IT 3 DETAILING OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

3.1 Introduction
( )bjectives

3.2 Various Aspects of Presentation of Structural Drawings

3.2.1 Bas~cIletails to be Resented
3.2.2 Reference Zones and Reference AxesIDirections
3.2.3 Marking of B e a m in a Given Layout Plan
3.2.4 Variation of Top Level of Slabl Beam
3.2.5 1)eslrable Considerations in a Layout Plan
3.2.6 Planning of Possible Layouts of RC SlablSeam
3.2.7 lksign uf a Two-way Slab
1.2.8 l'o~letSlabs and Beams
3.L.H'myry Slab
3.3 Detailitig of RC Slabs
Z.3.1 Simply Supprtad Slab with Overhang on One Side
3.3.2 Study Cast: of a Symmetrical Three-span Continuous Slab with LJnequalSp;lns
3.3.3 L.intei and (:'hajja
3.3.4 Terminology of Standard 1)etails
3.3.5 Standard 1)etails of C:ontinuous Slab
3.3.6 Parapet-wall and Droppuiuii
3.1.7 Philosophy of Detailing RC Beams
3.4 .,. mirs ,and Retaining-wall
3.4. i [jog-legged Stairs
::.4.2 Overhauging Midlanding
3.5.1 Staircase with Three Flights
3.4.4 Sp~ralStairs
3.4.5 Retaining Wall

I 3.5 Design Concepts of RC Frames

3.5.1 Bending Moment Diagrams under Various Lmds
3.5.2 1)esign Moments in RC
3.5.3 Ilesign of RC Columns
3.6 Detailing of RC Plane Frames
3.6.1 Standard Details of RC Beams in a Rigid Jointed Plane Frame
3.6.2 Important Aspecu of Standard Details
3.6.3 [letailing of R(' Column in the.PIane Frame
3.6.4 Ihctile Iletailirg of Framed Structure
3.6.5 Iletailing of Expansion Joint
3.7 Water Talks
3.7.1 Philosophy of Design of Tank Wall
3.7.2 Detailing of Overhead Water Tank
3.7.3 1)etailing of Toww Struchlre
3.7.4 Iletailing of Underground Watw Tank
3.7.5 Haunches
3.7.6 Detailing of Water Tanks Resting at Ground Level
3.7.7 Additional Aspects

113.8 Summary
b.9 Key Words
p.10 Answers a SAQs
d

3.1 INTRODUCTION
will help you to understand the main requirements of detailing of slabs, beams
. ?he basic principles of detailing are already explained in the previous unit
these principles it is proposed to develop further aspects of the structural
idly the various aspects of presentation 0: the drawings are explained. The
current practice of providing standard details of slabs ond providing also the schedule of
the various slabs is explained. The importance of rigid jointed R.C. frames in a building
when it is subjected to lateral load due to wind or earthquake, is clarified. The special
detailing at the junctions of the beams and end columns is indicated and the schedule of a
typical continuous beam is also provided. The detailing of typical rectangular water tanks
is also explained briefly.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
draw details of various m e m b of the RCC building frame and you can also
write in a systematic tabular f m the schedule for the various members a3 given
below:
1) Simply supported slab,
2) Continuous slab,
3) Reinforced concrete beams, including the detailing at ib jullctiorl with
various R.C. columns,
4) Detailing of staircase and retaining wall, and
5) Water tank.

3.2 VARIOUS ASPECTS OF PRESENTATION OF

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
Even though structural drawings are based on detailed design calculations of each member
and design forces themselves are based on highly mathematical computations of structural
analysis, when the building is under construction, the Construction- Agency (i.e.
Contractor/ Builder) will only refer to the drawings. Hence the drawings must be complete
in itself to indicate all aspects in analysis and design. A structural consultant therefore
treats drawing as a form of technical language to explain details of layout of
reinforcements in d l members and their joints, so that, Construction Agency can
implement the given details correctly on the site of construction. All symbols and
conversions on drawings should be clearly understood by every worker of the
Construction/Supervision Agency.
A few general notes commonly associated with the drawings are given below:
1) All dimensions are in mm.
2) AU concrete has grade unless specified otherwise. The normal grade of concrete
used in ordinary building is generally M-15 and in case of important buildings it is
generally M20. M20 grade is recommended for construction of water-tiulks and
tanks and in sewerage treatment plants.
3) Water-cement ratio of the mix should be arranged within ( 0 . 4 3 . ~
0.5) using
suitable plasticiser so that desired slumps are achieved genetally as follows:
i) Slab - 25 to 50 mm
ii) Beam - 50 to 100 mm
iii) Column - 75 to 125 mm
3) Symbol @ indicates mild steel bar of grade Fe250
4) Symbol $ indicates ribbed deformed bars of grade Fe415
5) Clear cover to main steel should be as follows:
These values will depend on the environmental conditions at the place to which -
concrete surfaces are exposed.
6) Minimum Lap length to he as follows:
The development length of bars in tension under maximum permissible suess in
steel is to he specified in terms of diameter of the bar.
Various aspects of presentation of the structural drawings are discussed below:
3.2.1 i ~ a s i cDetails to be Presented Detailing of Relntorced
Concrete Structures
it is a gtmd practice that we select a suitable size of the tracing papertdrawing
oo the details of total work to be acconu~~odated. The dimensions of
sizes (& to Ad) of the drawing sheet as recommended in I.S. Handbook
inTable 3.1.
The p l b g of presentation of the various items can be as follows:
Key plan with reference axes,
11)
)
Pb) Framing plan of only equired part of key-plan. Tile title sllould be indicating this
QXL
Sectional details of important slabheam or column/pedeslal,
1 Sclledule of reinforcement m~dextra bending details in case of special item,
1) General Norrs, and
F) Tide Block CC.
Table 3.1: Standard Sizes of Drawing Sheet
SI.N/. Designation Trimmed Size Untrimmed Size
(nun) (mm)
I Ao M 0 x 1190 880 x 1230

2 AI 590x 840 625 x 880

3 A2 420 x 590 450 x 625

1
3.2.2 Reference Zones and Reference AslDirections
ent to specify certain reference directions such as X axis along longer side of
sheet and Y direction or axis along the shorter side. Having indicated these
rawing, a series of lines parallel to X and Y axes directions can be drawn
column location and termed as Grid Lines. The vertical grid lines along Y
are generally numbered in serial order from left to right starting from number
arly grid lines parallel to X directions can be marked as A to Z starting with the
grid line as A.-Figure 3.1 shows an architectural layout plan of a typical

Flgure 3.1: Architectural Layout-planat Typlcal Floor

DeeOlng al Reinforced office building and Figure 3.2 shows a stnrctural layout plan of the same. Grid lines are
Concrete Consbuctlon marked as shown. Thus the identity mark of a column through which grid line B along X
direction and grid line (3) along Y direction are passed will be referred to as B-3. Every
column/foundation can thus be named in tenns of two grid lines. The grid line need not
necessarily pass through the centmid of the column. Grid line can be conveniently adopted
along a common edge along external face of a number of columns along a given boundary
A few columns can even be completely out of the grid line by a small distance. However
this distance should be indicated on the drawing. Hence effort is made to see that the grid

Figure 3.2: S t ~ c t u r a lLayout-plan of Slab and Beams (Alternative -I)

line passes through centroid of most of columns along a given line. In case of columns
along boundary of building a grid lines along the boundary line or external face of the
column the distance of its centroid from the grid line is known from the size of the column.
It is important to adopt and draw same grid lines in the architectural and sfructural
drawings for all the floors.
It is also preferable to indicate reference zones along the boundary of a drawing sheet. A
typical drawing sheet of size (A,) shown in Figure 3.3 has reference zones marked as (1) to
(8) along the boundary in X direction. Similarly reference zones are marked A to F along
the boundary in Y direction. The number of zones can be suitably selected so that uniform
width of each zone is in the range of 50 mm to 100 mrh depending on the type of details
provided.
These reference zones and references axes are specially useful when some part' of the
drawing discussed in a telephonic talk between two persons or when letters are written
from consultants office to construction engineers on site of work or vice-versa.
Alternative method of indicating a given column is by marking every column by a separate
identity mark like C,,C,etc. This is an old practice. In this system, location of a particular
column is not self-indicative as in the case of grid-system. Some of the columns are
required to be searched. Further, while grouping the the columns of same size orientation
and steel area these should be identified separately or individually so that locatioiiwise it
could be referred on telephondetters.
 ~ :P n n W o n of (A*) She 4 t h Reference Zones ( I to 8 ) and ( A to E)and other M
F i g u 3.1 c InfonnUons

3.2.3 +arking of Beams in a Given Plan

lan of slab and beams of any floor is actually treated as a sectional plan of the
level slightly above the floor (say by 300 mm). The viewer is assumed to look
towards the floor. Since the section cuts only the columns and no other
mber, only the cross-sections of R.C. columns are shaded. In case some of the
topped just below the given floor, these will be indicated as dotted and also
lined lines (but not shaded) to distinguish that these columns are not

ams can conveniently be named as indicated Bl,B, etc. in certain order. Refer
ows the typical simple way of naming the RC beams. The beam numbering is
serial numbers initially along grid line (A), then along grid line (B) and so on
d lines along X directions. Then naming of beams is started along grid lines
axis starting from (I) onwards.
am (B,) shown in Figure 3.2 is to be named based on the nomenclature of
it can be referred to as 2nd floor Beam along grid line A between grid lines
and named as IIB(A) (2-3) wherein every letter is representative of words
in earlier sentence. However such a nomenclature is quite lengthy, though
use in computer language since it is self-explanatory. As far as drawings
reference can be given to simpler nomenclature of B,, B2 etc.
3.2.4 tanation of Top Level of SlabIBeam
t plan of a particular floor should indicate its unfinshed floor level. If any portion
eam-member has its top face at different level, this portion is generally shaded
rence in level with respect to general floor level is indicated here as eilner
00) depending on whether it is below or above respectively by 500 mm of the

