INTRODUCTION

There are 118 elements known at present .

All elements can broadly classified as metals
and nonmetals.
A majority of elements are metals ,except
mercury which is liquid at room temperature.
There are 22 non metals :10- solid , 1 liquid i.e.
bromine and 11 gases
POSITION OF METALS AND NON
METALS IN PERIODIC TABLE
POSITION OF METALS AND NON
METALS IN PERIODIC TABLE
The left hand side of periodic table and in the
centre are placed the metals .
It may be noted that hydrogen (H) is an
exception because it is nonmetal but placed
on left side of the table.
The elements close to the zig zag line show
the property of both metals and nonmetals .
These are called metalloids. Commom
example are Boron(B), silicon(S),
germanium(Ge), arsenic(As), antimony(Sb).
Continued
Metallic character decreases from left to right
Increases from top to bottom
Left extreme are most metallic and right
extreme are least metallic.
Physical properties of metals
 All metals are solid at room temperature.
Exception : Mercury (liquid)
 Most metals are malleable i.e. can be
hammered into thin sheets without breaking.
Gold, Silver, Aluminum etc. are some highly
malleable metals
 Metals are ductile, it means metals can be
drawn into thin wires. About 2 km length can
be drawn from one gram gold.
Physical properties of metals
Metals are good conductors of heat. The
conduction of heat is called thermal conductivity.
Silver is the best conductor of heat. Lead is poorest
conductor of heat . Mercury is also a good
conductor
Metals are also good conductors of electricity .
The electrical and thermal conductivities are due to
presence of free electrons . Silver is again the best
conductor of electricity. But since silver is
expensive , therefore copper and aluminum are
commmonly used.
Physical properties of metals
 Metals are lustrous.
 Metals have high densities. Eg. Mercury has
high density (13.6 g/cm3 ). Sodium and
potassium are exceptions.
 Metals are generally hard . Sodium and
potassium are exception which can be cut with
a knife
 Metals have high melting and boiling points.
Tungsten has the highest 34100C
Physical properties of metals
 Metals are rigid.
 Metals are sonorous.
Why metal article on rubbing becomes
brighter?
When a metal has been kept exposed to air for
long time, its appearance becomes dull due to
formation of layer of oxide, hydroxide, carbonate
of the metal by slow action of moisture and gases
present in the air. This process is termed as
corrosion. This the reason why further reaction
between Al and air is not possible( though a thin
layer of Al2O3 forms)
Physical properties of non-metals
 Non-Metals are brittle.
 Non-Metals are not ductile.
 Non-Metals are bad conductors of heat and
electricity(Except Graphite due to free electrons)
 Non-Metals may be solid , liquid or gas at STP.
 Non-Metals are generally soft.(Exception: Diamond)
 Non-Metals have low melting and boiling
points(Exception: Diamond and Graphite)
 Non-Metals have low densities( Exception: Iodine).
 Chemical Properties Of Metal
Metal atoms have usually 1,2 or 3 electrons in their
outermost shells.These outermost electrons are loosely
held by the nuclei.As a consequence they can easily loose
electrons to form positively charged ions.

Na Na+ + e-
Mg Mg2+ + 2e-
Al Al3+ + 3e-
As a result metals are called electropositive elements.
Reaction With Oxygen
Metals react with Oxygen to form Metal
Oxides.These oxides are basic in nature.When
these oxides are dissolved in water they give
alkaline solutions.

Eg:4Na + O2  2Na2O

2Na2O + H2O  NaOH

Reactivity of metals towards Oxygen:

All metals do not react with Oxygen at

equal ease.
Reactivity with oxygen depends upon
the nature of metal.
1.Metals like Sodium, Potassium
and Calcium react with Oxygen
even at room temperature to form
oxides.
4Na(s) + O2(g)  2Na2O(s)
4K(s) + O2(g)  2K2O(s)
2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s)
2.Metals like Magnesium donot react with
oxygen at Room temperature.They burn in air
on heating to form correspondind oxides.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) + Heat 2MgO(s)

3.Metals like Zinc react with oxygen only on

strong heating.
2Zn(s) + O2(g) + Heat 2ZnO(s)
4.Metals like Iron and Copper do not
burn in air in strong heating. They react
with oxygen only on prolonged heating.
2Cu(s) + O2(g) + Heat 2CuO(s)
3Fe(s) + 2O2(g) + Heat Fe3O4(s)
Reaction With Water
Metals react with water to form metal oxide/metal hydroxide and
hydrogen.The reactivity of the metal depends upon the nature.

