Safeti Awareness Course

For National University of Singapore (NUS)

Todd Yu
25 October 2019

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Purpose of the course

▪ Have an overview of Phast/Safeti software

– What Phast/Safeti can do
– What are the inputs
– What are the results

▪ Practise the workflow of using Phast/Safeti software

– Build a small study
– Run the study and view/analyse the results

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Today’s Agenda

▪ Phast Overview

▪ User Interface

▪ Build a Study in Phast for Consequence Analysis

▪ Phast Results

▪ Safeti Overview

▪ Build a Study in Safeti for QRA

▪ Safeti Results

▪ Help and Support

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Tools and Rules

▪ Tools
– Introduction by using presentations
– Phast/Safeti Software

▪ Rules
– Please feel free to ask questions at any times

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Phast Overview

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Phast

▪ Phast (Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool)

▪ Phast can be used to:

– Estimate the magnitude of consequences

– Review siting, layout, and design

– Determine effects of modifications

– Emergency preparedness

– Comply with regulations

– Insurance estimations and negotiations

– Promote safety awareness

– Start a QRA study

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Hazard Analysis using Phast Software

▪ Hazard analysis calculations in Phast in split into 3 stages:

1. Discharge calculations

Modelling the release from vessel or pipe

2. Dispersion calculations

Modelling the behaviour of the released material (i.e. cloud or pool)

3. Effects calculations

Predicting and modelling all the potential consequences (e.g. fire, explosion)

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Discharge

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Dispersion: near field

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Dispersion, far field

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Dispersion, different ambient conditions

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Effects (Fire, Explosion, Toxic)

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Phast Overview

Toxic
Weather

Scenario Discharge Dispersion Radiation

Explosion

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User Interface

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Layout: Quick Access Toolbar

▪ Can be modified to include actions performed regularly, e.g. Run Models

▪ Right click on any function to add it to the quick access toolbar

▪ Can be displayed above or below the Ribbon

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Layout: Ribbon

RIBBON

WORK SPACE WORK AREA

LOG WINDOW

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The Ribbon

▪ Consists of 7 main tabs that are always present:

➢ File
➢ Home
➢ Settings
➢ Tools
➢ Data
➢ View
➢ Help
▪ Other tabs are context specific and are displayed only when applicable

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Ribbon: File tab

▪ Create a New Workspace

▪ Open an existing study file

▪ Open an example file

▪ Save, Save As

▪ Update “New workspace template”

▪ Close

▪ Preferences for temporary files, example files, and

user interface settings

▪ Recent documents are listed for easy access

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Ribbon: Home tab

▪ This tab includes actions most commonly performed

➢ Clipboard options: Cut, Copy, Paste

➢ Edit: Rename and Delete the selected item

➢ Navigate: show the GIS Input (Map) and Grid windows

➢ Calculation: Run ,Stop, Run Mode selection, Run in Parallel

➢ Results: Reports, Graphs, GIS graph

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Ribbon: Settings tab

▪ This tab includes tools for manipulating display of results, input, GIS display settings

– Styles and properties of features/results shown on GIS

– Insert Equipment on GIS

– Display Contours As Polygons

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Ribbon: Tools tab

▪ This tab includes tools for manipulating units of measure & language

➢ Search feature

➢ Unit of Measurement

➢ Pinpoint & Select on GIS

➢ Graph Wizard & Manage Templates

➢ Language selection
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Ribbon: Data tab

▪ This tab includes tools for manipulating data input & output tools

➢ CAD (insert AutoCAD or Micro-station drawing)

➢ Excel Import and Export

➢ Material data Import and Export

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Ribbon: View tab

▪ This tab includes tools for changing display views

➢ Toggle Full Window view on and off

➢ Select Current View for the workspace

➢ Switch windows, Cascade, Tile Horizontally or Vertically are currently disabled

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Ribbon: Help tab

▪ This tab includes access to the available help resources

➢ Methods for contacting DNV software via the Web

➢ References readily available online

➢ Information related to licensing and installed version

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Ribbon: Context sensitive

▪ For certain areas, the ribbon will have specific tools that will only be displayed when the pertinent
features are enabled

▪ For example when you select the GIS Input tab in the Work Area, the GIS Input Tools tabs and a
region with a new colour will be displayed above the ribbon tabs:

➢GIS Input Tools area is blue

➢Two new tabs are displayed: General and Input

➢GIS specific items such as zoom buttons and snapshot tools are displayed in the GIS tabs

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Layout: Workspace

RIBBON

WORK SPACE WORK AREA

LOG WINDOW

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Workspace

▪ This is where the model data, including scenarios, are added to the software
▪ Data input is driven through the Workspace
▪ Navigation Arrows
▪ Tabs
➢ Models
➢ Weather
➢ Parameters
➢ Materials
➢ Map
▪ It is possible to change the workspace display

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Workspace: Icons

means the system is processing the tree: the correct icons will
appear when processing has finished.

