CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Temperature related inconveniences are increasing day by day. The major issues such
as hypothermia, heat strokes that arise due to sudden temperature changes have been the
major issue for people throughout the world. People often feel either extreme hotness or
coolness due to the climate variations. Some of these abnormal conditions due to temperature
variations and also army suffer a lot due to the unavailability of information of injuries to its
personnel who may increase the death/ permanent disability toll. It is observed that the
causalities are caused due to injuries rather than the direct assaults in the battlefield. There are
certain technologies that are developed to make people thermally pleasant such as air
conditioning units and heating units and they have proved to be successful in making people
feel comfort in their domicile but are not personal mobile solutions and the deaths causing
due to lack of awareness of their health issues can be minimized if the real -time information
is available at the control room about the health and location of the soldier.

There are many issues regarding the safety of soldiers. Knowledge of current location
of soldiers, inability of continuous communication with the control room during the
operations and operations under different geographical conditions are the few prominent
safety issues. In the last decades, technologies such as cable based systems, RF transceiver,
walkie-talkie, ZigBee and GSM based tracking systems were most dominantly used
methodologies for the tracking of soldier’s life on the battlefield. However, all these
technologies suffered from one or more reasons like high installation cost, loss of signal, high
noises well as the bulky nature.

The proposed suit acts as both heating and cooling system. When it is too hot, the
system cools down the body and when it is too cold, the system heats up the body. By using
this, the user is able to eliminate the heat related inconveniences and maintain a comfortable
temperature level as per the user requirement. For this, the user has to just wear the proposed
jacket. This system helps people to survive and work in cold countries as well as in hot ones.
This jacket acts as a guard against the temperature variations and helps people to work
comfortably irrespective of the weather conditions. It allows the monitoring of internal
temperature from higher temperature to lower temperature depending on the climate. It also
eliminates the addition or subtraction of layers of clothing and act as a user friendly system

1
that provides a mobile solution to the inconveniences. And also the pulse rate, body
temperature can be monitored by the health monitoring system along with the location
tracking of the soldiers using. The transmission of these parameters to the control room is
transmitted by Wi-Fi module. The control room receives the position and orientation of
soldier from GPS.

The emergency alert in the proposed system acts as transponder which sends the
emergency backup help message to the headquarters along with the location with the help of
GPS. So that the soldier can be tracked if he was taken away by the enemy camp and
necessary actions are taken according to the situation.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

In a country of huge population, people face greater difficulties to travel from one
place to another place. Some people don’t meet their families in order to escape the travelling
burden. An assistance of technology might help the people to reduce the difficulties. A
solution to these difficulties is to provide date to people of how many passengers are
travelling through a public transport so that users can plan wisely of how to travel. The
existing solutions to count the number of people in a crowded area or any vehicle are
discussed below:

In 1992, Kazuo Nakazawa et.al, [1] described a method that counts number of person
who go through a certain passage using distributed touch sensor. The developed sensor has
96 by 84 detecting elements on four treads. The size of each sensor element is 10mm by 12.
7mm. We can get footprint images successively from the sensor: The system counts number
of person from these images. There three problems discussed by the author in conclusion part
which can be solved by providing sequence number to sensors.

In 1994, Jin Nakamura et.al, [2] proposed an algorithm for non-contact counting of
the number of persons without the recognition of each individuals. The algorithm is for
infrared(1R) images and the images are processed in a personal computer with a frame-
memory board. The images were replayed with a video clock in off-line manner and the
algorithm, exhibits to give the accuracy of 90%. The usage of IR image reduces the effect of
the colour of cloth or the change of sunlight is the main advantage.

In 2003, Thou-Ho Chen et.al, [3] developed a technique, one color video camera is
hung from the ceiling of the gate with a directly downward view so that the passing people
will be observed from just overhead. Firstly, the passing people is roughly counted with the
area of people in an image. The moving direction of the pedestrian can be oriented by
tracking each people pattern through analysing its HSI histogram. With features extracted
from the quantized histograms of I (intensity) or H (hue), the first counting can be refined.
Experimental results show that an 100% accuracy of bi-directional counting can be achieved
in the case of multiple isolated one-person patterns and the same accuracy can be also
obtained unless the people number of a multiple-person pattern is over five.