1. Sodium and Potassium react vigorously with cold water to form

respective hydroxides and hydrogen gas is liberated. The reaction is
so vigorously that hydrogen gas catches fire.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

2. Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide but the
reaction I less violent.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
3. Magnesium reacts very slowly with cold water
but reacts rapidly with hot boiling water forming
Magnesium oxide and hydrogen.
Mg(s) + H2O(l)  MgO(s) + H2(g)

4. Metals like zinc and aluminium react with

steam to form oxides and hydrogen.
Zn(s) + H2O(g)  ZnO(s) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + H2O(g)  Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
5. Iron reacts with water only when steam is
passed over red hot iron. The products are
Iron(II,III) Oxide and hydrogen.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  Fe2O4(aq) + 4H2(g)

6.Metals like Copper, Gold and Silver do not react

with water even under strong conditions.
Reaction with Dilute Acids
1.Sodium, Magnesium and Calcium react violently with Hydrochloric
Acid(HCl) or dilute Sulphuric Acid (H 2SO4) liberating hydrogen gas and
metal salt.

2Na(s) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)

2Na(s) + H2SO4 (aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + H2(g)

2.Alumunium and Zinc react with dilute HCl or dilute H 2SO4 liberating
hydrogen gas and corresponding metal salt.

2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

2Al(s) + 3H2SO4 (aq)  Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
2Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
2Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
3.Iron reacts slowly with dilute HCl or dil.H 2SO4.

Fe(s) + 2HCl (aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Fe(s) + H2SO4 (aq)  FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

4.Copper does not react with these acids.

Fe(s) + HCl (aq)  no reaction
Fe(s) + H2SO4 (aq)  no reaction

Dilute Nitric acid(HNO 3) is an oxidizing agent but doesnot

produce hydrogen with metals.Exception in this case are
Mg & Mn.
 Reaction of metals with Salt solutions

When a more reactive metal is placed in a salt solution of a

less reactive metal,then the more reactive metal displaces the
less reactive metal from its salt solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
However a less reactive metal cannot displace a more reactive
metal.
Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)  no reaction
Many metals react with dilute acids and liberate hydrogen
gas. Only less reactive metals such as Copper, Silver, Gold etc.
do not liberate hydrogen from dilute acids.
 REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
Some metals are very reactive while others are very less
reactive.
On this basis they are arranged in decreasing order of their
reactivities.
This arrangement is called reactivity series.
REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
Reasons for different Reactivities
In the series of metals, the basis of reactivity is
the tendency of metals to lose electron. If a metal
loses electron easily to form a positive ion
(cation), it will react readily with other
substances. Therefore it will be more reactive
metal.
Eg: Alkali metals like sodium and potassium are
highly reactive metals.
Displacement of Hydrogen from Acids
by Metals:
All metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series(i.e.
more active than hydrogen) like Zn,Mg,Ni etc. can
liberate hydrogen from acids like HCl and
H2SO4.These metals have greater tendency to lose e -
from hydrogen.
All metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series(i.e.
Less active than hydrogen) like Au,Ag and Cu etc.
cannot liberate hydrogen from acids like HCl and
H2SO4.These metals have lesser tendency to lose e -
from hydrogen. Therefore they cannot give electron
to H+ ions.
 Reactivity Series and Displacement
Reactions:

In general,a more reactive metal(placed higher in

the activity series) can displace the less reactive
metal from its salt solution.
Eg: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Interaction Of Metals and Non-Metals

According to octet rule “an atom whose

outermost shell contains 8 electrons(octet) is
stable.But in case of small atoms like He and H in
which presence of 2 electrons in the outermost
shell is considered to be the condition of stability.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGUREATION OF
SOME ELEMENTS
Atoms combine with another to form inert gas
electron arrangement. An atom can achieve inert
gas configuration in the following ways:
I ) By losing one or more electrons
II) By gaining one or more electrons
III) By sharing one or more electrons
Note : noble gases do not usually form bonds with
other elements because they are stable.
Chemical Bonding (NaCl)
Chemical Bonding (CO2)
Chemical Bonding (Cl2, H2O, CH4, H2)
 Ionic compound Ionic compound name
formula