of Figure 3.2 shows a cross section of the RC slabs S, and S4. For the Indian
lock the slab (S,J has to be lowered down by 500 rnrn since the depth of fill
nd the W.C. pot is ahma 450 rnrn.Hence the slab S4 is shaded and marked
Detailing of Reinforced Similarly slab (S$is marked with level of (-200) since this slab of toilet bhck Illas drainage
Concrete Construction pipelines from umals and wash basin ahove the RC floor level. These pipelilies are
embeded in a suitable filler depth 200 mrn of plane concretehrickhats.
Note that lowering down the slab S, at -200 m m below the three edge-beams (B,,B and ,,
B,o) makes it simply supported over tll.ese beams. Since the top lcvcls of two ac1jacemcnt
slabs S, and S, on either side of fourth edge bean1 B,, the slah is si~nplysupporlctl on edge
beam Bs also.
3.2.5 Desirable Considerations in the Layout Plan
Architectural layout plat) and a structural layout plat1 ol' slabhcam syslcrn shoultl always
go hand in hand. The l(xatio11of R.C. columns and their orientations ant1 gfou~wlI'ltx)r
level are to be platwed based on arcliitectural layouts at ground Iloor ant1 also corisitlering
simultaneously the ecollo~llicalpla~l~li~lgof struc~uralIloors at othcr Icvcls. C'olunin
spacing should not be too large, or otllerwisc cost of bca~nswill bc vcry I~cavy.Galerally a
spacing of 3 metres to 4 nletres is made available by the architect. This is cluilc satisfiictory
from cost coasiderations.
However some times for special fu~lctiollalrequirements, for tllc cases like marriage-hall
or cinema theatre, the colunul spacing can be in the range of 20 nletres ant1 above in one
direction.
These buildings need very large colu~lul-freeareas. However, in cases of Iiospilal builtling
or large hotels, it may be possible to provide a few c~lumnsin ground Il(n)rat suitably
chosen locations and the saine can be hidden by providing a decorative architectural or
interior design treatment. In architectural plamling, various n,om sizes, passages ctc. we
based on functional requirements, keeping in view good ventilation, natural light,
aesthetics and ease of nlovement on tloor.
Some of the important factors in structural plruming like 1) safety of structures in strength
and stiffness, 2) aesthetics, and 3) cost of structures are to be properly consitlctctl in
finalising the structural layout of colunnls.
It is quite ratio~lalto provide additional tloating colunms at upper tloor lcvcl lo suit thc
slabheam layout at that tloor. Provision of beams under the wall or machincry is generally
a necessity and engineering practice.
For designing earthquake resistant structures beamcolumn framing is esscrllial aid
planning should be made to obtain more number of rigid-jointed frames both in X and Y
directions.
Span of one way slab should preferably lie between 2 to 4 meters while Ulat of two way
slab can be 3 to 5 metres in general. A square slab of upto 6 lnetres span call also be
acceptable at a few locations.
3.2.6 Planning of Possible Layouts of R.C. SlabJBeam
In reinforced concrete cc>nstructionthe inajor quantity of concrete and steel rei11li)rcement
~ r and the quantity of concrete and the corresponding .
is consunled in the R.C. f l ~ nslabs
steel reinforcement in the R.C, beams atld columns is comparatively smaller. This is
mainly because the area covered by flor~rslab including balconies, corridor/passages aid
chajjas is quite vast. The thickness of the slab is mainly proportional to its spa1 and hence
to optimise the cost of a given structural tloor system. the span of the slah shoultl be
brought down to a reasonably low value. A range of span of about 2 to 3.5 n~for a
one-way slab would be generally quite satisfactory and the corresponding thichless of
R.C. slab can be in the range of 75 to 125 trim respectively. The ininimutn thickness of
slab should not be less than 75 mrn for practical reasons. In the case of a11 industrial
structure the minimum thickness of the slab should preferably be YO 11ula.The spa1 of
one-way slab can be reduced by introducing additional floor beams. Hence even though
Ule quantity of concrete in the slab is reduced by providing lesser thickness corresponding
to lower span: the quantity of concrete in the beams increases. Thus when the span of a
one way slab is brought down below 2.5 m or so, the overall concrete quantity of the slab
and beam system for a given length/area of the flor~rslab may not be reduced
proportioilately to the reductio~lin span and at times may be even more. It will be observed
that an approxi~nateoptimum span of the slab at which cost of floor is nli~linlu~ll cat1 be
computed by ~naki~lg a few trials of design. Generally a graph of span of slah ( i t . spacing
ot ir rcrlidl icai11j) aIo11g X XIS aid
cost ot the entire floor on Y axis is plotted and the iletailing crf Reinforced
Coltcrrte Strurtllres
<pax ~orrc~,~n)ntlrng to rmnln~urncost can be marked as the optimum span.
mil-nial practlce to provide R.C. Beams at suitable spacing varying from 2 m to 4 m.
dills 011 ll~elocation of columns and other architectural requirements. A few
ral layout plans showing beams and columns for a given floor area indicated in an
cturill layout plan given in Figure 3.1 are discussed below:
Alternatives of Structural Layout Plan
ivcli arcliitcctural layout plan such as that given in Figure 3.1 related with a
x)r pla~i,it is possible to develop a few alternatives of the structural layout plan.
tlicrel'orc bc a ]ohof selecting then a more appropriate structural layout plan
11 tlic cost sllould hc as low as possible. In Figure 3.2 one of the alternatives of the
ral layoul plan of slah and h a m s is shown in this structural system, the slab (S,) has
ratio L,/& (S,)is greater than 2 and as such it is marked as one-wg slab. This
ilinuous ovcr two spillis between grid lines (I), (2) & (3), is Ged to
o ~ i cway slah. T l ~ Udckness
e of this one way continuous slab (S,) can be adopted
1 bascd on its span of 4 rnts. The size of beam ( B I 3 )can be taken as (300 x 1200)
dcpth is assumcd to he L\10 considering heavy load on it. The other slabs S2 and
ortal ~ I all I its sides by edge beams and since the aspect ratio is less than 2.
10 be rlcsign as two way slahs. Tlie lwo way slabs are indicatccl by a since the
hutctl along thesc two directiolis which are parallel to X and Y direction
sly. n l c nlaili reinforccn~cntfor a onc way slah where the load is transferred to
hcaliis along slioner spar], is provided along sl~orterspan. In the longer
trihution steel is provided to takc carc of the effccts of shrinkage and
urc. 111Uic case of two way slabs, Uie main rei~iforce~l~e~it is rcquired to be
alorig ~ U shorter I as wcll as longer spans. Since the bending moment in shorter
cre niqior part of the load is dislributcdltransl'errcd), is larger, the main steel along
alr is pnlvidcd in Ulc lower layer and the main stccl at tlic mid-span along
pn)vidcd in Ulc uppcr laycr on thc bottom sidc of UIC slab. Thc quantity of
hs and hcams within a portio~ibctwccn grid lincs ( I ) & (3) as also between
( C )is co~nputcdlo bc about 22.5 cu.111.
ows a secoud alternative o f layout of slab & hcams with onc way slah action
id lincs (1) & (3). In this layout two additional heanls B,,, and B21parallel to
show11in Figure 3.4 arc providcd: so as to rcducc the slah span to 2 mts.
g quite low a thickness of slah can be adoptcd as ahout 85 mm. Since
oli cacll beam is nearly half of those in carlier casc of Figure 3.2, thc bcam
luced. The reduced sizes of beams as well as slab thickness are indicated in
I t car1 be observed that quantity of concrctc of the above referred slah and
tl t o about 20.4 c u m .

I I'
-
Figure 3.4 :Layout PIM of Floor (Altrrnstivr 11)
Detailing ai Reinforced Third Alternative Using
Concrete Construction
Two way slab: A third alternative of the slah heam-layout for the salilc l u l l I!: sllosvll 111
Figure 3.5 wherein Ihe additioual strong beam BZZ(300 x 900) is prov~detlalorly srid (B)
in X direction. This bean1 will suppon bean1 (B'13)and reduce its span to 6 mts. These
h e m are now lnarked as BIzA and B13B. 'The slabs will have now an aspect ratio of ( I .5)
which is less than (2) and can be designed as two way slah. The two way slab 3, in
Figure 3.5 is indicated since the load is transferred in both directions X & Y
simultanec~usly.The reitfircement along shorter span is placed in the lower layer so that
advantage of longer lever ariil can he taken fix resisting larger BM.
The two way slab is generally econonucal when smaller span L, is in the rrulge 01 2.5 to
4 mts. Since the main steel (required along short span) is much lesser than that provided
for the one way slab and separate distributinu steel minimutl~of 0.12% is not required at
bottom since main steel in the direction of longer span is also already placed. Thus the
overall requirement of steel is generally reduced apart tiom reduction in the tliick~~ess of
slab. The quantity in this case is a b u t 19.7 nun. It is therefore noted that beha~fiourof
slabs (one wayltwo way) iuld the span of the slabs can be adjusted by trying v, ;ous
layouts of beams to achieve a reasonably economical solution. Alternative-I11 is thus found
cheaper than Altemtive-11.

-
Figure 3.5 :Layout-plan of Floor (Alternative 111)
The one way slab layout for alternative-IV as show11 in Figure 3.6 has slab span of 2 nl
and all beams along Y direction are supported at their midspan by beams BzZ.One way
slab is indicated in the layout plru~by a straight line with armws pointing in the direction
of design span. Thus for example slab (S,) in Figure 3.4 is a one way continuous slab
spanning along X direction. The load from slab (S,) is trallsfemed to beams B,,, & Blj and
the span of slab (S,) = 4 metres.
Table 33: Quantity Composition of Various Alternative Layouts
Alternatives in Planning of the I I1 III IV
Floor Slab
Reference Figure No. 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Approxinlate Concrete Qty. (m3) 22.4 20.4 19.7 17.3
Percentage Reduction of quantity with 8.9 12.0 22.7
respect of altwnative(1) (%I)
 Figure 3.6 : Layout Plm of Floor (Alternative-IV) .
Note: For all these nltematives. Figu:.e 3.2.3.4 to 3.6 the npproxi~uaterensonnhle sizes of slnh & hcnnts
:Ire illso statstl ;lntl therehy quantities of concrete for slnh nntl hen111in portioll X x 12 IN hetwecn grid
lines I X: 3 is conrputecl. The quantities are given in Tnhle 3.2.
concrete here is -
about 30% more. It

sides. The analysis

1) Simply supported one way RC slab

2) One way slab simply supported a]one edge and continuous a]the other edge.
Tliere are no supports on the remaini~igtwo opposite edges.
3) One way slabs continuous on both sides in a given direction.
4) A two span continuous slab with equal spans in a given direction.
5) A one way slab continuous over three or Inore umber of approximately equal

6) A two span continuous slab having one way action (indicated as %) with

8) A two way simply supported slab indicated as with various aspect ratio
( L y/ I y) varying in between 1 & 2.
9) A two way slah co~ltinuouso11Iy ill X or Y direction or continuc3us along both
directions.

e coefticie11t.s for computing B.M.at mid span of a silnpIy supported two way slab in
h directions are given in Appendix C of IS 45611978. In case the two way slab panel is
Detailing of Reinforced junctions of continuous slab and niornent distribution conducted to obtain a nlore realistic
Colicrete Construction vdues of support BM and thereby BM at mid span can also be corrected. For more
accurate analysis finite ele~nentanalysis for surface struaures like these two way slab has
to be conducted.
3.2.8 Toilet Slabs and Beams
Figure 3.7 shows layout plan of a two way slab system simply supported on all edges.
Figure 3.8 (ah) sllows a cross-section (MI,M,) of a two way slab near mid spa1 and a
cross section ( E , E , ) at the ends. This detailing will account for the torsional nlomeuts
developed at tlie corners of tlie discontinuous slab. In this portion at the conier, it can be
observed that reioforcenle11t-111eshis provided at top ruld bottom. These nieslics providd
are having area of steel sarile as that required at nid span along the respective spans. As
per IS : 456, the area of steel required iii these mashes is 75% of that at the lilill SP~LII.

(a) Laynut nf Rr4nfnrro111entalong X-dirrrtinn (Layout in Y-directinn is S i ~ ~ t i l n r ) .

~ T Y P mesh
) 8 9@150c/c
a t top/ bottom. At e a c h
corner portion o f
0.6Ly discontinuous s l a b .

0.2

C3
( h )Typleai Reinforcenlent Mesh 81t Corner
Figure 3.7 :Detailing of Reinforcenlent in P h n of Two-wny Slab (DisconUnuou.i $11Ibr I.:clzr\)
 [jetailing of Heinforred
Concrete S t n ~ r t u r s

( A ) SECTION €\-El

r
3.2.9 canopy Slab
Figure 3.8: Iayout of Reinforcement I n Two-way Slnh

e 3.8 showing the layout plan of a school building including auditorium hall.
ce of the building, there is a slab just below the first floor level, projecting
uilding face. This is known as a canopy and is used as a roof-slab for the
onie by cars and halt under it. This slab therefore provides shelter against

rovide a nice elevational feature for the canopy so that entrance is attractive.
eams are generally kept inverted so that soffit of entire canopy is all levelled
ed with a good finish.
Y,) sliows details of canopy slab supported at the soffit of cantilever-beams and
itli equal overhangs beyond grid lines and . Since the length of overhang is
s coinpared to the span, steel of the cantilever is extended mainly at the top
y-slab. The nominal hottonl steel is also provided to account for sagging
e~nperalureand shrinkage requirements.

wo ways of showing the details of reinforcement in the various RC slabs of a

-I: liidicate Ule layout of reinforcements in plan all over the floor. Some times
el'erable to show Uie reinforcements in X direction and Y direction on separate
. Somc engineers
prol'or to show top and hotto~nsteel separately on two different layout plans
h) ) Draw typical sectir>i~
of slah at least for Ulree types of slab members as follows:
1 I ) Typical simply supported slab-panel in tlie given tlmr layout;

1 3) TYPIC;^ c ~ ~ i t i ~ l uslab
o u s witli overh;u~g,preferably on one side only;
3 ) Section U~n)uglitoilet block:
4) Any oUler special cross-section like canopy, balcony, fins, staircaw, etc.
Detailing of Reinforced , c) Some consulting engineers, provide standard details showing cases ( I ) :md (2)
Concrete Construction referred in (b) above. Section tluough toilet block and one more typical section
suitably chosen is also then provided.
Alternative-11: As an alterilative to (I) above it may be adequate to provide
a) Standard details showiilg cases of
i) simply supported slab
ii) multispan slab with one end-panel simply supported and cantileverloverhang
portion at the other end panel
b) Typical section through toilet-block and other necessary sections.
c) write detailed schedule in tabular form with reference to the standard details given
in (a) above. Attempt is made to give written norms of standardisation.
Since the second altemative is simpler and faster, the general practice in many offices is to
adopt Alternative-I1 giving additional details wherever required.
'
However when floor system is quite conlplex and non-standard, it is difficult to indicate
correct explanation by Alternative-I1in terms of the schedule and Alternative-I in which
drawing is primarily in every part of the t'loor self explanatory is then preferable.
3.3.1 Simply Supported Slab with Overhang on One Side
Consider a span AB of 3 metres of WRC slab with overhang OA = (a) of 12 metres as
shown in Figure 3.9. It is u practice to provide steel for the canMever BM =[$]and
extend this steel provided at top face of the overhang say 8 $ @I50c/c upto 1.2 metre
(= a) inside the span AB as shown in Figure 3.10. The reinforcement at bottom say 8 $I
@ 150 c/c can be placed independently and alternate bars need not be bent up; and can be
curtailed at location( Ld2) beyond theoretical cut off-point where 50% of steel is not
necessary (i.e. where the B.M. is 50% of the maximum B.M. near midspan).
It can be shown in this case that point of zero BM occurs at 0.08 L from support A and
point of 50% of Maximum the BM is at 0.2 L from support A. In case M-15 concrete is
used in construction, the value of w 2 for steel of Fe-415 is nearly of the bar = 240 mm
away from 0.2 L = 600mm . Hence the distance of actual cut off is (600 - 240 = 360mm)
from centre-line of support A. Adopt safer value of 300 mm which is shown in detailing in
Figure (3.10 - B). It can also be checked that maximum the BM (occuring at about 0.42L
from end B) is approximately same as maximum nagative BM at support A.

