Major (Capstone) Design Experience Information

CE 509 Capstone Design II

1st Semester, SY 2019-2020

Student/Team Group Cabrera, Lalaine Mae A

Malabanan, Jewen E.
Rubio, Kemverly V.
Sawan, Emma Rizza C.
CE51FC1
Project Title Proposed Sanitary Landfill Design in Nagpanaoan, Ilocos Sur along
Lagben River
Program Concentration Area Geotechnical and Water
Constraints
A. Qualitative
Although landfill plays a vital role in waste management, it also has a lot
of environmental impacts to be considered properly. The infrastructure
might be useful but it shouldn’t be forgotten that its design must also be
environmentally friendly. A lot of resources are going to be used in
creating buildings and infrastructures and this often produces different
kinds of pollution and gas emissions. That is why the designers have to
Environmental see to it that the infrastructure to be constructed will have to use greener
and innovative options like using renewable energy sources to reduce
the environmental effects because our nature should not really suffer,
aside form that, it saves money as well. The designers must plan
thoroughly a smarter way of constructing buildings and infrastructures
to practice sustainability.
B. Quantitative
Risk Assessment
In risk assessment, identification of possible situations and processes
that is dangerous not only to people and the environment but also the
structure is essential. Landfill is a widely used technique in disposing
wastes but it causes pollution in our environment and gas in atmosphere
if not handled carefully. Landfill site is a hazardous place which makes
a safety factor one of the constraints.The safety of the people in Ilocos
Sur surrounding the site especially the workers must be considered. The
construction must not cause any harm to them and a landfill that holds
different kind of wastes and gaseshas a high potential to cause any
danger that is why it must stay in place on site. The designers of the
landfill can provide the most efficient design that can lessen the
hazardous effect of the landfill site to people, environment and the
structure itself.
 The designers focuses on the design of sanitary landfill which will serve
the surrounding community without the dread of any environmental
impact from present up to the life expectancy of the landfill.Our world
together with environment and technology are changing lightning fast.
The proposed landfill design must adapt to change and growth for the
years to come. One of the several factors the designers should consider
in their design is the sustainability of the project. It is important to ensure
that the landfill will serve its purpose up to its designed life span.
Sustainability Estimating how long a landfill will last is a challenge for the designers
since it is doubtful to know the exact amount of waste the populace will
produce.Every aspect of the design of landfill creates impact on its life
span so the designers should be careful choosing the right materials
and equipment to use in the construction.
 Limitation:This constraint will only focus on the years where the
landfill will fulfill its service given the project cost.
One of the most important part of the project is the budget itself since it
represents the overall cost of the project and the allocation of resources.
The construction of landfill requires a fair amount of money to be able
to achieve its paramount goal. The project cost are costs throughout the
actual construction phase such as the expenses incurred by materials
and labor force. Having insufficient budget carries negative effect in the
construction of the project concerning to its performance, quality and
safety. However, appropriate budget must be taken into consideration
that will meet the most efficient and effective design with regards to
Economic lesser cost. Still, the designers will take account to what's the most
suitable design for the client's budget.
 Limitation: This constraint covers only the cost of thematerials
and labor force during the actual construction. Thisdoes not
take into account on the costs on which the project is supposed
to work. Along with, the overall costs of the projects does not
include themaintenance costs too.
 The designers considered the duration of the construction phase as it
plays significant role for the ascertainmet of trade-offs. It also takes part
in the client's preference something which the construction may ended
up sooner. The reason is that it can contribute as well with the cost of
the project. The longer the duration of the project, the more it becomes
costly in terms of the labor force. Nevertheless, shorter construction
exerts influence on the quality of the design of landfill too. Having high
quality landfill design requires ampoule of time for the certainty that the
layers, pipes and other materials used are placed well. Moreover, the
area experiences shortage of landfill and without having proper waste
Constructability disposal may harm the public’s health. Therefore it must be taken into
action the need for quick yet high-grade landfill design. Delayed project
duration must taken also into consideration as it adds costs for the the
project. Planned schedule for the project minimizes delays which
includes some extra slack time.
 Limitation: Constructability constraint focuses onlywith the
period of the construction stage. It also has relevance to the
project cost on how it affects the overall cost of the project tothe
period of the construction by manpower. Furthermore, this
constraint is not concerned with the planning of the project.
Trade offs
Geotechnical Context

This engineered landfill design is one of the most reliable modern design
of landfills due to its high quality design that secures the waste from
causing harm in the public and the environment. This type of landfill is
made up of landfill liner design network for the obstruction of leachate
from leaking, a geo synthetic clay liner that has a really low permeability
barrier and is mainly used for waterproofing of landfills, a leakage
detection for the detection of leaks, a separation layer that is composed
of leachate collection level and another geo synthetic clay liner. It is
Engineered Landfill Design place between the old waste and the newly added waste, a sub surface
drainage that is consist of perforated pipe for the removal of the leak
from the root zone, a surface drainage that is made up of chutes, earth
berms, and toe traps for the removal of excess leachate from the
surface of the landfill, and lastly a boreholes for the collection of biogas
below the ground. Furthermore, This landfill is also concern on the effect
of erosion may happen in the site through wind and water. It is come up
with the installation of storm water drainage in the outer slope of the
landfill for the protection caused by water erosion and the outer part
linking the drains is planted with native vegetation for it avoids erosion
caused by wind. This sanitary landfill has several layering for the
assurance that the leachate will not leak into the groundwater and that
the gas produced from the waste will not cause harm to the public.