In the top left hand corner indicates necessary data is missing.

Indicates the model ran successfully and results are available.

In the top right hand corner indicates a calculation error.

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Input Dialog icons

Required fields are indicated by Red

exclamation icons.

Any tab with a missing field is also indicated by

a red exclamation icon.

Defaulted fields are indicated by a green

arrow.

Tabs containing fields which are all defaults

also have a green arrow.

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Layout: Work Area

RIBBON

WORK SPACE WORK AREA

LOG WINDOW

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Work Area

▪ Input dialogs will be displayed on the work area when being edited
▪ By default, the GIS Input & Grid tabs are displayed
▪ The tabs on the work area can be re-ordered

Multiple tabs along

the top of the
Map & Grid View
allow for
easy navigation

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Work Area: GIS Input

▪ Maps can be viewed/edited here

▪ Set scale & Origin

▪ Zooming Options

▪ Snapshot options

▪ Distance measure

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Work Area: Grid Input

▪ Easy method for viewing, adding and editing data from multiple models

▪ Can copy/paste from Excel for increased efficiency

➢ Fields must be exactly in the same order

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Layout: Log Window

RIBBON

WORK SPACE WORK AREA

LOG WINDOW

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Log Window: Output

▪ The Output Log is presented in the Log Window

▪ Ability to show/hide Errors, Warnings and Messages;

▪ The output text can be saved, printed, cleared and copied using the tools in the top left of the
window

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Log Window: Search results

▪ Feature allowing for easier navigation of large studies

▪ Search results will display the path for the items containing the searched string
▪ Click the desired row to highlight that item in the work space
▪ Control & Click the desired row to open the selected item

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Units - System

▪ The Units of Measure can be found in the Tools

tab of the ribbon

▪ Various systems can be chosen or any

combination will create a User system

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Units – Input fields

▪ Units for data entry can be changed in the input dialogue

box by clicking the hyperlink next to the input field
➢This unit change is temporary
➢This unit change is not reflected in graphs and reports

▪ If the units you require are not present

in the dialog list, enter the name of the desired unit.

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Build a Study in Phast for Consequence Analysis

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Building a Phast model

1. Insert a Map (Raster image or CAD image)

2. Set up weathers

3. Insert materials or mixtures (if needed)

4. Insert equipment items (vessel, pipeline, standalones)

5. Insert scenarios (Continuous/Instantaneous releases)

6. Run scenarios and view results

▪ Discharge results

▪ Dispersion results

▪ Effect results (Toxic effect, radiation effect, Explosion effect)

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Inserting a Map

▪ Phast supports:

– Raster Images: JPG, PNG, TIFF, etc.

– Vector Images: e.g. CAD drawings,

MicroStation, ArcView files, etc.

▪ It is helpful to see the results of your

dispersion and consequence analysis overlaid
on a map or plant layout diagram

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Insert Singapore SVY21 coordinate system

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Insert Singapore SVY21 coordinate system

▪ On Map tab, right click on the root and insert External Connection, select “Arcview”, browse to the
folder where SVY21 coordinate system files are saved.

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Insert Singapore SVY21 coordinate system

▪ Insert a Feature Class under ArcView Connection (inserted in previous step)

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Insert a Raster Image

Jurong island from Google Earth

https://earth.google.com/web/@1.27971929,103.71032153,19.3404608a,2040.5475037d,35y,-0h,0t,0r

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Insert a Raster Image

▪ Right click on “Raster Images” folder and insert a “Raster Image”.

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Insert a Raster Image

▪ Drag a box on the GIS Input view (any location, any size)

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Set Scale

▪ You can get scale data from Google Earth or other GIS system

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Set Scale

▪ Right click on the map and click on “Set Scale”

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Inserting a Map
Exercise: Set Origin

▪ Right click on the map and click on “Set Origin”

20960, 23460

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Set Up Weathers

▪ Weathers are used during discharge, dispersion and

effects calculations

▪ Multiple weather conditions can be used for

calculations

▪ Weather inputs include Pasquill stability class, wind

speed, Ambient conditions, etc.