Slab 1 Sb)

Figure 3.9 :Section (Y3 Y3) through the Toilet Block

 Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures

OD4L - 1, L =3000
mrn
,-4
( A ) LOADING DIAGRAM

( B) REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT
F l p r e 3.10 :Detailing of RC Slab wllh Overhang (An )
n of point (near support B), where +ve the BM is 50% of the nlaxi~numBM can
ed to be 0.12 L = 360 rnm. the actual cut off point from (B) can be (360- 240)
lisibly small. Hence actual cut off point of 50% of steel can be taken at the
f support B and remaining 50% of steel (i.e. bl2) is cranked back at top face
ni~numto cater for any BM developed whose maximum value is not greater
which is 113rd of maximum the BM under fully simply supported case.
Case of a Symmetrical Three-span Continuous Slab with
nequal Spans
efer Figure 3.11 (a) to note dimensions of a three span continuous slab. The
is much smaller and is 30% of that of the two end-spans. Under the condition
y distributed dead-load (DL) which is all over the length the BM can be
to be negative tlwou hout the central span. Further it can also be checked that
4
ve-load say 4 kNIm is placed only on the central span, the net bending
is span still r e w s hogging (i.e negative) The deflected shape of the slab is
in Figure 3.1 1 (a). The hogging curvature in position indicates negative BM.

I (A) DIMENSIONS OF SLAB WITH LOADS

of symmetry
a P.I3
1++60 I $
; 1"
1 0l
-fi Oigo~ c / (a
c
a
I I

4000 1 1 2

@ 0
( 8 ) LAYOUT OF REINFORCEMENT

Figure 3.11 r Thm Span One-way ConUnuous Slnh 4 t h Unequal Spans

L)rtailil:): rtt Reillforced Hence the top steel provided over support (B) IS extended stra~ghtbcyoncl \upporr (C') I)y a
Concrete Conftruction
dlstancc of about (U3) as shown in Figure 3.1 1 (b) Tlie design ot tll~stop \tccI over Illc
support will be based on computation negative BM developed u~lrlerthe conib~llal~or~ 01
DL and LL as follows:
1) DL all over the length
2) LL only on the two end-spans AB and CD
When 4, the central span, is reduced below (0.3 L,), the negative BM incrcahch and
maximum value can be (wL128) and the point of contratlexure ( ~ e r oBM) is about ( L , / 4 )
from support B. The portion of span AB from end A is sagging and distance ol the point
13 4
from support A where BM is 50% of maximum positive BM is - ( ) w J l i c l l is
7 4
approximately O.lL1 from A. If the alternate bars are to be bent up a1 0.1 L , , l l ~ i hsrccl a1
top will be very close to support A and in case of end-span less than 2.5 Iiictrcs rlic helit up
top steel may be within the width of the beam A only.
With this consideration for the end-span it is preferable to
1) extend all bottom steel straight upto Ihe discontinuous support at A.
2) curtail 50% of bottom steel almost at centre line of support A as shown in F~gure
3.1l(h), and
3) remaining 50% of steel can be cranked hack and taken along top face to :i distl-ulce
of 0.15 Ll or a minimum of 50 times diameter of the bar.
Case (b) : Consider another case of a three-span symmetrical-continuous slab where
central span is more than twice the end-spans as shown in Figure 3.12(a)(b)(c). In this case
the deflected shape shows sagging curvature in longer-span (BC) and hogging in two
adjacent spans AB and CD. Figure 3.1 2 (b) shows the corresponding BM diagram.

( A ) DIMENSIONS OF SLAB -SPAN

( 0 ) BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

I C 1 LAYOUT OF REINFORCEMENT

Figure 3.12 : Detailing of Three-span Continuous Slab d Unequal Spans

Based on the above referred behaviour of the slab, the details of reinforcement is indicated
in Figure 3.12 (c) where the top steel over the supports B and C is extended over full span
AB and CD respectively. It is necessary to analyse the continuous slab and determine
maximum negative BM at the supports B and C and the maximum positive B M in ce~ltral
 The hottom steel (b) is maximuni in central spa1 and either only 50% is extended Detailing of Reinforced
+
acent span or even 33% (1.e. 8 @ 300%) can also be extended in positions AB
Concrete Structures

Theoretically no steel at bottom need be placed however it is always a good

place nlini~numsteel at botton~to take care of eventualities such as
1,i) part construction is done in AB for a substa~~tialperiod, and
i i ) sequence of de-shuttering is done first for AB UIUI later on for BC etc.
ous slab of three or more spans of approximately equal spans and approximately
ads can be analysed based on BM coefticients in IS 456. T l ~ BM e coefficients for a
s slab of two equal spans are also available in standard Design Handbooks (like
gner's Manual by Array). In case of unequal spans for which coefticients are not
1 analysis like moment distribution is necessary to draw BM diagram of the
nd then detail the slab correctly to avoid any structural cracks.
1
3.3.3 Lintel and Chajja
lu~nnspacing along external face of building is quite high and window length is
large, lintels are provided over window opening with a bearing of about 300 mrn
khlock walls adjacent to the window/door opening. The chaija is a slab
g beyond wall-face and acts as a cantilever supported from lintel and shovrn in

for the drainage of rain water the top surface of chaj-ja slab (SCH) is sloping
and generally the free end is about 20 to 25 nlm below the level of its junction

ess of chajja is generally 100 mm at the junction for cantilever lengths of

1 metre. The top steel of chajja's well anchored inside the lintel, as shown in
3.13(b). The anchorage length (ABCD) beyond the ju~ictionshould be taken of -
L, is the development length out of the top steel in chajja at least about
ed back along its bottom face, so that while deshuttering even if the last piop

tl----7.
is temporarily below the free end of the chajja, the bottom steel should take
tom tension under the self-weight of the slab only.
Floor-slab level
.

Lintel
( LB1)

Flpure 3.13(a) :Typical Details of Lintel ( LBI) and Chajja ( SCHI)

(MstribuUon Steel d Staggered at Top and Bottom, say 10 (@ 200 dc)

at the props below chajja should not be removed till the brick work
beam and the lintel is constructed and also R.C. from the slabtbeam is
pect is necessary for stability of the lintel beam which is simply supported on
onry adjacent to the window opening.
n lintel beam is supported on the RC column directly, we can even design
the primary torsional-moment on it due to self weight of chajja slab. This
s necessary when there are continuous opening over the iintel beam to

(b) shows improvement at free end of the chajja where rains are heavy. Mady
reenters the window along CNC. The nosing details shown prevents such
 -
Detailing d Reinford movement. The gap of 75 mm between the soffit of chajja and soffit of lintel is to take care
Codcrete Construction that windowldocx shutters can open clearly under the nosing.
Floor slab level

Floor beam

Lintel
1LBI)

mun 113(b) c Improved lkaPll d L%aJJmUntel by Providing Nalng End tor Ralnmtrr
3.3.4 Terminology of Standard Details
It is proposed to introduce here the terminology of Standard Z1etail.v. These are a set of
general drawings in which details of routinelstandard members are covered giving layout
of reinforcement. Every bar is marked covering large number of buildings at their various
floor levels.
Consider a case of a simply supported one way slah with span (L) from centre to centre of
the supporting beams B, and B, as shown in Figure 3.14(a) where X and Y are indicated as
reference directions. Most of the slabs are supported generally on all the four edges ant1
have span L, in X direction and L, in Y direction with respect to other set of edge beams
B, and B,. It is assumed here that Ly>2 Lx and the slab is one way. The inain steel (a) is
shown in direction of shorter span L = L, as shown in the Figure. When the span of slab is
less than 2 metres (For most of the toilet slabs spans are even as small as 1.4 metres), the
location of the point of 50% of the BM fmm centre line of supports B, is too sillall a
distance generally about (U7). Hence alternate bars should not be bent up. However this
bottom steel (a) should he extended further towards support by a distance of abut 25@
Hence 50% (i.e., d 2 ) of the steel is curtailed at almost the centre line of support as shown
and the remaining 50%(i.e., d 2 ) of the steel is then to be cranked back upto a distance of
0.15L or say 50 @ along the top face, to resist any possible hogging moment at such
suppqrt. This distance is referred to as (E) in the Figure 3.14(a), (b) shows a partlayout
plan of this slah marked (S,). The details of bending of 50% (i.e., d 2 ) of the steel at each
end B, and B, are shown in such a way that all the bars have same cutting and bending
schedule and placement of alternate bars is only in a reverse fashion. The marking of a
typical bar is indicated by a big dot and the arrow location on the line drawn through this
dot in direction perpendicular to bars (a), indicates the extent to which this type of bars
(d2) are provided. It is to be noted that no laps are expected on these bars. Since the
maximum length of these can be ahwt 5 metres.
The distribu.tion steel marked (d) is provided along Y direction with first bar Dl starting at
about 50 mm to 60 mm away from the face of supporting beam Bl as shown in section
XIXI. In the layout planthe location of these end bars (Dl and D,) are meant for showing
extent of the distribution steel (d) which is indicated qs per sign conventions explained
above. In case the length Ly is too large and lap is required to be provided for the
distribution steel, a nominal small lap-length of 300 rnm be provided as shown in Figdre
3.14(b).
It is to be noted that in the standard details, the bars are only indicated by a mark like
(a,b,c,d etc), the distances are indicated in terms of spans (like L,L,,L, etc.). However,'
numerical values are not to be given except special minimum 'distances. With the help of
this nomenclature, a schedule in a tabular form is required to be given, wherein the
numerical details of each slab-mark is given in a systematic way. This will be explained
for the next case of slab.
I
?
I
I
C
In the case of drawing referred to as rypical details which is different from standard derail
of a g ven slab in a given layout plan, the section of this slab is tn he indicated in the layout
plan d numerical values such as diameter of bars (a), their spacing is expected to be
given This typical detail can be same for a number of slabs ir. the given layout.
3.3.4 Standard Details of s Continuous Slab
ase of one-way continuous slab of 4 or more number of spans which are all
Detnlling of Reinforced
Concrete S t ~ d ~ r c s

1 kly equal having variation of less than 15% between maximum or minimum
i

in IS code can he used here to determine critical values of support BM as

dspan BM and the corresponding tension steel required can he worked out, at
ons. Figure 3.14 shows (a) part layout plan and (b) section XlX, for only two
nd part of slab S, of the continuous slab. The spans L,, 4.L3 are
slabs S, S2and S3 both in plan and section.
are two alternatives of detailing a continuous slab in the offices of various
ltants and are explained below:
tive - I :Main steel for slabs S,,S2,S, will be denoted by notation a,, ", a,
ely m d in general as a when referring the schedule of slab. Similarly distribution
noted as d,,d2 for slabs S, and S2 respectively and in general as 'd', for the
the schedule. The distribution steel for main bars at top is denoted as 'd'.
end slab S,, the supporting beam B, is a disccwtinuous or simple supported.
B2, B3 are not discontinuous ones. The slab is continuous
interior supports B2.B3 etc, the hogging hending moments are
and reinforcement at top b2,b- etc is required to be provided over supporting

E = 0151 or
(min = SOX@)

Slab 151
I

Bea ( a ) Hain-sfeel
1 Bl

L
t (c/c of supporting beams) ( of beam ( 8 )

(a) Section ( X i Xi) d o n e Way Slab (S1)

Notes :Q = Diameter of Bx
(E)*= 0.15 L with Minimum of 50 x )
port B2 next to the ultimate or end support B, is called as penultimate support and
as well as shear force at this su ppon is highest as compared to those at other

area of steel (b2) in general is larger than that over other interior supports like b3.
er the extent indicated as generally(F)of this steel ill the end span S , is required to.be
tre line of penultimate support B2 while on the internal span S2 it can be (F, =
esser to tik extent of F2 = (L2/4) or 0.254. Generally the extent provided is sametw
ide and equal to greater of (0.3L1) or (0.3L2) whql spans L,and 4 are unequal. The
pan is referred as L, in general.
Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Construction.