Single clay liner system
Anaerobic Bioreactor Landfill
Water Context
HDPE Pipe
Isolation of the waste from the environment can be
accomplished through a base lining system. This design consists of
compacted clay layers as base liner. Clay is considered as top choice
for landfill cover for its low permeability property which prevents water
from entering and gas from escaping the landfill. Landfill depth should
be at the range of 3.5 meters for faster gas generation. The first thing
should be done is to loosen the upper 20 to 30cm of the soil to reduce
the low permeability property of the existing soil. Then, compact the
layer thoroughly using heavy equipment. Make sure the surface of the
liner is sloped with at least 2%. Single clay liner system focuses on
protecting the environment as well as the surrounding community for
years to come. Liner must be also installed in the bottom and side part
of the landfill to avoid possible leakage of leachate and for the diversion
of leachate into the leachate collection pipes. The layers of the design
are shown in the figure below.
Anaerobic bioreactor landfill is very essential to waste management
system for it gives the waste a rapid settlement that it takes only 5 to 10
years to make the landfill more stabilized. The moisture has a great
factor in order for the leachate to recirculate. The comparison between
the typical and bioreactor landfill in terms of moisture is that in typical,
the waste contains about only 10 and 25 percent of water while it is
required to have 35 to 45 percent of moisture. Other sources like
sewage sludge and storm water plays a vital role for the leachate are
available for recirculation.
This landfill has its components like liners, leachate collection system,
and its final coverings at the top of the landfill. One type of liner is the
double composite liner. Double composite liner is composed of different
layers such as the compacted clay, geomembrane, sand or gravel
drainage layer, geo synthetic clay liner, geo textile, and protective soil
layer and top of all that layers is the wastes collected. Its advantage is
that it keeps the leachate to arise to the environment. In leachate
collection, it is important to know that the design of this must be a way
in order to collect an increased volume of water thus the size of pipes
must be used is greater than that of conventional landfills. For its
coverings, it is composed of a daily, intermediate and final cover. For
daily cover, it is recommended to use geotextile for it gives an additional
benefit to the landfill like the more regulated rate of precipitation and
infiltration.
High density polyethylene pipes have been extensively used for landfill
leachate collection due to its outstanding resistance to different
aggressive chemicals and corrosives, including soils. This type of pipe
is a perfect material for pipe used in the special soil environments of
waste disposal areas. It is made from thermoplastic HDPE which has
high amount of impermeability and strong molecular bond that can
withstand high pressure pipelines wherein it is very suitable for the
 design of landfill. The most common size of an HDPE pipes are SDR11
and SDR17 pipe as it is very durable and flexible. It has remarkably flow
capacity because of its smooth bore and end to end jointing methods.
PVC pipes are frequently used in piping applications from the water
distribution system to landfill. Preferably, it is used in underground
activity. It is sometimes called collector pipes for it is utilized in channels,
streams, or rivers. It is said that PVC pipes acquired unique combination
of properties: safety, durability, environmental performance and
Perforated PVC Pipe recyclability. This type of pipe can resist corrosion which is good in
landfill especially it is buried. The holes on the pipe wall are opened to
the inner surface of the ring because it doesn’t make clogging. It allows
the water to enter or exit through the tiny holes along the pipe. PVC
pipes are favorable for underground and outdoor systems since it
absorbs water and drains it out of the way.
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride material is usually used in making pipes
that are utilized in water piping networks. CPVC is usually used for hot
and cold-water distribution and piping system and is also used for liquid
chemical handling in the industry. This pipe is the better version of PVC
wherein high temperature can be resisted more fully than the latter with
a limitation of 220 °F. The design of this landfill is focused on leachate
CPVC Pipe collection and this involves the use of CPVC pipe wherein this
perforated pipe collects all the leachate then proceeds to taking the
collected leachate to the leachate pond where all the leachate is waiting
to be treated. The material of this pipe is a thermoplastic that is
produced by the chlorination of PVC resin making it significantly more
flexible and can withstand higher temperatures. According to a paper
about Bioreactor performance, Burlington County Landfill observed that
after 4 years, the landfill was showing some settlement. The PVC pipes
installed weren’t able to withstand high temperature showing some
deformation that is why the PVC pipes were replaced by CPVC pipes.
Another landfill from this paper, Crow Wing County Landfill, focuses on
the conversion of Landfill Gas to energy. Considering the high
temperatures, this County Landfill uses CPVC pipes because of its
ability to withstand high temperatures. All of this proves that CPVC is
better be used for landfill leachate collection.