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Set Up Weathers
Exercise: Set up weathers according to QRA Technical Guidance

▪ 5.3 Weather (QRA Technical Guidance)

Weather categories F1, B2 and C3 should be modelled for each outcome. Category F1 represents
typical night time weather and categories B2 and C3 represent typical day time weather.
– Humidity should be set to 85%.
– Ambient temperature should be assumed to be 30°C
– Solar Radiation should be set as follows:
– Day time: 1000 W/m2
– Night time: 0 W/m2

In this session, QRA Technical Guidance is Singapore Technical QRA Guidance

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Set Up Weathers
Exercise: Set up weathers according to QRA Technical Guidance

▪ Weathers can be defined in Weather tab.

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Insert Materials or create a Mixture

▪ Phast contains complete data for 66 pure components

which are ready for use in calculations

▪ Additional components can be added to from the

Reference database (DIPPR) or created manually

▪ Mixtures can be created by mixing pure components

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Insert Equipment

▪ The Asset Hierarchy has been designed to have a realistic feel.

(i.e. 1 Equipment with various possible failure scenarios under
it)

▪ The Equipment and process conditions are defined once only

(e.g. material, inventory, pressure & temperature)
▪ Available Equipment:
– Pressure Vessel
– Atmospheric Storage Tank
– Long Pipeline
– Standalone
– Warehouse

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Insert Equipment
Exercise: Insert Hexane Tank and Chlorine Tank (dummy data)

Chlorine tank

Hexane tank

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Insert Equipment
Exercise: Insert Hexane Tank and Chlorine Tank (dummy data)

▪ Hexane tank ▪ Chlorine tank

– Equipment type: Atmospheric Storage Tank – Equipment type: Pressure Vessel
– Material: N-Hexane – Material: Chlorine
– Volume Inventory: 400 m3 – Mass Inventory: 5,000 kg
– Temperature: 10 degC – Temperature: 20 degC
– Pressure: atmospheric pressure – Pressure: 5 barg
– Tank head: 10m

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Insert Equipment
Exercise: Insert Hexane Tank and Chlorine Tank (dummy data)

▪ Check the box “Insert Equipment on GIS” (Settings tab)

▪ Insert Equipment under Study node (Models tab)

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Insert Equipment
Exercise: Insert Hexane Tank and Chlorine Tank (dummy data)

▪ Input process data

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Insert Scenarios

▪ Multiple scenarios can be created under each equipment to

represent different accidents
▪ Each scenario will take the process and equipment data from
the Equipment item in the asset hierarchy and will only require
the related data for the scenario (e.g. hole size, pipe length,
etc). This will save a lot of time for users when building studies.
▪ Available Scenarios include:
– Instantaneous release
– Continuous releases (leak, line rupture, etc.)
– Pipeline Breach
– Liquid Spill
– Standalone fires & Explosions
– Warehouse Fires

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Insert Scenarios
Exercise: Insert Scenarios for Hexane Tank and Chlorine Tank (dummy data)

▪ 3.1 Scenarios (QRA Technical Guidance)

Scenarios considered within the QRA should be identified by means of a systematic procedure. This
should use available project documentation (e.g. process and instrumentation diagrams, process
flowsheets, layout diagrams) to identify all significant inventories of hazardous materials. The list of
scenarios to include in the QRA should comprise loss of containment of each inventory via:
– Catastrophic failure (cold failure and hot failure/BLEVE)
– A suitable range of hole sizes (see Section 4.1.1.1).
▪ Hexane tank ▪ Chlorine tank
No. Scenario Hole size (mm) No. Scenario Hole size (mm)

1 Small 75 1 Small 10
2 Large 250 2 medium 25
3 Catastrophic rupture N/A 3 Large 75

4 Catastrophic rupture N/A

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Phast Results

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Results Types

▪ Consequence Data table: list important consequence results in table

▪ Reports: summary report and detailed reports

▪ Graphs: various graphs for time varying discharge, dispersion and effect (toxic, fire, explosion)
results

▪ GIS: dispersion and effect (toxic, fire, explosion) contours on GIS

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Phast results: Discharge

▪ Mass flow rate & Release duration (continuous releases)

▪ Exit point conditions

▪ Atmospheric expansion results

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Phast results: Dispersion

▪ Cloud dimensions and concentrations at

different times/locations

▪ Rainout, pool formation and pool vaporisation

data at different times

▪ Cloud Max. Footprints at different heights

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Phast results: Effects overview

▪ Phast calculates all of the possible consequence types for each scenario

Flammable
Effects Scenarios
/ Toxic?