(b)Part Plan of Slab (Si)

-
Note : Lap for Distribution Steel 300 mm
Figure 3.14(a,h) :Layout of Reinforcement for Simply-supported One-way SIah
Y
Notes : 1) Reference 1)irection
Lx
However for other interior supports (such as B,), the extent can be 0.25 L where L is
higher of the two adjacent spans on either side of that interior support. It is to be further
noted that minimum length of extent has to be the development length i)f the bar.
The bottom steel in the end span can be curtailed near the end (discontinuous) support B,
on the same lines as the earlier case (3.3.4) shown inFigure 3.14 of the simply supported
slab where both ends are discontinuous supports. Similar to Figure. 3.14 (a), the SO'%) ofa,
is cranked back at B, as shown in Figure 3.14(b). 50% of the bottom steel a, or a, over
continuous support is curtailed earlier to the support at distance 50 m m before face of and
remaining 50% can be curtailed at a distance 50 mm beyond the opposite face of the beam.
The curtailment points for a,/a2 are shown accordingly.
Refer layout plan in Figure 3.14(a) where exact cutting and bending details are indicated
and clarified. When providing separate steel b2,b3 over continuous supports, it can be
noted that alternate bars (b) can be bent-down and lapped by about 100 mm with the main
steel. These alternate bars (similar to Ghoda-bars called on site) help in maintaiiliilg the top
steel (b2.b3) at its desired level.
As far as the standard details are concerned, these are providing only a qualitative
information. To provide the numerical details of the slab, there are two practices tidlowed:
a) Provide a full layout plan indicating the marks of slabs S1,S2 and so 011, iiidicating also by
symbol either one way or two way (slabs). In these full layout plan sliow layout ol'main
steel and distribution steel. The maill steel at bottom (a) and the top steel (b) over the
support are to be specified completely numerically stated in plan. To this extent the layout
,plan shown in Figure 3.14(b)needs to be improved over the full area of tlietl(w)r.Figure
3,14(b)itself is only a form to explain only the standard details.
b) Instead of showing numerical details of all the slabs on the entire floor-plan, the other

I
practice is only to indicate slabmarks (such as SI, S2etc) on the layout plal and write
numerical details for all such slabs in a separate tabular fonn called as scl~eduleof slabs.
An example showing tlle format of tl~eschedule is shown in Table 3.1.
The main steel (e) and (f) marked in the schedule along long-span is not applicable for
one way slab (S1)hence is written against these columns. The assumed design values of
thickness of slab S and the details of bar diameter and the correspo~ldingspaci~gwritten
in first row of the schedule is oilly to explain how sclledule can be filled up for bottom
steel (near midspan) and top steel (continyousover supports). Tlie last colu~nuof remarks
I
indicated -200 for slab S l. This means that top level of the slab S 1 is 200 m m below the
normal floor level.
 Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
i) at bottom near midspan is marked as (e), and
ii) at top over continuous supports is marked as (f).

At Bottom Along

8@(a 1 7 5 ~ 1 ~ 8@(a 200dc 8 41 (a 125 clc 8 @ O 250 d c Reqd. at Top

over ( ) over (4) (ds?
8 I$ (a' 300 CIC
I

SC 1 Tapenng One Way Refer - Details In (C1)Say 8 @ ( ~ 1 2 0 c / c - e v e r y (d')-

Slah 100 Canillever Fig. (3.3.4) Anchorage Length second bar c m n k d back 8$(~300clc
to 75 ABCI) = LD (a Top &
MM Bottom
(Top Staggered
Face
Sloping
Down

1 Table 3.2: Schedule of R.C.Slabs (M 15) as (Alternative-11)

*te :Main bars to be alternately bent up on contlnimous support & cranked dlsconUnuous support Refer -
standard details
Main Reinforcement
At Bottom Along
Distribution Steel
Span (bj) Dia Long Span (ej) Dia (d)j
TYPC Spacing Spacing or Remarks
(d ~ J K
SI 125 One Way (al) say 1% (@ ISOCIC 8@Q225dcBottom At (-20()) 1.c. Suok by
8 3(X) dc Top 2 ~ M) M. B C I ~ ) ~
Normal Floor 1,zvr.l

Ss 100 Two Way 841 (a 1 2 . 5 ~ ~ ~ 84 66 175 CIC At Top

8 41 C 250 CIC

ST1 175 Oneway 1 2 $ - 10Nos. 8 I$ (a' 250 CIC Sta~rs- (Refel I)zt.~~is)
(waist)

SCI 100 One Way Top Steel for Cantilever only 8 @ (a 250 d c Ihop P n ~ a dI ~' r c n ~tiJ ~
Cantilever 8 @ (a 120 clc Refer Figure (3.2.3.1) wlth 1)zpth = XOO Inln
U
03
 I
A ternative-11 :I n the case of a continuous slab, the top steel at support can be provided in Detailing d Reinforced
a ifferent way than what is shown independently, marked as b2, in Figure 3.17 (a,b). Concrete Structures

t
Detailing of Reinforced The alternative arrangement is shown in Figure 3.17 (ah) as standard details. I11 this
Conc?rete Construction second alternative, generally 50% of the mid-span steel (a,) and (a,) from end SpiUl L, iuld
other next span (L,), is bent up as shown so tkiN steel requirement (b2) at suppott on grid
line (2) is met with. Thus
...(la)

Also top steel (b3) over support ( g i d 3) is adjusted by bent up steel from the two adjacent
spans 4 and L3,Thus

However if the reinforce~llentrequirements al,a2,a3is much lesser in the nlid-spans then it

is possible that.

In s11c11circumstances, additional steel k; , & is required to be provided over supports (2),

(3) respectively so that

In general fronl the point of view of least-congestion of steel and clean construction, it is
not convenient to have variety of bars at a given support when extra bars ,etc. are
provided. Placing of steel is not systematic and checking of the same becoilles difficult.
Hence as far as possible, it nlay he better to avoid additional bars (&),(x,)
etc rultl
provide more steel al,a2 and a, so that equations I , I, are satisfied.
The location of bellding up 50% of thesteel from span L, can be adopted at distance 0.2 L1
from centre-line of suppotting bean1 on grid line 2. Generally the point of countra tlexure
( p i n t of zero B.M.) in cc>ntinuousslabheam is at about 0.2 L, and hence point al which
bottom steel call be beilt up is taken at 0.2 L, from the centre line of respective interior
support.
In case of Alternative - I, we are not bending up the bottom steel. Instead 50% of bottom
steel was curtailed at certain distance(A,) froni support(2). This distance of curtailnienl can
be generally adopted as A,= 0.1 L, for end span L, and A, = 0 . 1 4 for hcittom steel in next
span L,.
In the standard details, shown in Figure 3.14 (b), it is shown as 50 Inm from face of the
respective suppxting beams.
As far as practice (A) of detailing is concerned. a layout plan of how alternate bars out of
(a,) and (a2) are bent up is shown typically in Figure 3.16 (a). This Figures helps to give
pictorial view to the contractor, how each bar is cut and bent location wise. The detailing -
of top steel over e~ld-supportand discontinuous support 1 is similar in both the alternatives.
Considering both the Alternatives (I) and (11), it is observed that Alternative I showi in
Figure 3.15 is preferable and faster in placeinent and can be correctly placed in proper
level specially when floor slab thicknesses are different in different portions of the same
tlc~~r.
In practice A, the reinforcenleilt details for all the slab panels in the entire t l m r is to be
dmwl what is shown similar to standard details. However the main difference is that we
give all actual llulnerical details such as diameter of bar alongwith its spacing wliich are
required to be indicated. Tlie actual distances of the location of the bent up bar or
curtailment locations etc. are to be mentioned.
 11 asecond practice B wherein we replace h e dr;rwing ot'lull reinforcement tietailing
layout plan by a schedule of reinforcement in a tabular Torn1 IS g ~ v atypically
i in
e 3.2. I n this table, the columls of the top steel hars 'h' anrl 'f' which were providetl In
e 3.1 are removed. Instead a ge~icralnote is given that main bars of hottoln steel
ided at nlidspan to be alternately bent up and extenclccl beyond the interior support to a
rulce as in st;indard details give11in Figure 3.1h (a,h).

)tilever wall under outward horizontal load duc to persons leaving against it assuming
ity at its base. These bars are shown extended and ancliored in hotto111paradi in

Figure 3.11 : Balcony Slah wit11 Psmyrt-wall and I)rop.y;~r;~di

3.3.7 Philosophy of Detailing of RC Beams

i) It is provitlcd to rcsist tlic verticnl Io;~dsoli it :ultl tr:ulsicrh 111c\:llnc to (hc colurn~~h
011
which it is supported. Tile verticd load is reccivctl Iro11ls1;tha. .:ill and Ilvating colulu~

ii) It also llelps i l l resist~nglater:iJ lonrl (wiiltl or car.thqu;~kclon the structure ;ulJ thereby
rcrluces thu 1~ori~o11t71 defeclio~l;rl thc Iloor level. Thc b~.;u11.\ :lncl C O I U I ~ ~ I IinS a plvcli
\rrr.t~u~l gl:~ncGIII Linn ;I lipid-joi~ltcdpI:~nct'ran~e:~i!cl C;III I)e cle.;~g~~eil ro act ;LS
I-i:ritl-jointedplan< f r m e hy correcfly dctailinp the rciuforcerncot in it so tllat 1:ncr;ll
i1cfli:ctic~l:iit1 tho i'lorl~I::vc! I S br'c)~gli~
witllil~the v:iluc ot pcni~~xhihlc li~iiit.

In cast: of hot11 thi: beanis it is a goorl eliglneerulp prartlcc to i:x~c~id tlic tophotto111
reinforcement arid suitably anchor Uie saliie i n ~ t suppc~ilig-nrcnibcr.
s In case tlie bean1
has to perform role No. two also, the stecl requiretl at top a ~ l db o l l o ~ at
~ i its ~ulictianwit11
colunui. Such a detailing of steel in the beams is show11later in cliapters after Uie BMD
under lateral load are studied in later chapters. Whcrc beams d o 11otparticipate in a frarne,
the top and bottom steel in tlie end colunin or intenor column will be hasecl on only the
vertical load analysis. This aspect was already cliscusscli ill U I I I I No.2
I)rt.riirng of Reinforcad The schedule to he written in tabular form will also be explained later, along with Ule
Concrete Constralctrnn
cietailing of the beam under lateral loads also.

3.4 STAIRS AND RETAINING-WALL

Concepts used in design of RCC slabs can be applied to the cases of stalrs, with two
fliphts, three flights and cases of retaining walls either of cantilever type or counerfort
type. The applications can be made in different units where surface sfrucures are used.
Water tank is also a case of study of RC slabs considering uncracked sections theory.
3.4.1 Dog-legged Stairs
Refer Figure 3.18 and Figure 3.19 which provide an architech~rallayout plan and structural
layout plan respectively for the staircase unit. Beam PB, is shown at plinth level and the
t'irst flight marked FL-I is an inclined slab as shown in elevation Figure 3.18 supported on
plinth beam PB,,and the mid landing beam MLB, at mid-land level. Since in this case the
entry to the building is from below MLB, itself, this beam is made inverted so a.. to get
adequate head room from the person. As per the dimensions indicated in the Figure 3.2 and
Figure 3.19 drawn isolated, the horizontal span of the flight FL-1is about 5.03 metres. The
overall thickness of 220 rnm is adopted approximately to satisfy both bending as well as
deflection criteria.