LiCl lithium chloride

NaCl sodium chloride
KCl potassium chloride
RbCl rubidium chloride
MgF2 magnesium fluoride
MgCl2 magnesium chloride
MgBr2 magnesium bromide
MgI2 magnesium iodide
Properties of ionic compounds
Ionic compounds form crystals.
Ionic compounds form crystal latticce rather than
amorphous solids. Although molecular compounds form
crystals, they frequently take other forms plus molecular
crystals typically are softer than ionic crystals.
Ionic compounds have high melting points and high
boiling points.
High temperatures are required to overcome the
attraction between the positive and negative ions in ionic
compounds. Therefore, a lot of energy is required to melt
ionic compounds or cause them to boil.
Properties of ionic compounds
Ionic compounds have higher enthalpies of fusion and vaporization
than molecular compounds.
Just as ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, they
usually have enthalpies of fusion and vaporization that may be 10 to 100
times higher than those of most molecular compounds. The enthalpy of
fusion is the heat required melt a single mole of a solid under constant
pressure. The enthalpy of vaporization is the heat required for vaporize
one mole of a liquid compound under constant pressure.
Ionic compounds are hard and brittle.
Ionic crystals are hard because the positive and negative ions are
strongly attracted to each other and difficult to separate, however, when
pressure is applied to an ionic crystal then ions of like charge may be
forced closer to each other. The electrostatic repulsion can be enough to
split the crystal, which is why ionic solids also are brittle.
Properties of ionic compounds
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they are
dissolved in water.
When ionic compounds are dissolved in water the
dissociated ions are free to conduct electric charge
through the solution. Molten ionic compounds (molten
salts) also conduct electricity.

Ionic solids are good insulators.

Although they conduct in molten form or in aqueous
solution, ionic solids do not conduct electricity very well
because the ions are bound so tightly to each other.
ACTIVITY SERIES AND RELATED
METALLURGY
Occurrence of metals

All metals are present in the earth’s crust either in

the free state or in the form of compounds.
Aluminium metal is the most abundant metal I
the earths crust. The second is iron and the third
is calcium.
Minerals And Ores
The natural substance in which metals or their componds
occur either in native state or combined state are called
minerals.
The minerals are not pure and contain different types of
other impurities. The impurities associated with minerals
are collectively known as gangue or matrix. The mineral
from which the metal can be conveniently and profitably
extracted is called ore.
For example : aluminium occurs in the earths crust in the
form of two minerals , bauxite(Al 2O3.2H2O)and clay
(Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O). out of these two , aluminium can be
profitably extracted from bauxite. Thus , bauxite is an ore
of aluminium.
Types Of Ores
The most common ores of metals are oxides,
sulphides, halides, etc.
Very unreactive are present I free state.
Slightly reactive metals occur as sulphides
Reactive metals occur as oxides.
Most reactive metals occur as salts as carbonates,
sulphates, halides,etc.
Element Element Ore Formula

 Bauxite  Al2O3.2H2O
Alluminium  Cryolite  Na3AlF6
 Corundum  Al2O3

 Zinc blende  ZnS

Zinc  Calamine  ZnCO3
 Zincite  ZnO

 Haematite
 FeO3
 Magnetite
 Fe3O4
Iron  Iron Pyrites
 FeS2
 Spathic Iron
 FeCO3
Ore

 Malachite  CuCO3•Cu(OH)2
Copper  Chalcopyrite  CuFeS2
 Copper Glance  Cu2S
  Rock Salt  NaCl
Sodium
 Sodium Carbonate  Na2Co3

 Karnalite  KCl MgCl2.6H2

Potassium
 Salt Petre  Na2Co3

 Anglesite  PbCl2
Lead
 Galena  PbS

 Tin Pyrites  Cu2FeSnS4

Tin
 Cassiterite  SnO2

Silver Silver Glance  Ag2S


Steps in extraction of metal from ore
Extraction Of Metals:
Based upon reactivity series metals can be grouped as follows:
Metals of Low Reactivity:These metals are often found in free state in
nature.
Eg:Gold,Silver,Platinum