Toxic Effect Toxic Toxic releases

Jet fire Flammable Continuous release ignited at the release point (vapour fraction>0)
Instantaneous release or short-duration continuous release (less
Fireball Flammable
than 20s) ignited at the release point
Flammable
effects Pool fire Flammable Pool is ignited

Flash fire Flammable Vapour cloud is ignited

VCE Flammable Vapour cloud is ignited in congested area

Other BLEVE Both On engineering judgement. Available as standalone model only

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Phast results: Toxic Effect

▪ Lethality levels at different distances

▪ Toxic concentration and Dose as a function of

downwind distance

▪ Toxic lethality footprints

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Phast results: Toxic Effect
Dispersion of toxic and flammable gases and vapours

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Phast results: Radiation Effect

▪ Possible flammable outcomes:

– Fireballs

– Jet fires

– Pool fires

– Flash fires

▪ Radiation results available:

– Flame size and geometry

– Radiation vs. distance data

– Radiation ellipses

– Flash fire zones

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Phast results: Radiation Effect
Accidental Jet Fires

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Phast results: Radiation Effect
Intentional Jet Fires

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Phast results: Radiation Effect
Fireballs

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Phast results: Radiation Effect
Pool Fires

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Phast results: Explosion effect

▪ Vapour Cloud explosion models:

– TNO Multi Energy

– Baker-Strehlow-Tang

– TNT

▪ BLEVE Blast

▪ Explosion results available:

– Explosion location, mass, and blast radius

– Overpressure vs. distance

– Pulse duration vs. distance

– Impulse vs. distance

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Phast results: Explosion effect
Explosion Overpressure and Impulse

Created using Phast 3D Explosions

https://magazine.scientificmalaysian.com/issue-6-2013/enhancing-safety-
sustainability-malaysian-refineries/

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Harm Footprint with Consequence data table

▪ Section 6.1 of QRA Technical Guidance

(Page 23-24):

The footprint dimensions should be

modelled for each outcome and weather
condition. This will typically define
– Maximum hazard distance (d)
– Maximum width (mw)
– Distance to maximum width (dmw)
– Minimum distance (-d)
that would represent an idealised
footprint (Figure 5).

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Harm Footprint with Consequence data table

▪ Consequence data table in Phast

d -d mw dmw

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Safeti Overview

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Commonly Used Definition of Risk

The LIKELIHOOD and consequence of a specified

undesired event occurring within

a specified period or under

specified circumstances

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Risk Management Workflow

Identify Hazards

Postulate Accidents

Evaluate Consequences Estimate Frequencies

Risk Summation
Options to Mitigate Options to Decrease
Consequences Frequencies

No No
Risks Managed?

Yes

Optimise Options to Manage Risks

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Risk Management Workflow

Identify Hazards

Postulate Accidents

Phast Leak

Safeti
Options to Mitigate Options to Decrease
Consequences Frequencies

No No
Risks Managed?

Yes
Optimise Options to Manage Risks

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 Safeti Overview

Societal Risk

Wind Rose
Toxic
Event Frequency Weather

Population
Event Tree

Ignition
Scenario Discharge Dispersion Radiation Impact

Explosion

Individual Risk

Vulnerability

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Build a Study in Safeti for QRA

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Let’s Look at Safeti

Run Rows

Risk Tab

Super Tabs
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Data Needed in Safeti

▪ Release Scenarios and Frequencies

▪ Weather Data

▪ Population Data (for Societal risk only)

▪ Ignition Data (for delayed ignition probabilities calculations)

▪ Risk Ranking Points (for risk analysis)

▪ Event Tree data

▪ Vulnerabilities

▪ Risk Contours Data for Risk Criteria

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Release Scenarios and Frequencies

Additional Risk-specific inputs on Risk tab for each Scenario:

▪ Event frequency: Define how often an event is likely to
happen
▪ Type of risk effects to model (Material Tab)
➢ Toxic only
➢ Flammable only
➢ Toxic and Flammable
▪ Non-ignition probabilities
▪ Immediate ignition probabilities
➢ Use event trees
➢ Specify directly
➢ Stationary – use material reactivity
➢ Transport (Road tanker/Tank wagon)