C Column (A31
\ E)SI--~ I
I I
'
II L - ------ ----
p18151 -
I
I
I Floor level
I P4.600
4-c-

v2.600

I:

Span (12- x 2751

( 5030mm 1
-._ Founddim

( b 1 ELEVATION I
SECTlONtYl- Y 1 1

6000 4--
@ @
( a l LAYOUT PLAN I Plinth - MIL )
Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Stmctures
Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Construction

( b ) SECTION XI- XI

Figure 3.20 {a,b) : Architcctunl Layout Plan of Stairs (with Midlanding Slab O v e d ~ n ~ ~ g i ~ ~ g )
The flight FI,-2 from MLB, to tl(n)r beam B , is a continuous slab over beam R while ,,
flight FL-1 is a simply supportetl slab.
Figure 3.19 (a) shows details of reinfotci-rnenl rlualitatively for the tliglit F1,- I . At the
junction (M) of wai~t-slaband tile mid- !anding platform the tx)t(orn reinforcenient should
not be hent along the profile L M N of the stairs. In case it 1s hent along LMN the free body
c!iagram of a slnall portion of h e benl bar I.,Ml\i under tension T is shown in
Fieurc 3.19 (c). This portion is likely t o straightened and in doing so due to resultant force
K Gii- bar will come out by pushing out the cover concrete below. ~ence'thish!ttoni steel
along Nhf is lo be extended straight to MO as sliown in detailing up to top filce and tlien
bent to a le~igthOP so h a t we get the required developnlent length. At tlie sinlple support
ol' MLB I aid PB, top steel 10 NO-1 2$ are provided upto distarice 0.15L =750 nu11 I'rorn
centre line of MLB,. The full development length 4)for 12 6 bars with M I 5 concrete
under limit state approach of design is less than 60$ (i.e. 720 ~nm).
The distribution steel on top and bottom together ~houldbe more than 0.12% of gross
sectional area. 8 mm diameter bars Cn) 180 clc on bottom face alone satisfies tlie
 uirenrent. Hence at places where distribution steel ('d') is also required at top,~tcan he
8 6 @ 300 c/c since it is an additional steel.
~ r t k that
r top face and the nose of each step should not crack under abrasion due to
vement of cup-boards and other iterns or due to temperature effect, it is a practice to
vide nosing reinforcements which consists of steel bars along the free edge (or nose)
1 No.8 6 and lateral steel similar Lo stirrup of which horizontal bar a1 top is along
zontal face of the step. Typical details are shown in Figure 3.19 (a).
details of reinforcement for flight FL-2 is shown in Figure 3.19 (h). In this case the
om bars ar the lower kink-point (M ') can be bent along the profile L' M ' N ' since for
bars the resultant force is upward. It is noted that a large thickness of core of concrete
place and it prevents bar L' M ' N ' from straighteaing action. The other details of
rcement are si~lularto that of FL-1 except Ulat top steel over continuous support B,
be provided. This steel does depend on mode of construction sequence. However
about 75% of that required at midspan is on conservative side. The extent of steel on
side should be about U4.

.2 Overhanging Midlanding
n the midlanding beam is proposed to be provided at the junction of the waist and
anding platform, it is preferable that entry to the stairs is not from below the
anding. In such a case the mid landing beam can be provided with its rib below the
ge, It is to be noted that in this case, inverted bean] is not feasibly from consideration

re 3.20 (a,b) shows a staircase with midlanding slab as overhanging beyond the
anding beam. Thus,the thickness of such slab with spa; of a b u t 3700 nl111can be
pted as 160 mm considering even a live-load of 4 kN/m-.
e reinforcement detailing is shown in Figure 3.21 in its flight from plinth beam PB, to
B,. It is to be noted that top of steel of cantilever slab 1.25 metre long is to be extended
ide the waist slah by at least the same distance of 1.25 metres.

W A I S T - 160 M M

Figure 3.21 :Structural Details Sectlon XI-XI

314.3 Staircase with Three Flights

hows a layout plan of a three flight staircase going around a left well of
nsions 2250 = L, x 2200 Ly with wall thickness of 200 mm of the well. The
flights 1 , 2 and 3 is 1100 mm.The floor beams are available along the
staircase at only floor level. The floor to floor height is 3.75 metres.
given typical floor at 10.000 metres the first mid-landing level is 11.200
ond mid-landing level is 12.550 metres and the next upper floor-level is
The waist of the flight should normally meet the beams on it vertical faces
noted in sections YIYI and Y,Y,. The top steel in slah of the tlight should preferably
ly across the top face of the beam3 (i.e. along top horizontal run of the

is to he noted that a brick wall or RC wall W, is required to be raised over bean] B, so as

support waist slab of tlight FL-1 on it at first mid-l;ulding level. Si~rlilarlyflight-3 is
SECTION Y,Yq
) 14.4 Spiral Stairs
Spiral stair is a small size staircase circular in plan and is meant for a few storeys, It is
generally constructed using precast RCC steps which are trapezium in plan with a hollow
ring at one of its ends as shown in layout plan of Figure 3.23 (a).

Ring link 6 1 @ 125 C/C

6 Nos 12 f- Near periphery

icover 2Omm I
I

Links - 5 nos

SECT ION X r X 1 '. (150 long I

levatiou of a typical step A, A, = BIB2is shown in Figure 3.23 (b) wherein it is

ed that each step is a cantilever beam of s e d a n 60 x 150 rnm near the ring and
75 mm at the free end. The top steel should he anchored over two rings R of 10
d then extended along bottom face as shown in Figure 3.23 (b). Nominal stimps of
0 c/c can he checked for its design. The actual reinforcement is to be designed for

sl steps (A1 A2 = BJ32 ),(BIB2= C,C2)etc. are kept one above the other with
co-axial and Steps adjusted in their radial-orientations so that back-face of one
th front-face Of the other with a marginal lap wherever available. The hollow
I the steps being continuous, cast in situ concrete can be filled in this after
ur to six longitudinal (i.e. vertical) bars of 124) with circular helical links 6 0
)wa ill Figure 3.23 (c). Sime the vertical shaft of cast-in situ circular column
( ~4,
i it sht-uldhe \atefarally ~upponedby snnll beanu at suitaMe

1
2 to .4 meters centre to centre.
x)d.:,di,~gof Reirtfosccrl 1: old buildings Uie ca5t-irorlhelical slurcase wcre used for arranging 21 spc~i;~i
;itjriit,ionk;r"l
.,...
.a ' ..-,..r..
. a z:, il:\rtstsucticrpz
access. In industl.ies, such staircase was used as fire escape purposes. N ~ I W
31kC-C spiral
staircase is prcl'erable lo a ~ast-ir(,m
OIIC

3.4.5 Retaining Wall

Many times we have basement 111 the building which may he 2.5 to 4 metrc.h below ground
le-XI. A retaining =,vallhas to be c.)nstructcd so hat it can salcly reslst lateral preshutc of
soil on its outsrde and also that of water ~t water table exists 111thls depth.
Sinlilarly when the ground is sloping and the adjacent buildings are havilig lllcir plilltli
level at different reduced levels, it is required to construct a wall to relaill carth on o ~ l cside
Generally weep holes of 150 mm diameter pipe pieces are provided in the wall a1 grounci
level spaced at about 1.5 metres to 2 metres centre to centre horizontally and also vert~cally
as shown in Figure 3.24 (a,b) so as to drain out any water that is collected In rctaioctl cart11
due to rains. Thus the wall need not be designed for any water pressure prov~tletlsuch as
drainage of water on downstream side of wall is permitted.
Figure 3.24 (ah) shows section and side elevation (view YIY,) of a Lantllever lype
retaining wall. Up to about 1.1 m, a masonry retaining wall is generallycLonoiilical.
Cantilever retaining wall is constructed when height of new formation level 01 rclained
earth above the ground level on thc other sidc is less than about 5 to 5.5 metres
For the purpose of easy-drainage oc water through the weep-holes about 450 ninl w ~ d e
filter medium of metal (100 to 150 Inm size) and sand is initially placed near t1)e upstreanl
face of wall aid then the earth is retained. The part of base slab below retained carth 1s
called as "heel" and the other part as "toe". The vertical wall is "stenz", n i e stem acts as
cantilever fixed at the base allowing top end to detlect towards left. Steel slah is also a
cantelever imder jearoer-downward load is again a cantilever under upward sod pressure.
Thc width of base slab 1s generally in the range of 65 to 80% of height.
When the height of earth retained above ground levcl is Inore than 5.5 metrcs, 11 is cheaper
to provide counter-fort type (or but'tess type) retaining wall shown in Figure 3.25 (a,b,c).
The counterforts can be provided et a spacing of 2.5 metres to 4 metres cenlre to centre.
The horizontal load acting on stem wall is initially transferred to ccwntet'forl wall?,hy
means of horizontal bending of the stem. For transferring the load to coun1crl)rts.
reinforcement ties (t,) are provided so that load transfer is through the hontl bctwceu Lhc
tles and the concrete of counterfort. The length of these ties should therefi)rc hc ill lcasl
equal to bond-length on either side of the junction.
The counterfort wall then acts as a cantilever fixed at its base with the Lcval-slab. Tlie wall
is also tied with reinforcement ties (4) as shown in Figure 3.4.8 for mouolitli~cconnecting.
Due to immense horizontal earth pressure the counterforts have a tendency to twcrturn in
anticlockwise direction. However, the vertical downward load of retained earth ovcr the
heel-slab balances the overturning moment completely and does not allow the lieel slab to
get lifted upward. Heel slab is a continuous slab supported on a senes of counte~lonsunder
generally a net downward load.
Figure 3.25 shows the detailing of reinforcements in cantilever retaining wall. Thc width
of base slab (i:e. Toe + Heel) is generally (0.65 to 0.75) d height of stem. The toe slab
projection is generally a b u t 113rd of the width of base slab. For reason of economy the
thickness of all slabs are tapered so as to reduce it to about 200 mm at their free ends.
Figure 3.26 shows the reinforcement layout in stem wall, counterfort and tne-slab of a
counterfort type retaining wall. The toe-slab acts as cantilever even in the case of
counterfort type retaining wall, while stem is partly a cantilever in its lower portion
generally up to a height of a b u t 0.25 H to 0.3 Hand bending horizontally over continuous
supports of counterforts in the upper portion.
Figure 3.27 shows the reinforcement layout of heel slab along section Y,Y,pruallel to
stem wall. It may be advisable to provide haunch in the heel-slab from shear considerat~on.
The horizontal steel provided caters for (a) ties (I,) for transfer d horizo~italload, (b)
stirrups to resist the horizontal shear force in counterfort.
 -
-.

350 TO 4 5 0 M.M.

- COARSE MEDIUM OF
METAL (100 ~ 0 1 5 0 ~ ~ ) WEEP - HOLE3
WITH EQUAL 5AND

u,
-
HEEL SLAB

TYPICAL 5ECTION OF (R/w)

SCALE. - f '500 SCALE - 1 ' 500

C ~ g u r e3.24 (a,b) :Cantilever Type Retaining WsJl with Drainage Facility

Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Conftr~lction LEVEL (>F F A R T H - RETA\NED

SCALE -1 : 300

Figure 3.25 (a,b) :Detalls (Typical) of Reinrorcement In Cantilever ReLalnlng Wall

The alternate horizontal bars which will be going full depth of counterfon wall are to he
designed for resisting shear force in the counterfort wall while the remaining alternate bars
designed as horizontal ties. These ties can he extended on earth side of the junction (i.e.
wall and counterfort) to a distance equal to development length(k).
Factor of Safety against Sliding
When frictional resistance offered at foundation level does not provide a;dequate factor of
safety to balance the horizontal forces due to earth pressure and surcharge if any, a shear
key is required to he provided below the base slab to achieve the required safety margin
against-sliding. The typical details of a shear key is shown in Figure 3.30. The shear key
needs to he properly designed for its thickness and reinforcements considering the shear
and B.M. on it.
 ( C ) VIEW ( Y q - Y r )

3800
( a ) LAYOUT PLAN WITH HORIZONTAL-TIES
AT SECTION I 21- 211

F~gure3.245 (a,b,c) :Counterfort Type Retaining Wall

D d n g of Reinforced
Concrete Construction

.-. -.