3
 In 2008, Hong Liu et.al, [4] analysed the images from a camera and detected how
many persons waiting for the elevator or in an elevator. A novel framework was proposed for
optimized elevator schedule. Extended Haar-like features and Adaboost were used to train a
head-shoulder classifier. Some images were selected from video according to elevator button
callings to detect head-shoulder. To reduce false alarms a post process was added after
detecting. Experimental results show the proposed method with post process has higher
performance than existed methods. The information of passenger number can be send to
elevator control system for effective schedule, which can reduce passengers waiting time and
elevator’s unnecessary stop, finally save energy and reduce maintain fee.

In 2013, Jorge Gracia et.al, [5] presented an an application for counting people
through a single fixed camera. This system performs the count distinction between input and
output of people moving through the supervised area. The counter requires two steps:
detection and tracking. The detection is based on finding people’s heads through pre-
processed image correlation with several circular patterns. Tracking is made through the
application of a Kalman filter to determine the trajectory of the candidates. Finally, the
system updates the counters based on the direction of the trajectories. Different tests using a
set of real video sequences taken from different indoor areas give results ranging between
87% and 98% accuracies depending on the volume of flow of people crossing the counting
zone. Problematic situations, such as occlusions, people grouped in different ways, scene
luminance changes, etc., were used to validate the performance of the system.

In 2014, Shun-ichi Akamatsu et.al, [6] developed a person counting system using a
3D laser scanner. The system consists of a person-detection component, a tracking
component, and a counting component. The person-detection component detects human
bodies as a point cloud, even if a number of people are close to each other. To achieve this,
we use a method of grouping the point cloud towards the bottom from the top. The tracking
component tracks the detected person using a Kalman filter. The counting component counts
the number of people who enter and exit a structure. Experimental results obtained in the
present study reveal that the proposed system can recognize individual pedestrians and count
the number of people passing through crowded outdoor environments.

In 2015, Yuchen Jia et.al, [7] designed a system to detect the bus overcrowding which
is used M2M and Signal Processing in it. This system consists of a master node for remote
wireless communication and two subordinate nodes for local communications in the vehicle,

4
and that three nodes are star-connected. The tasks of the master node are to collect
information from the subordinate nodes, and then to display and transfer it. The master node
contains count display equipment, warning devices, and information transmission module.
Set up two subordinate nodes for counting the numbers people inter the bus. The devices for
counting include two units, signal acquisition unit is constituted with Pyroelectric infrared
sensor which contains LHI778 probe and conditioning circuit, and the control unit is
constituted with STC90C516 for signal processing. LCD screen is used to real-time display in
each node for counting the person getting on and off the bus. If the number in the bus exceeds
a set value, the system triggers an alarm device. When the alarm signal is not processed
within the prescribed time, system will transfer the information of overcrowding vehicle to
the control centre using a wireless communication module. The manner of local
communication used is Serial to WiFi.

In 2016, Thyagaraju Damarla et.al, [8] presented a system in which Heel strikes from
walking people generate impulses that propagate as Rayleigh waves that can be measured by
seismic sensors. The time of arrival of these waves dependent upon both the location of the
sensors and the propagation medium, which is usually not known. Hence, associating
measured signals to an individual person is difficult. In this paper, we present two approaches
for grouping the time of arrival measurements of the impulses and use them to estimate the
number of targets using an iFilter implemented as a particle filter. The algorithms are used to
process the actual data collected using distributed seismic sensors and their results also
presented.