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Release Scenarios and Frequencies
Exercise: Define Failure frequencies for current study

▪ Refer to Section 4.1 of QRA Technical Guidance

▪ Hexane tank
No. Scenario Frequency (/yr)

1 Small 1E-3
2 Large 1E-4
3 Catastrophic rupture 1.6E-5

▪ Chlorine tank
No. Scenario Frequency (/yr)

1 Small 2.5E-05
2 medium 0.000324
3 Large 0.00028

4 Catastrophic rupture 1E-07

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Weather Data

▪ The probability data for weather conditions and directions are used in the risk calculations

▪ The program performs risk calculations for each weather condition and wind direction, and applies the
appropriate probability for that combination of condition and direction

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Weather Data
Exercise: Set Up Wind Rose according to QRA Technical Guidance

▪ 6.2.2 Weather (QRA Technical Guidance)

The splits used between weather categories F1,
B2 and C3 should be specified and justified.
Weather splits used should be tabulated.
Direction bias data used should be specified and
justified. Table 13 provides a set of weather data
for F1, B2 and C3 derived from data provided by
Singapore Met office.

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Weather Data
Exercise: Set Up Wind Rose according to QRA Technical Guidance

▪ Wind Rose can be defined on Weather folder

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Population Data

▪ Population locations are directly put on the Map

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Ignition Data

▪ Used to specify delayed ignition

probability and location

▪ Delayed Ignition locations are

directly put on the Map

▪ A variety of ignition sources can

be inserted for:

➢ General ignition sources

➢ Electrical sources of ignition

➢ Traffic/Transportation

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Ignition Data

▪ Delayed ignition probability at each point will be calculated based on:

➢Presence factor (f)

➢Ignition Probability (ω)

Presence factor 𝑓 = 0.8
➢In time period (t)
Datum Point
The ignition probability in 30s is 40%
with 𝑓 of 0.8

𝑃𝑥,𝑦,𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑓𝑥,𝑦∙𝜔𝑥,𝑦,𝑡∙𝑡

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Ignition Data
Exercise: define ignition source Road 1
0.00 0.50 1.0

▪ Road 1
km

– Ignition probability: 0.2

– In time period: 10s
– Traffic density: 120 /hr
– Average speed: 12 m/s

Road 1

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Ignition Data
Exercise: define ignition source Road 1

▪ Right click on Ignitions folder (Risk tab) and Insert Transportation polyline.
▪ Draw multiple point on the map along Road 1, double click to finish

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Ignition Data
Exercise: define ignition source Road 2
0.00 0.50
▪ Road 2 km

– Ignition probability: 0.2

– In time period: 10s
– Traffic density: 40 /hr
– Average speed: 8 m/s

Road 2

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Risk Ranking Points

▪ Risk Ranking points (RRP), are entered on the

Risk tab of the study tree

▪ Located directly on the map

▪ Generates Individual Risk Ranking results which

contain detailed break down of risk contributors to
that location

▪ Any number of points can be used

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Risk Ranking Points
Exercise: define two Risk Rank Points

Site

Control Room

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Event Tree data

▪ Refer to Section 4.2 Event Trees and Section 4.3 Event Tree Modifiers

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Vulnerabilities

▪ 6.2.4.2 Fatality of QRA Technical Guidance

▪ In order to calculate individual risk of fatality to people, some of the outcomes should use a set of
footprints with weightings applied to account for likelihood of fatality for each footprint within the
set. The following weightings shall be applied to outcome frequencies for the respective
footprints.

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Vulnerabilities
Exercise: Define Vulnerabilities for IR Fatality

▪ Define Vulnerabilities in Vulnerabilities folder (Risk tab)

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Vulnerabilities
Exercise: Define Vulnerabilities for IR Fatality

▪ Thermal radiation ▪ Change the vulnerabilities in Vulnerability nodes

▪ Change the radiation levels in Jet Fire parameters,
Pool fire parameters, fireball parameters

Note: Values are for exercise only, to double check the compliance with the QRA Technical Guidance

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Vulnerabilities
Exercise: Define Vulnerabilities for IR Fatality

▪ Flash Fire
Section 5.3.2 of QRA Technical Reference
– Flash fires should be modelled to the lower
flammable limit (LFL).
– This is consistent with Table 14

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Vulnerabilities
Exercise: Define Vulnerabilities for IR Fatality

▪ Explosion ▪ Similar method can be used to define the

Vulnerabilities for IR Injury (not include in this
course)

Note: Values are for exercise only, to double check the compliance with the QRA Technical Guidance

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Risk Contours data for Risk Criteria

▪ 7.2.1 IR (Fatality) (QRA Technical Guidance)

▪ The cumulative (for all outcomes indicated in Table 6) iso-contours for the relevant criteria (refer
to Criteria Guidelines) are to be determined, based on footprints generated:
– 5x10-5 /year (example for Fixed Installation);
– 5x10-6 /year (example for Fixed Installation).