SECTIONAL PLAN ( Z l - Z l )

Figure 3.27 : Rdnforcemrnt Details In Skm, Toe & Cwnbrfod T l a (le)and (iv) to be ~ d d e d
PI^ per Flgure 3.24(a.b.c)

Vort~col-tres I t v
12 f @ 170 c l c

Figure 3.28 :OctPlb of Heel S b b In Sectlon T2 TZ

 Fiyurc 330 :. 'l'ypirul
I Figure 3.29 :Detnils at Jolnt (L) 1)etails 1 1 Kcy

Draw to a suitable scide a layout plan of a continuous beam of size 300 x 800 mm
over tliree spans. The two end spans being 8 metres while central one is 4 metres.
I1 is constructed monolitliically witl~RCC slab 120 mm thick which is one way
continuous in direction perpendicular to the beam. The slab 20 x 9 m is spanning
over four beams equispxed at 3 metres d c and overhanging by 0.75 metres on
cltller sidc.
The slab is subjected to an imposed live load of 5 k ~ / mAssuming
~. the slab to be
151)mm tliick, draw a neat detail of tl~ecot~tinuousslab.
Rettmnp (i) above, draw to a suitable scale elevation of an internal continuous
beam of total lengtll of 20 melres and show tl~elayout of reinforcement details.
Draw also two cross sectio~isone at middle of end span and other at middle of
celltral sp'm.
Write a suitable schedule of reinforcement detail of the slab referred in (i).
Draw also a layout plai of the complete floor to indicate the reinforcement detail
in slab-panels. This part is an alternative to schedule.
Write a suitable schedule of reinforcement detail of the continuous beam referred
in (ii)
Draw a neat sketch of a dog-legged staircase of 3.5 x 5 m plan-dimension and
details of a flight from plinth level to midlanding level.

$5
1
I
DESIGN CONCEPTS OF RC FRAMES
1
s per the provision of code o f practice IS 45611978 and loading standards given in IS
987 it is required to design the structure considering various possible loads that cm
Followin loading cases and their combinations are only a few mentioned therein
I f
e the mos important ones for almost all the structures.
1) Dead Load Analysis.
I 2) Live Load analysis.
Detailing uf Reinforced 3) WindIEarUiqu~akeload 'analysis.
Con~rrteConstr~ction
4) Temperature !o;\diog wllerl exterlt of building tloors is more U i a ~445 metres i n k y
direction :uld exp;illsioa joints are not provided.
IS 13920 11993 also suggests tiiai a clucli',e detailing of rei~dorcementin a K.C.menlbef
should be so that at failure condition, the joirits of beams and mlunuis can undergo larger
pIastic rotation due to formation of plast~chinges and absorb energy of much heavier
earthquake than that is expected o n tilt basis of past history as recommentlec! in tlie crxle.
Thus under an unexpectedly liigb earlhquakeiwincl also, tllc joirrts will crack badly hut not
fail suddenly even though cc#:ctcte is brittle. Sach a type of rcirhrcernent detaiil~lgwill
make a joint reasonably ductile and lifc t ~ 11un1;zu
i hci:;~: call be saved to a large 2:cieni
even under a luge eartliquake.
In view of these recommendations, it is desirable that beams anti cc-~iumnsshoultl form a
rigid jointed franie whose action to resist lateral load is of gear inl1)ortance. 111 fact initial
planning can be done so that large number c?f such plme rigid johltcd. fr;r;tn!es arc available
in both directions to resist tlle liciriznniall load:; due In wie~.d/earhcp:;Irc.
Further if the resultant wind fbrce or earthquake t'c-)rceh;ip[)enn eo 1-~c:passing tlirough the
centre of stiffness of various frames in a given clirect~c?nlo r within about 2% of the lateral
dimension (of thc huiltiirlgj peq)endicu!a: lo w~ncllearthquakedi~ecriotl,tkie torsional
momi:rzr,, devc!!.,ped about vt.rt.!c:al axis thrc?ugh centre of stif1'rai.s~are nt.it significant. The
displacement of ;ill the ccilumns in tlie entire fl(#?rcar1 be assu~tied![.I be alnrlost equal along
the direction of tile applied inrce o f ;;\iind lear':i:.c;:!a.k;:. Sue!) a h\.riidi:lg is calleJ a
concentric huiici~ng.The horizontal forces sllnrrrc?!?I,'eacii of thc trailre along the'given
direction of tlle applied force is prt)pi.)rt~o~~al I!;tllc sslii'fness of individual frames.

However, if the resultant lateral load is not passiilg r1:r;iupll the centre of stiffness
(sometimes referred to as ceiltre of rigidity) tl.1~\;lab will til~ikrp:)a I~rierrr-displacementas
well as rotali(.)nof the tloor due to torsic,l:3! i i i <,i!iCj-!:,' t*.iii:;::d hy !ii? ecc~~ll;ii:ity.
Thus the
displacenient of colunlns in the exuemc 1r::rn;: i,ii o t ! c side is 1 - c : ~ ~ : :lure; tllan illosc; of
central fralnies. As such these extrerirz Pra~!icsall::: ::;mice l;~lari!i itla!: than wllal it would
have shared in case of concmlria: bulldin;;.
Hence when the buiidi~lgsare synulletrical with rt:xj~~:t t:i ?i!l)i dl!'i;:'tiO~~t rf j!l hot11
directio~~sX and Ytlle eccentricity of the rcsultail !lorir.orila! Innd dui: to wi~iii/eauthquake
with respect to centre of stiffiless of thc trame is required to be ch~epuiedi l l eacli X and Y
directions separately in plan 01' tlle building. 'l'he xialysls is then rcquireci lo he clone by
special computer-software of tllree-dimensional analysis of space-frames.
The analysis under lateral loads on the buildings will therefore provide us with i~lfomiation
of BM in the X and Y directic~nand twisting-moment for each member (beam or colunul)
along witli the axial force and shear forces in each direction.
Temperature analysis is rarely required to be done since the exlent of tlle plan dirlle~ision
of the building,can be accoinodated to be within 45 x 45 m. In case the dinlensio~iis larger
in any of the direction, expawsion joint can be provided within a distance rif 45 metres.
At the expansion joint, a given building is made to behave as two independent buildiilgs by
providing double column at the location with a dear gap o f about 25 mnl or'nlore filled
with shalitex sheets.
In the present discussions that follows, only following combi~lationsof D.L., L.L. and
lateral load (E.L.) due to windfearthquake are considered, using limit state methods of
design.
1) 1.5 (D.L. + L.L.)
2) 1.5 (D.L. + E.L.)
3) 1.5 (D.L. - E.L.)
Such an analysis is required in each direction X and Y separately. The conlbination of
1.2(D.L. + L.L + E.L.) is generally not critical, unless live load on floor is very high.
3.5.1 Bending Moment Diagrams under Various Loads
i) Vertical Load Analysis
Consider a case of a two-hay, two-storey frame where spans of the two bays are
equal. The BMD under D.L. of the frame when beanis are sub.jectcd to D.L.
annrr?~.;mst~lv
 1)rteiling of Weinfclrced
C'tjorrcte Stnnrtnrrs
sidcntial building is ici:; ?.:r,isi ::~;::li; 2il'A .!I !trial i:;:::i ~ l i i ~ ; i ri:i.l~.l~!;:
.i vial1 I(!a(j \vhii.il
quilc substantial. I-l:.i~i.cii?z ~ i i ~ ; b i i t a ! i r l iir;l 1 . : i 1 9 . i . t L.1-: .+ :.t r I;.i.,.) is iess citiica:
a11 the co~nhinaiic!ilor' I .4i3.L. t 1.5 E.1,.

igurc 3.3 1 sliows a 1yl:ici:i B.?,d P). rjf 11;~?'rirn~cut:c!cr tlcda! I<u:l> v;i~/:r~:t i i:: i:O;~c!':...'il ;!!:it

aturc ( I Z C ~ ; ~ I ~ Bhl)
V < : t;i;i~it~g LC!:X~IMI (if, if^;.^. t;or a ~ i ~ i i \ ! ~ ; ~ , i ~i ~d '. i.i.!;j>~i?~ , : ; >,<!!ii
f-ic~ldii~g ~
,,

olu:1,13 will carry purciy art axid load. T!lc suppcin B.M. arc Iligjx: ri;i:11 ti!;: F.ibi. ;:t i.,!.:

claliva. :;tiSt'ncss ol'thc crltl co!unul:; will) whicl, it is nr::ilolilhic 31111 !'larcz. ti!;: ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ i j i i i l t i ~
w I?
~f lllc same is fixci6 anil 11101iti:;lt lcss ~ l ~ --
an
12
B.M.D. unckr 1;.L i s similar arltl is s h o w o i i l Figtin: 3.32 v;:;l?cr:: circli.~t;~t~'ii
i!rc ill tilt

Flpurr 3.31 :ISMI) Under Dead Loud Alone Pigurch3.32 : ISMI) Under Live 1,oad only Pkncecl all
Strrreti~re
r~vc~r

ii) Horizontal I,oad Analysis

Cons~iicnngthe case ot laeral load, tllc rnag~tiludc01' lhc hahe shcar in all the ground
storey colu~nnswill depend on Ule total nunlhcr of storeys in thc building. In a ~nultistorey
fra~nc01' say 10 storcyed building Ule shear li~rcein the colunlns in Ule top rnost storey is
q u ~ t csmall a ~ l dhcncc the olagnitude of BM ordinates due to wind/ earthquake in top most
storcy is quitc low. These values illcrease gratlually as we go towards the lower storeys and
are generally ulaxinium fix the ground storey columns. A typical BMD for two o f the
storeys is sllown in Figure 3.33. The con'esponding detlcctcd shape of structure swaying
towards right is sllown in Figure 3.33.

(a):BMD Under only E;lr(hquake Lnad (EL) PI & Pz (b) :Deflectd Shape of Columns AL. & LM
Acting LcR to Kight
Figure 3.33
I)etaiIirrg of Heir~forred It is to be noted that the values of BM in different storeys under (DL + LL) we 111orcor
Concrete Construction
less same since the floor loads and spans of beams in each floor are more or less sanle.
The BMD of frame under reversed lateral load (i.e. when windlearthquake 1o;iil is acting
from right to left) is of opposite sign though the null~ericalvalues of orcli11;ltcof B M arc
same. This is shown in Figure 3.34.
P9

Figure 3.34 :BMD of Ground Storey under Reversed EL (i.c,Earthquake Load from Right to Left)

3.5.2 Design Moments in RC Beams

Considering the BMD for combination of (D.L. + E.L.) where earthquake load is from left
to right, it is required to add algebraically the BM ordinates given in Figure 3.31 and 3.33.
The combined BMD is shown in Figure 3.35. The two cases(a) and (b) arise since the
possibility of the following
a) BM at L,M under E.L. is less than that under D.L. alone,
h) BM at L under EL is more than that under D.L.

-
Figure 3.35 (a,b,):BMD under b a d Combination (DL + EL = MD)

( n'p 1

A B C
F~gure5.36 :BMD under Load Combination (DL + EL a MD)
From design consideration it is to be noted the worst BM at N occurs in span MN under
this combination of loads (i.e. DL,+ EL). Both the values in Figure 3.31 and Figure 3.33 at
N are negative and total hogging moment is the numerical addition of the two. Similarly
the negative BM at (M) in span (LM) are added. The other worst condition of BM at L and
M is under case (b), where net BM near supports is positive or sagging and torresponding
bottom steel is required to be provided. Due to combination of (DL + EL) it is also noted
that position of point of contraflexure shifts away from support and is generally between
(0.25 L to 0.33 L). Hence top steel at support should generally be extended at least by 113
on o a e r side of supporting column.
Similarly to compute the worst negative BM at L and worst positive BM at M and N the
combination of DL and EL is to be done by superimposing BMD ordinates in Figure 3.31
and Figure 3.34 such a BMD is shown in Figures 3.35 and 3.36.
 Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures

equal s!cti i,: .::t. - .,. : .

.-.A :... . , '

seclit:t; ...,i :. :, ,;.. .

.,. '.
.

ni.e.sayy(!.r.,l;.:i..:i,.,..:: 7 . .. . %

d based on axial i d ,ti..i ::!:;, ;:' . "

~rorcementdetails :;::<ii : :1 . . ;. .!:-

". ---
- ...- ... . --- - .. -.-" . - .

r ~ r f ~bc. lei t i , i i i ~ i ,;I:< &iii?.~~::;

Irrlt: {;:)i s shown Irr eicvat~o:i:i! - .;c;'cic!r: ( . "
01' I i.lelres on right haid side. 'T1;c I<:t:;!i.r
ric:n -.,ihich i s Ihe shorter side of the
c.ktr Ii direction while there are 10 IEII.I:~~)II~

i) C ' w (A) ;when L3 = 6000 m

ii, Case (B) : when & = 7500 mm.

i) Beams and columns form a rigid joillted ?la& fr;~sucin the h~lildingstructure.
ii) Whether there exist lateral loads or! sucii a franc ~2u.2to effect of w:nd/e,uthqu&e
which is also reversible 111nal!lre.
? under subsection 3.3.8

the detailsldesigns to know

ly acts as a continuous

ad transferred at foundation level, it is essential that a large number of plane

available both in X and Y directions so that,
) B.M. in columns are reduced since a part of ttie BM in column is transferred to the
Deiailing d Reinforced b) Deflection at top most floor in lateral direction is reduced.
Concrete Construction
Note that under case (h) spans LI L2arz: within 20% of larger span.