In 2016, Satish D. Pore et.al, [9] developed a system of video surveillance to count
the number of people walking through a corridor or door people counting is used. Counting
persons passing through supervised area is important issue of this domain. System of people
counting is important for security application (such as in the situation of an evacuation, it is
vital to know how many people are present inside the surveillance area at any given time),
pedestrian traffic management, tourists flow estimation. The counter requires two steps:
detection of people and tracking to count people directionally. Detection is based on finding
people through application of HOG descriptor and trajectories of people are generated
through application of Kalman channel. Finally counting system modifies in and out count
based on direction of trajectories generated by kalman filter. Different indoor video
sequences are taken from surveillance camera and results obtained with the accuracy ranging

5
from 91% to 100%. Accuracies of result depends on number of people crossing the counting
zone simultaneously, occlusions, intensity variation in video sequence etc.

In 2017, Jeong Woo Choi et.al, [10] proposed a people counting algorithm using an
impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar sensor. The proposed algorithm is based on a
strategy of understanding the pattern of the received signal according to the number of
people, not detecting each of a large number of people in the radar’s received signal. To
understand the pattern of the signal, we detect the major clusters from the signal and find the
amplitudes of main pulses having the maximum amplitude among the pulses constituting
each cluster. We generate a probability density function (PDF) of the amplitudes of the main
pulses from the major clusters according to the number of people and distances. Then, we
derive maximum likelihood (ML) equation for people counting. Using the derived ML
equation, real time people counting is possible with a small amount of computation.

In 2017, Kartik Madhira et.al, [11] described a People Counting System based on
Image processing techniques to count human traffic at various places like retail shops, malls,
ATMs etc. The module was made using an WiFi stream from an overhead IP(Internet
Protocol) CCTV camera and processed through OpenCV library in Python. The live video
feed is taken frame by frame to process and morphological operations were applied to each
frame to get rid of noises and get proper blobs. Next, using contours method we extract the
co-ordinates of each blob and track them so that the blob can be counted in a region of frame.
The accuracy of the counting depends on a number of factor such as height of camera, field of
vision, camera angle, lighting etc.

In 2018, Vaibhav Malviya et.al, [12] described to detect and track multiple vehicles
and people at outdoor traffic environment and indoor office environment respectively. A
background subtraction algorithm is applied for vehicle detection. Kalman filter is used to
predict the estimated position of every vehicle in the next frame and updating of new track
and also to detect and track face of multiple people on two different datasets with different
height of camera. Point feature is extracted and compared it in the successive frames to track
face of multiple persons.

In 2019, Osama T. Ibrahim et.al, [13] proposed CROSSCOUNT: an accurate deep-

learning-based human count estimator that uses a single WiFi link to estimate the human
count in an area of interest. The main idea is to depend on the temporal link-blockage pattern
as a discriminant feature that is more robust to wireless channel noise than the signal strength,

6
hence delivering a ubiquitous and accurate human counting system. As part of its design,
CROSSCOUNT addresses a number of deep learning challenges such as class imbalance and
training data augmentation for enhancing the model generalizability. Implementation and
evaluation of CROSSCOUNT in multiple testbeds show that it can achieve a human counting
accuracy to within a maximum of 2 persons 100% of the time. This highlights the promise of
CROSSCOUNT as a ubiquitous crowd estimator with non-labour-intensive data collection
from off-the-shelf devices.

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 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The main aim of this project is to make a controller which can sense if any person
enters the bus or leaves the bus and display the data according. The Fig 3.1 shows the
functional block diagram of proposed system.

Fig. 3.1: Block diagram of proposed system

In the above block diagram an ultrasonic sensor is used and is connected to the micro
controller (ARDUINO UNO).Two ultrasonic sensors are used at both sides of the gate so that
no person is missed for counting the 2 ultrasonic sensors emits sound waves at a frequency
too high for humans to hear .One sensor is placed at the starting footstep in bus .When any
obstacle comes across to it, the waves gets reflected back to the sensor. Hers in our
programming distance range is up to 10meters. The time period can be determined .The other
ultrasonic sensor is placed at the final step of the bus for correctly counting the number of
person entering or leaving the bus .To display the number of persons in a bus a LCD is used.
LCD is connected to the controller.to vary the brightness of the LCD a 10k potentiometer is
used To power up the whole system a battery is connected to controller which activates the
remaining components connected to it.