▪ 7.2.2 IR (Injury)
▪ The cumulative (for all outcomes indicated in Table 7) iso-contours for the relevant criteria are to
be determined, based on injury harm footprints generated:
– 3x10-7 /year (example for Fixed Installation).

– Refer to QRA Criteria Guidelines

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Risk Contours data for Risk Criteria
Exercise: Set risk contours data

▪ Define the following risk levels in Settings tab > Risk

Preferences > Contours
– 1E-3
– 1E-4
– 5E-5
– 5E-6
– 3E-7

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Organise the Study by Using Run Row

▪ A QRA is not an isolated study performed

by a Risk Analyst

▪ A QRA is contributed to by a varied team Project Info

▪ Run row is used to organize the study

structure and it should reflect the purpose
of the study
Structural Engineers Pipeline Engineers

Schedulers Transport Supervisors

▪ A run row is a combination of Release
Facilities Engineers Operators
Cases, Weather Conditions, Population and
Ignition, etc. Workforce Others

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Run Row Example

Run Row Release Scenarios Weather conditions Population Ignition

Toxic Day Toxic scenarios Day Weather Day Population N/A

Toxic Night Toxic scenarios Night Weather Night Population N/A

Flammable Day Flammable scenarios Day Weather Day Population Day ignition

Flammable Night Flammable scenarios Night Weather Night Population Night ignition

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Exercise: Set up a Run Row

▪ Set up the row row(s) in Run Row Grid view

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Combination factors

▪ Combination factors are used to combine the risk results from different Run Rows to obtain total risk results
for all times, effect types, locations etc.

▪ Located in the Combinations tab

▪ Can use up to 20 combinations

▪ Combinations can be renamed or duplicated

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Risk Results

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Exercise: Run the models and view results

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Individual Risk Results

▪ Risk contours ▪ Individual risk ranking grid

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Exercise: View Risk Contours

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Exercise: Check risk results against the criteria

▪ QRA Criteria Guidelines

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Exercise: View IR Ranking Grid for Two Risk Ranking Points

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Exercise: View IR Ranking Grid for Two Risk Ranking Points

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Societal Risk Results (Not requested by QRA Technical Guidance)

▪ F-N Curves ▪ Societal risk ranking grid

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Societal Risk Results (Cont’d)

▪ Population category ▪ Category PLL

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Help and Support

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Phast Context Sensitive Help

▪ Phast built-in help

explain all the
parameters and inputs
used for different models
as well as some details
about models and
scenarios used in Phast

▪ It can be accessed by the

Help button in all
windows or through the
Help tab in the Ribbon

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Technical Documentation

▪ Technical Documentation contains:

– Theory manuals and calculation methods
– Verification and validation documents

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DNV GL Software Customer Portal

▪ DNV GL Software Customer portal can be

used to:
▪ Submit tech support cases and review
old cases
▪ Find helpful documentation including
historical User Conference Presentations
and Status Notes, Release and Install
Notes
▪ Read Frequently Asked Questions
▪ Can be accessed using button in Phast:

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Global Technical Support Team (Software.Support@dnvgl.com)
Huston, US London, UK Dubai, UAE Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Shanghai, China

(UTC-6) (UTC+0) (UTC+4) (UTC+8) (UTC+8)

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References

▪ [1] Singapore QRA Technical Guidance https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/our-

services/qra-technical-guidance_nov16.pdf
▪ [2] UK HSE Failure Rate and Event Data for use within Risk Assessments (02/02/19)
http://www.hse.gov.uk/landuseplanning/failure-rates.pdf
▪ [3] RVIM Reference Manual Bevi Risk Assessments version 3.2
https://www.rivm.nl/documenten/reference-manual-bevi-risk-assessments-version-32
▪ [4] Singapore QRA Criteria Guidelines https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/our-
services/qra-criteria-guidelines_final_31aug16.pdf

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DNV GL – Digital Solutions
todd.yu@dnvgl.com
+65 97298856

www.dnvgl.com

SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER

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