Q sooo sooo 3-7000 3omk

-I. I
I A I-

i i
First floor level

ncx7r7L Foundation level

Flgure 3.37 (ah):ONlcc Boilding Plan and S&n

3.6.1 Standard Details of RC Beams in a Ri'gid Jointed Plane Frame

The sizes of the beams assumed to be 300 x 600 mm throughout the lehgth of beam. I.-.

Considering two cases - Case (a) where all spans are 6000 rnm and where maxilllum span
is 7500 mrn Case (b) and all other spans i.e. L, and L2 are 6000 mrn. The column size for
end columns El and E, are assumed to be 300 x 600 mm while the interior ones E2 and E3
are steel of 0.8 9% is to be initially based on the assumption that only the axial load is
cmied by them and considering about 1% (under DL + LL) and these aie adopted for the
purpose of writing the schedule of beanls shown in Figure 3.38. Followi~lgnotations are
adopted. It is the steel T(a,) at top is necessary, that evely beam is given a sepmte serial
N0.Q)
 I

Cons dering the standard details of the continuous beam following notations are adopted : Detailing d Reinforced
Concrete Stmehws
Every bar mark in a given beam (9)
1
1)
is provided with suffvlj.

I1
2) The top steel over a discontinuous support of beam Bj will be marked as I; or r;'
as shown.
3) The bouom steel at mid span of a beam B, will be marked as bj consisting of
(hi + b); as per design requirement. Bar bj is a component based on bottom steel
required at dbcontinuous support and the bars bj is a component of steel based on
additional steel required for BM at mid span end beam B1. This component b is
also extended over support upto a length (U4) in the adjacent span.
I

4) h~case of interior span of beam Bj, (bj' + bj") provides components of bouom
steel at the mid span out of which component b i is extended in the adjacement
span Bjtl.
5) Anchor bcm(aj)areprovided at top face of beam(Bj) in its central portion and is
lapped with top steel at supports by a nominal lap distance NL = 300 mm.
6) Tl~etop steel provided at continuous support between two adjacement beams Bj
and Bk is marked as (tj() and its extent in beams Bj and Bkare marked as distances
d respectively. These distances should obviously he not less (1.1 b)to
C, a ~ Ck
be on conservative sides; (5;') is additional at top over continuous supports
referred above. This component of top steel is provided only when total area of
steel over support is quite large and more than four bars are required. However
his componeni can he curtailed at a shorter distance based on BM diagram.
Generally this steel is in tension under effect of (DL) + (LL) or under combination
of (DL + EL).
1 7) 111case the design of section of beam at interior support is a doubly reinforced
1 section, as it can be in many cases, bjkf refers to bottom steel in compression.
Helice bji along with 6" makes for total steel for bending compression. In case
(DL - EL) causes tension on bottom face, this steel can also resist the tension also.

,d Important Aspects of Standard Details

he standard details shown in Figure 3.38 is applicable when all spais are approximately
al [or varying witliin 15% of tl~elargest span. In case wlien spans are unequal and are
re than above referred value the standard details are not to be used and the extent of
p steel over contiliuous support is to be revised based on actual BMD. Such cases for
labs/beams are considered in cllapters of slabheam.

F
hen die two adjacement spans of beams Bj and Bk are within 20% of the larger span the
xteiit of steel is recommended to be ( E n )from centre line of column on either-
idelspa11where L' is the larger of th'ese two adjacement spans occuring in the framed
mcture.
owever if it is not in a frame, and the heam merely acts as continuous beam, this extent
The distances Cj and Ck are to he written accordingly in tlie schedule.

upport moment in a beam under combination of (D.L. + E.L.) in a framed

cture are generally much higher than those under similar combinations of
.+ E.L.) at the same support in a continuous beam action. Advantage of framed
ture is that the horizontal deflection of the topmost floor under lateral load can be
trolled as against a building which does not have framed structure. Further the B.M.
e columns are lesser in case of framed structures. Since lateral loads are required to
nsidered, the design of column can be econoinical if it forms a framed structure.
r schedule given w11ich explains the Figure 2.38. Provision of column-links in the
t and U shaped bars at end columns (d) In the case of end-span of a continuous beam
top steel and bottom steel required at end support needs to be adequately anchored
LD) in $e joint portion where already large amount of column steel is present.
ce there is always a problem of congestion of reinforcement bars in this crucial
on. Further as recommended in IS code, the horizontal links need also he provided
 SCHEDULE OF R C BEAMS WITH M-20 COhrCREtE IJhiiE55 _tt:;;'.:.: '
. ,. . . . . . ..'.
-
. . . . . . . . . . .
RF.tNFORCEhG
--.---..,-..-- % *
. . . ,". .
fX:R& EAqc, Z"5.i :,: i .,'-. ..

CASE ( 8 ) ( L3"7500) I-- :-

' ,
i ?,..< . ' . .
......C . ............. , ... ..................

........ ....... ,. . ..... ...

ll.8. I)REINF~RCEMENT MEHTIONEO ABOVE \RE .:ENIATI$E r. ,iiir %€.a,<! ,':)ir . ,c r. : .:..-' ;. ,,: .iir F) icu ,, 33)

Figure 3.38 :StandatdDeth!Bng or C'a?nttnttmsH+%im;??:.ib.?:,, Z d + i b Xi*S.'sasi,t, $1- c*t!rct\visc

Notes :1) When spans are unequal, but within 20% of the longest span, two details Lar, I.sc .\<:I.: 2.1, '!.' I<, :he Rii;hc,r !.i'$:i.: :I. . - ii,ii..rv ~ i t , i i ~ ::(: ! 4 1.k) 3; 1 ink., af. the cbi,\umo-beam Joint not &own. Refer details
in Flgure !.39 (a. 0,; 4) :A;. -.h .a;naI Lap i ~ .:<,? f o ;:;: i, : I:,:...: I,.)pmrni i.eyg::!:r)
 t
in e colurnll on all grid lilies (1) to (4) to mobilise adequate ductility to allow tile !%pc
joir 1-rotation,at die thnc of failure.
it is desuahle flli~!at !cast ccctnin part of bottom steel :u~dtop stecl cr.rr:ic
:LS cornmoo bar ill thc sl>:n(:c01- Ll hrus sitowrl as L," i t , 2,'' at support ( 1 !. T!arb
Lcital ~irirnkrof bars in tIlc -;ciinl.

A) ELEVATION TOP 80 T T 3 M / STEEL

-- X T E N D E D
E IN S E P 4 R A T E SPACE
O F A BEAM P R O J E C T I 9 A
(a = M N = 300
-
PfB COFJJECTION OF
15 REDUCED
STtFL N THE JOINT

B) P L A N SECTION Zl Z1 SHOWING TWO

- -
U SHAPED BARS (La) OR L SHAPED BAR
(L") TO FORM CLOSED . LINK AT B E A M - COLN
- - JOINT
I'igure 3.39 (;I.!)) : Ilealrr Pr"jeciiu~ls( M N ) beyond End Colunrrts in Frames
N.II : I I Wlir.11(;, Cr ; r e II~! nlt~lllloncd.rhase should bc = L,'/4
2) ('ast. (D)wlicri. I.,= 7500
3 ) 1.211g~h ( I . j V l 1 ) = 1 . 1 I-(,
1) N.L.. = Nonrinal Lap = 3Wi mm
Detding of Reinforced 3.6.3 Detailing of RC Column in a Plane Frame
Concrete Construction
The detailing of reinforcement in the column is already Indicated in earlier uruts (1) and
(2) in Figures 3.44,3.45 and Figures 3.37, 3.38. The details of providing laps tor vertical
steel in the column and arrangement in steel when offset is provided In the upper colunln
with respect to lower column below the floor is also explained: The links 111 beanl-colu~nn
joint either in the end column or the interior column is always a practical difficulty. It may
be required to place the side shuttering of beams later after these links are introduced.
Various factors are required to be considered by the experienced contractors as follows:
1) When lowering down the beams between h e verticallinain steel of column, tlie top steel
k) or rG, k) should not be tied and anchor bars (q)can be extended upto column faces
so that all stirups can be placed in advance.
2) The closed link can be forned in two pieces
a) U shaped pieces as shown in sectional-plan ZIZl part B, and
b) L shaped pieces with hooks can be next consideration if (a) is not possible.
3) A few of the end stirrups may be required to be opened to introduce tlie links.
In case of multistoreyed structures constructed in high earthquakdwind zones, it nlay be
advisable to provide laps near mid height of columns rather than its bottom end. If possible
the laps should be suitably staggered.
3.6.4 Ductile Detailing of Framed Structure
The importance of ductility of joint in a rigid-jointed plane frame and the corresponding
detailing of reinforcement is explained in IS : 13920 of 1993.
The code emphasizes that all supports of beams be designed as doubly reinforced section
with compression steel at least 50% of that,of tension steel.
The minimum tension steel should be spacing of stirumps near the beam colunui joint
should he as low as possible and 100 rnm spacing is desriable upto a distance of nlrn from
the junction. The spacing of links should also be of the same order in a distance of from
face of the joint.
To help the design as per the code, a technical paper giving Tables for designs is published
by Shri Jain in the ICJ. The part of the table is reproduced in Appendix-A for the benetlt of
designers and detailers.
The important figures in IS 13920-1993 are also reproduced in Figure 3.40 and Figure .' 41
for ready reference, to indicate the ductile details of reinforcement in beams Clr
column~footingsrespectively.

MIN 2 BAR5 FOR FULL LENGTH

r L D * 1 0 db ALONG TOP AND BOTTOM FACE

db i DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL M R

Figure 340 :Ductile Detailing of Beam Reinforcement

3.6.5 Detailing of Expansion Joint

IS 45611964 has recommended that when the building plai dimensions are greater than 45
metres in any direction, it is desirable to provide expansion joint to relieve from the
excessive temperature stresses, deflectionhacks. The foundation which have earth
shion need be separated for the two parts of the building. Thus two adjacement columns Detailing of Reinforced
25 mm apart can be taken up from the same combined footing. Thus the beams Concrete Structures
these expansion joint at various fltwrslterrace have to be separated by a clear
ce of the same magnitude (i.e. 25 mm). The clear gap between columns can be
creased depending on the number of storeys. IS 4326- 1976 gives the ideas of location of
pmsiolr joint and this gap. The Table referring the clear gap is reproduced below:

TRANSVGtBE
RE1NFORcEmENT

RAWlNG INTO ALL FOUR

CONFINING REI~uFoRc€~ENT.
AS PER CLAUSE 9.2

(a) Column'& Beam Joint Detailing

(b)Provision of Special Confining Reinforcement in Footing

gwe 3.41 :D u d e DeWltngof Relnforeementa in ColumnslFodings (Reproduced from IS :139UK1993)
Detailingof Reinf~~r.:.-9 **. ; : y 2 ><?5~,:c ~ - .
A
: 1~ _._
~ ._. ~ - . .
,,;, p,~.;.
?;,;,,;:-?:$ 2:
_ I ., , , ,,~,#,:i~lt
C~ncre:e Cls?sssarrh~:Y. : , ."- . .-. ............. - ...... -......... ~. . .- -.-

{ , " ~ ~ 3 , 9- .a,.! -*: 5: :::

: $i,>i,L" :
. .- . . . . . . . - . . . . - . . .
I -.,/ I

... + c;smic

* .- ':..!en(.
a ;' .* - ': ~iilFL?
<. ............ -. . - . . - ' --
, ,

4.". . .... .- .- ....

