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MAY C.

DOROL 12 STEM 2

HEREDITY

Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Molecules of DNA carry information that
codes for various proteins. These proteins interact with the environment, causing observable
patterns of life.

GENETICS

Genetics is the study of genes and inheritance in living organisms. Scientists today are often able
to pinpoint exactly where an organism came from, how it has changed over time, what diseases
it might develop, and how its life processes are similar to or different from those of other
organisms.

PARENT 1 (P1)

The parental generation is denoted as the P1 generation. The offspring of the P1 generation are
the F1 generation (first filial). The self-fertilizing F1 generation produced the F2 generation
(second filial).

FILIAL 1 (F1)

The F1 generation refers to the first filial generation. Filial generations are the nomenclature given
to subsequent sets of offspring from controlled or observed reproduction.

GENES

Gene is an extremely specific sequence of nucleotide monomers that has the ability to completely
or partially control the expression of one or more traits in every type of living organism. Genes
are formed from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and, in the case of some viruses, ribonucleic acid
(RNA) polymers.

GAMETES

Gametes are reproductive cells (sex cells) that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new
cell called a zygote. Male gametes are sperm and female gametes are ova (eggs). In seed-bearing
plants, pollen is the male sperm producing gametophyte. Female gametes (ovules) are contained
within the plant ovary.

ZYGOTE

A zygote is the cell formed when two gametes fuse during fertilization. The DNA material from
the two cells is combined in the resulting zygote.

PURE BREEDING
True breeding organisms are those that can transit certain traits to all their offspring. True
breeding organisms appear to be similar to each other in appearance, respond similarly to the
environment and are homogenous for many characteristics that differentiate them from other
members of the same species.

DOMINANT CHARACTER

A dominant trait is an inherited characteristic that appears in an offspring if it is contributed from


a parent through a dominant allele. Traits, also known as phenotypes, may include features such
as eye color, hair color, immunity or susceptibility to certain diseases and facial features such as
dimples and freckles.

RECESSIVE

A recessive gene is a gene whose effects are masked in the presence of a dominant gene. Every
organism that has DNA packed into chromosomes has two alleles, or forms of a gene, for each
gene: one inherited from their mother, and one inherited from their father.

A recessive trait is a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles, or forms
of a gene.

A recessive allele is a variety of genetic codethat does not create a phenotype if a dominant allele
is present.

Genotype vs. Phenotype

The genetic makeup of an organism is called its genotype and its observable traits are its
phenotype.

PHENOTYPIC RATIO

The ratio of one phenotypes to the others in a population, which is different than the genotypic
ratio.

GENOTYPIC RATIO

The genotypic ratio shows the number of times a characteristic of an organism will be seen in the
offspring when genes for certain traits are crossed.

HOMOZYGOUS

Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait.

HETEROZYGOUS

In diploid organisms, heterozygous refers to an individual having two different alleles for a specific
trait.

HYBRID

The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa.
The second meaning of "hybrid" is crosses between populations, breeds or cultivars of a single
species.

HYBRID VIGOR

Hybrid vigor is the increase in certain characteristics like growth rate, size, fertility, yield etc. of a
particular hybrid organism over its parents. Hybrid vigor is also known by some other names,
including heterosis and inbreeding enhancement. Hybrid vigor occurs because the hybrid
offspring’s traits are enhanced due to the mixing of genetic contributions of its parents.

DIHYBRID CROSS

A dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms


that differ in two traits. The individuals in this type of cross are homozygous for a specific trait.

MEIOSIS

In biology, meiosis is the process by which one diploid eukaryotic cell divides to generate four
haploid cells often called gametes. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction and therefore
occurs in all eukaryotes (including single-celled organisms) that reproduce sexually.

DIPLOID

The term diploid refers to a cell or an organism that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans
and other higher forms of living things, one of the two sets is derived from the mother's gamete
and the other is from the father's gamete that united during fertilization.

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME

Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in
length, gene position, and centromere location. The position of the genes on each homologous
chromosome is the same.

LOCUS

In genetics, a locus (plural loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular
gene or genetic marker is located.

SEX CHROMOSOMES

A sex chromosome is a type of chromosome responsible for the chromosomal determination of


the sex of an individual, e.g. whether a female or a male. Sex determination is based on the
genes responsible for the development of the corresponding sexual characteristics of the
organism. The sex chromosome occurs in pairs in somatic cells while singly in sex cells (gametes).

AUTOSOME

An autosome is any of the chromosome not considered as a sex chromosome. It is chiefly


associated with the various metabolic functions of the cell except for sex determination.
ALLELES

An allele is one of the possible forms of a gene. Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele
and a recessive allele.

LINKED GENES

Linked genes are genes that are likely to be inherited together because they are physically close
to one another on the same chromosome. During meiosis, chromosomes are recombined,
resulting in gene swaps between homologous chromosomes. If genes are close together, the
chances of being recombined are higher than if they are far away from each other. It is impossible
for linked genes to be on different chromosomes

SEX LINKED GENES

Sex linked genes are genes that are in the sex chromosomes and that are therefore inherited
differently between males and females.

CROSSING OVER

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis, which results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells.

MULTIPLE ALLELES

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene, and they are responsible for differences in phenotypic
expression of a given trait (e.g., brown eyes versus green eyes).

MULTIPLE GENES

A "polygene” or "multiple gene inheritance" is a member of a group of non-epistatic genes that


interact additively to influence a phenotypic trait. The term "monozygous" is usually used to refer
to a hypothetical gene as it is often difficult to characterise the effect of an individual gene from
the effects of other genes and the environment on a particular phenotype.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to
develop, live and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell, and are passed down
from parents to their children.

CONTINUOUS VARIATIOM

Variations are classified either as continuous, or quantitative (smoothly grading between two
extremes, with the majority of individuals at the centre, as height varies in human populations);
or as discontinuous, or qualitative (composed of well-defined classes, as blood groups vary in
humans).

MUTATION
A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic
message carried by that gene. A Mutagen is an agent of substance that can bring about a
permanent alteration to the physical composition of a DNA gene such that the genetic message
is changed.

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