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm.,

5 cm., 7.5 cm. with cover, 10 ml. of pipette and stop
watch.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B
and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the
Petri dishes A, B and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop
watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min.
vaporization of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.
Observation :

Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri
Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Evaporated
dishes
P.T.Ds. (ml.) Vol. (ml.) volume
Marked

A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in three

petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Conclusion : Larger the surface area more is

evaporation.
 Experiment no. 3

Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of

evaporation of acetone.

Requirement : Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each

stop watch, 10 ml. pipette, thermometer, thermostat.

Procedure :
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them
as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri
dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the
other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation :

Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri Evaporated
Time Temperature Volume Taken
dishes volume
(Sec.) (0C) (ml.)
Marked (ml.)

A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in two

Petri dishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.

Conclusion : Observation clearly shows that the

evaporation increases with temperature.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.allprojectreports.com
4. www.chemistryprojects.com
5. Comprehensive practical book