Metals of Medium Reactivity:The ores of these metals are found mainly in

oxides,sulphates and carbonates form.They are usually reduced using
carbon.
Eg:Zinc,Iron,Lead

Metals of High Reactivity:Metals at the top of the reactivity series are

never found in free state in nature.These are purified by electrolysis.
 Enrichment Of Ores:

Ores mined from earth are contaminated

with large amount of impurities called
gangue.The gangue is removed based on
differences of physical and chemical
particles of gangue and ore.
Extracting Metals Low in the Activity
Series:
Metals low in the activity series are very unreactive. Their oxide
ore can be reduced to metals by heating alone.
Eg:Cinnabar(HgS) is an ore of mercury.It is first converted to
Mercuric oxide which on further heating gives Mercury.Similar is
the case for Copper too.The reactions involved are.
For Mercury:2HgS(s)+3O 2(g)+Heat  2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2HgO(s) +Heat  Hg(l) + O2(g)
For Copper: 2Cu2S(s)+3O2(g)+Heat  2 Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
2 Cu2O(s) + 2Cu2S(s)+Heat 6 Cu(s) + SO2(g)
Extracting Metals Middle in the Activity
Series:
Metals in the middle of the activity series are usually present in sulphides and carbonates. It
is easier to obtain a metal from its oxide ore than sulphides or carbonates.

The sulphide ores are converted to oxide ore by strongly heating in the presence of excess
air. This process is known as roasting.
Eg: 2ZnS(s) + 3O 2(g)+Heat  2ZnO(s) + 2SO 2 (g) (Roasting)

The carbonate ore is strongly heated in the presence of limited air. This process is known as
Calcination.
Eg:ZnCO3 (s)  ZnO(s)+ CO2(g) (Calcination)

The metal oxides are then reduced to the metals using suitable agents such as
carbon.Obtaining metals from their ores is a reduction process.
Eg:ZnO(s) + C(s)  Zn(s) + CO(g)
The reactive metals such as Sodium, Calcium and
Aluminium etc. are used as reducing agents
because they can displace metals of lower
reactivity to produce metals.
Eg:3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)  3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3 + Heat
The reactions are highly exothermic and hence
the required metals are produced in liquid state.
Eg:Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s)  2Fe(l) + 2Al2O3(s)+ Heat
(Thermit Reaction-Used to join railway tracks or
cracked machine parts)
Extracting Metals at the Top of Reactivity
Series:
The metals like Na,K,Mg,Ca,Al have more affinity to oxygen
than carbon.Hence their oxides can’t be reduced.These
metals are obtained only by Electrolytic reduction.These
metals are obtained mostly from their halide ores.The
metals are deposited at the cathode whereas the halogen
at anode.
Eg:At Cathode: Na+ + e-  Na
At Anode: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e-
 Refining of Metals:

The most widely used process for refining metals is

electrolytic refining.
Electrolytic Refining: In this process the impure metal is
made the anode and a strip of pure metal the cathode.A
solution of the metal salt is udes as electrolyte.On passing
electricity,pure metal from anode dissolves into the
electrolyte.An equivalent amount of metal from the
electrolyte is deposited on the cathode.The soluble
impurities go into the solution,whereas,the insoluble
impurities settle down at the bottom and is known as
anode mud.
Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process, which
converts refined metal to their more stable
oxide. It is the gradual destruction of
materials (usually metals) by chemical
reaction with their environment. In the
most common use of the word, this means
electrochemical oxidation of metal in
reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.
Prevention Of Corrosion
Painting
Oiling
Greasing
Galvanizing
Chrome Plating
Anodizing
Making Alloys
Galvanization

Galvanization is the process of protecting steel

and iron from rusting by coating them with a thin
layer of zinc.
Alloys
An alloy is a material composed of two or more metals or a
metal and a nonmetal. An alloy may be a solid solution of the
elements (a single phase), a mixture of metallic phases (two or
more solutions) or an intermetallic compound with no distinct
boundary between the phases. It helps in prevention of
corrosion.
Stainless Steel is an Alloy of Iron along with small amounts of
Manganese, Nickel, Chromium and Carbon.
Brass ia an alloy of Copper and Zinc.
Bronze is an alloy of Copper and Tin.
If in an alloy one of the component is Mercury thn it is known as
Amalgam.
Solder is an alloy of Tin and Lead.
Class & Section:10 B