8
9
The flow chart consists of detailed explanation of the proposed system. Firstly, the 2 sensors
gets initialised. If sensor 1 starts detecting it checks if sensor 2 detects or not for small
interval of time. If sensor 2 gets detected then the count is incremented automatically every
time with the help of micro controller and the count number is displayed using LCD display.
If sensor 2 doesn’t detect then the count is unaltered. In the similar if initially sensor 2 is
detected it waits for some time to check if sensor 1 is detecting or not. If sensor 1 is detected
then the count is automatically decremented and if sensor 2 is not sensing then the count is
unchanged and is displayed in the LCD.

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 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The following are the hardware components used in the proposed system.

 HC-SR04 Ultra Sonic Sensor

 Arduino Uno
 Liquid Crystal Display
 10K potentiometer

The description of the above components is given below

4.1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

4.1.1 Description

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo
and Ground respectively. This sensor is used in many applications where sensing objects or
measuring distance are required. The module has two eyes like projects in the front which
forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The sensor works with the simple formula

Distance = Speed × Time

The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it
gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is
observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module. Universal speed of US wave at room conditions
is 330m/s. The circuitry inbuilt on the module will calculate the time taken for the US wave
to come back and turns on the echo pin high for that same particular amount of time, this way
we can also know the time taken. Now simply calculate the distance using a microcontroller
or microprocessor.

4.1.2 Features

 Operating voltage: +5V

 Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm
 Accuracy: 3mm

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  Measuring angle covered: <15°
 Operating Current: <15mA
 Operating Frequency: 40Hz

Fig 4.1: Pin configuration of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor

Pin Number Pin Name

1 Vcc
2 Trigger
3 Echo
4 Ground

Table 4.1: Pin description of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor

4.2 MICRO CONTROLLER (ARDUINO UNO BOARD):

The signal that is obtained in analog form from the Optical Fog Sensor is given to the
Arduino Uno. It performs calculations depending upon the visibility range and gives the data
to the servomotor.

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 It is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. Along with
ATmega328P, it consists other components such as crystal oscillator, serial communication,
voltage regulator, etc. to support the microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output
pins (out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a USB connection, A
Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pinMode(),
digitalRead() and digitalWrite() functions in arduino programming.

Fig.3.2. Arduino Uno Micro controller board

Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx):

Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit TTL serial data. They are connected with the
corresponding ATmega328P USB to TTL serial chip.

External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3:

These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or
a change in value.

PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11:

These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using analogWrite() function.

SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK):

These pins are used for SPI communication.

In-built LED Pin 13:

This pin is connected with a built-in LED, when pin 13 is HIGH – LED is on and when pin
13 is LOW, it’s off.

AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analogReference() function.

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Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller. Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) is required to program the Arduino Uno board.

4.3 Liquid Crystal Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reason
being: LCDs are economical, easily programmable, have no limitation of diaplaying special
& even custom characters, animations and so on.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data
to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of character to be displayed on the
LCD.

Fig 4.8: LCD Display

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 Table 4.4: Pin description of LCD

10k potentiometer is used for varying the brightness of the LCD connected to the
Arduino for displaying the number of passengers in a bus

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 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion

The project “E-suit with emergency alert” is successfully tested and implemented. By
using this project in real time applications we can help soldiers to work even in extreme
climatic applications. It is a highly durable and self-repairing solar technology, ideally suited
for mobile applications.

Future Scope

Future camouflage uniforms will draw power from the sun during the day and from a
soldier’s body during the night, turning infantrymen into true sunshine patriots. The system
could provide continuous power for a GPS, GSM and other modules but at half the weight of
traditional battery packs.

Other militaries have been looking into solar energy use, which could be especially
useful in sunny hot spots like the Middle East and Africa. A U.S. Marine Corps battalion is
already using portable solar panels to reduce battery weight, for instance. The system
includes solar-panel tent shells and foldable arrays. Other systems designed to cut weight use
fuel cells or li-ion batteries incorporated into armour. But this new camouflage adds in
thermoelectric energy, ensuring a constant power supply even it’s dark or hazy.

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 CHAPTER 7

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