-. (j
-,:;

- - - 2 5 1 K I r d 6 L I T t X ,;';ED AS
FORUVO2,( L LEFT IN ' L A C E
S C BEAM

~LUMlrilUk4 SHEET5
SLCStWD ON 7 l W B E R
PIECES

A) ELEVATION

(7)TIMBER PI

B) S E C T I O N A L PLAN OF COLUMNS Z t Z l
Figure 3.42 :Details of Expansion Joint at Beam Level and Columt~s

3.7 WATER TANKS

Water tanks which are used to store water for residential, domestic or industrial use are of
three kinds :
i) Elevated Tanks supported on tower framed structure.
ii) Tanks resting directly on ground.
iii) Tanks which are underground with its top either at G.L. or slightly above G.L.
The shape of tank in plan can be a simple square, rectangle, circle or the tank may have
some other surface of revolution. The water depth is near about the clear height of tank
 vary ffi11112 EtStr",S t!, ahmr h mcu-es. The free board 1s gerlerallv 150 to 300 Iletailinp, of Reinforced
l.;cre(;;in he c!rme ( ! I . r::r-)re partitit~nwalls ti) provide two c)r more comp,ut~:.~ilrs. Concrete Structures

i?10 disi~ossial ~ t l i l l!!ii:y ::q~aie/re~[.kl~:gu1a.r

water talks. 'fk : ifc,sig~~
f,iala)

..,, . - . !.i,:..;:..:d ,. .."...

.. .~.
._. i . . .
,>.,.
r,....
, . * , .., . 'I,
.'!.
.., .. "

I Slab thickness I m m 1

I
Figure 3.43: Minimum Percentage of Steel

3.7.1 ~hilosophyof Design of Tank Wall

for most of the tanks, there is a rigid connection between the base slab and the
can be open as in the case of primary clarifier tjnks used in

tangular tanks, as shown in Figure 3.44 where wall height is Hand plan
L, and L,, the behaviour of the wall for triangular/hydrostaticwater
epends mainly on the aspect-ratio UH.When the aspect ratio is more than
can consider the wall behaviour to be purely cantilever in case top of
when top slab is simply resting on the top of wall without any
c connection. When the top slab is monolithic with the tank wall, it can be
d generally as a propped cantilever (if the stifhess of top slab is cimparatively
the top slab is quite stiff for any other reason, the joint can then be
id joint. At all such rigid joints of tank wall with base slab or roof- slabltop
rotation (change ih slope) takes place due fo unbalanced moments and further
ents takes place.
D-ng at Reinforced
Concrete Construction
1 Free b a r d s 150 rnm

Base- s l a b

I b ) ELEVATION
-
( C ) SIDE ELEVATION
LL

i. k/..\-A-
>- X 2 I 1 x 2
Short wall (,Saw.)

Corner tc 1
YI4
( a 1 LAYOUT- PLAN

Flgure 3.44 : Rectangular Water Tank

The 1s 3370 Part-1V provides design coefficients assuming tank wall to be open at top,
fixed at the base (i.e no rotation at the junction with base-slab) and also fixed ~ I the
I
vertical edges which are the junctions with adjacement walls. These coefficiellts are
therefore useful to determine only the fixity moments at such supports aid 110L rcally the
final bending-moments.
Lx
The variation of aspect ratio - or
L in the range of 0.5 to 3 is considered i l l the 1s code
H H
for open tanks. When the aspect ratio is lower than 3 there are two actions developed in
the wall.
a) Lower portion (Hc) of the wall has a cantilever hehaviour producing rn;~xin~urn bellding
moment at the base creating tension on inner face (i.e water face) of the wall as SI~OWII in
Figure 3.45. The deflected shape of a typical cei~tralvertical strip of tlie tank-w;dl io
Figure 3.45(c) and the BMD along vertical section AB indicated qualitatively in Figure ,

3.45(d).

B B H V (base)
( a ) TANK W A L L t L x H 1 ( b IDef lected (c)Loading ( d l B.H.D.
shape diagram tvec)ical)
Figure 345 :Vertlcal Bmdlng of Tank Wall

b) In. the upper portion of remaining height H, the wall mainly acts as a tlexud inernber
bending in horizontal direction. This part of the wall is then &signed ;LS contii~uoussl;lb
bending horizontally and supported on adjacent walls. The typical deflected shape in
horizontal direction for this upper portion of the four wallsof a rectangular kmk is shown
in Figure 3.46 (a).
The bending moment near the wall junctions develop tension on water-face while the BM
at centre of wall panel develops tension on face opposite to water face. The corresponding
BMD of walls is shown in Figure 3.46@) when ordinates of bending moments are drawn
 on bending teosion side. Such a practice of drawing B.M.ordinates on tension side has Detailing of Reinforced
beni followed in units 1 to 4. Concrete Strurtura

It is ohserved that this practice helps to provide tension steel at a glance to the BMD.
The values of coefficientsC to determine the fixity moments for rectangular open water
tanks as given in IS 3370 (Part IV) are indicated below in Table 3.4 only at a few selected
critical locations for ready reference.
The BM is then to be computed as per expression :
BM=W,XH~

r where, Ww= density of water = 9.8 1 k ~ l m or 1000

~ kg/m3.
The coefficient (C) for vertical BM at base is provided with additional subscript V and
indicated as C,. Similarly the basic coefficients C is horizontal denoted in Tahle 3.4 as
CH(,,, and C,(,,,, for i-Iorizontal BM at junctionfsupport and at midspan respectively.
1I Table 3.4 : Moment Coefficient in WdI as per IS 3370

1 I I Aspect ratio for Vertical BM 1 Aspect ratio for

1 Sl-No.

3
At Base of
c = (cv)

0.126 0.082
Wall Junction
C = Ca(Su) At level from

at Top
Base
Mid-Span

from Base

2.5 0.108 0.074 at Top

- - - - -- -

2 0.086 .06 at Top

(i.e. H)

0.06 .W 0.75H 0.021 at 0.75H and H

0.013

7 0.75 0.024 .017 0.5H 0.01 0.5H

8 0.5 0.015 .009 0.5H 0.006 0.5H ~d 0.25H

i

.7.2 Detailing of Overhead Water Tank

igure 3.47 shows an overhead water tank, generally referred also as Elevated Service
eservoir (ESR). It is supported at a level of 12 metres above ground-level by means of
wer-structure. The tower structure will be discussed later.

Design and Detail an overhead tank of clear plan- dimensions (4.5m x W)and water
depth of 3 metres. Assume a free board of 200 mm and design the wall to act as beam
also supporting the slab and supported on a series of 6 columns.
The tank wall along Y direction is a long-wall (denoted as L.W.) which acts as
continuous beam over two equal spans each 4.5 meters on columns C,to C3.The short
ted as S.W.) is along X direction and is assumed to supportedon columns CI

aspect ratio of long wall is 9/3 = 3 and is therefore more or less a cantilever of full
ht and the horizontal bending is almost negligible. The thickness of this wall is
ally computed by computing the critical BM out of (1) vertical BM at base of wall or
Horizontal BM at junction with the adjacent wall. General vertical BM M, at the
critical. Thickness for this long wabl is assumed to be 350 mm as shown in
onal section X,X,.The short wall has an aspect ratio of 1.5 and values of critical
e thickness of this wall is denoted a tsw and adopted as 300 mm. It will be
ed that in determining the final BM at the vertical junction of the two walls it is to
 'qqs 30 I ~ ~ T ~ M ptw
- ~ DJ S ja pvoi
~ E M
ioj 1jaltnb3~qvp-a%q a q uj 1x41s worroq ayj salmpu! o s p 1x1~
iapun 8~11pr1aq uorjDaS
jo n u ! ~ n a s a ~,y.?d ir?3d:;i?aq; srrs:c;xa 01 1?;131;:>!pn!an ~uau~aomo~u~ai
'8n1,n~.1p jo s f g a p
pualunu pamnssw A.4j:3z.~das p;xtantss ;ic; ~z p;iis>i~:ts! ~oadseuiil~sapaqr q8notp uaha

'3p (JJZ (6) @

- Cj gIlOlgc prWla.:S,3[ :i(j X : ! z Xtql a3ir:f.:r!ii IEt$ aIIqA 313 00[ 4
- $3 JO i3piO
ay: .jo aq plnm
!r1:::: prlw .?rptit: p:ss ~t!~rrozcrc.~tj ~ do01 re~n8m3ane
:;iij- ' N N uuoj
rr131 Sn!l)r;nc! J ~ J - Cx-h;.
: &xy: :,.:":j rlc!i :I;. qqs 7 ~ : q;;qj G I ;)Y)IO)XG S! pue D!J 5 ~ 1 - c$
sr: pauIr!sss si aurr:.; :YE ';r~,elr, alp cra :r:.afi: ;;l!j!::,.ii alqpsrii:r:d :>Q prlr: (A%) ou parieq
p:rujirtr;l:afj aq o$s! pit?3 : ~-~.a!$t!
: ui:~(I?,) ~;::,:':!.'n;.l. :S!
~L:J-;. ?:lo! am ul yans ~r!c.uraqL
 . .
. . . ..
=-..
-"
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. ;. . r > , , . -. . ~ .
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8,- .
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i..",r. ;. :: $. ,
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.:i .; ;; I,, ", ",~.

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*h<
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i i
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s
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,a,,,

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i,.*::
. ,, ' I
zr-;.
C-. ;;
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!%
I' , ,(
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.ii ,.-I. I

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.............. 5
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,

c2 Iij ; ., ,
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f...
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i,.--.,*:.z-.:; . .....
. .*-~. . .. .. .- .- . . . . . . . . . ".. ; . ... . . . .. ......-..
- ........-
e l : . . -.."h--,!
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Qi~7.'~~~.:~-=,v ...
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t, :>!: :

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,
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CE.=C,yO -.." . .'* . . . . . . . . . ' < .,.-
pi?
,- t., , ;' ...a. . 2 , . , , I

SECTION Y2- Y2 OF SHORY-WALL [ S W I +(B.S+)

Figure 3.46 (c) : Reinforcement Details of Rectangular Water Tank shown in Figure 3.44
it is also required to provide lateral restraints which is generally provided by means of
beams connecting all the coluinr~sand going round along its periphery as shown in
elevation of tower structure in Figure 3.47. The beams are called as braces and are marked
as B,, B, etc. at various levels starting from the ground level. The layout plan of braces ai
the level B, is shown in Figure 3.47(b). The system of colunm and braces at various
levels and the wall beam at the top most level of the tower structure ftxrns a rigid jointed
piane frame both in X & Y directions. Design of the tower structure is to be conducted
considering the following loads:
i) Vertical loads, considering the weight o f water, self- weight of the container & the
self-weight of the members of the tower structure.
ii) Laterd load due to wind pressure or dle seismic forces (emhqu~akeloads) w e to tx
considered. It IS to be nttted that hod, d~cnelaterid Irr,-.ds;we reversible in nature.
of Reinforced
Construction

I~A 1 ELEVATION

( B ) PLAN
Figure 3.47 (a$) :Tower Structure of Overbead Tank
 Detailing of Reinforced
(.:oacrete Structures

(A1 COLUMN SECTION 2,-Z1

IB) ELEVAYON OF BQACE B2] AND

COLUMN I c I

!C ) CORNER DETAILS AT J
I top/ bottom steel in brutes %,B; I

d braces in the tower structures has to be chosen to achieve the most

cal design of the tower structure, since it has some important advantages as

Ia)

, b)
The slenderness ratio of the colu~nnis reduced, and thus permissible aXial
- compressive stress of the concrete is improved.
The bending moment in the co1um11is also highly reduced, since it is the function
of centre to centre distance of two adjacent braces (i.e. spacing of rile braces i tile
vertical direction).Figure 3.48 (a) shows the details of colu~nnsection Z1 Z1
wherein it is noted that there are four vertical bars of 20 mm dia. placed at the
corners of the column and one bar in the middle on each face of the column. The 8
lumbers of 20 mm dia bars are adequately tied by links L1& L2of 8 mm at
200 clc.
.48(b) shows the details of reinforcement in one of the typical brace BZ Since the
ments can be sagging or hogging at the ends of the beam (due to reversible nature
t is required to provide equal amount of steel on both top and bottom faces of
It is assumed that 2 nos. of 20 rnm dia are adequate for resisting the bending
t the support as shown in the Figure. These bars are required to be anchored by a
ual to L, beyond the junction of the beam and column. The anchorage can be
 . .
r)e;.,j\i>;;?I . : !?.f.ini~;;..,.; ..i;:...\, ::,;, ;; i,; %
,., :tfs,b.
%
..
. 11;
i l ~ *..i \lc:vi t j : ,,it,:..:: t!:i~-;j2~ i ; ~ ;c i . x - n e r j ~ ~ t i o(1)i lis shown
1"'
~~i~~-:,!:~. . . . .' ..:.. . . . . .$.,.. zcr: ijlc ! : , ; ~ : & i j ~ ~ sxti i?c t ~ ! l r extended in
<;q+nvtr~i, it::,^
i .
- :,-. , .:
.. ,
< , ~ ~ t-JJ*;
.,$,
,.,,:d, +
:.., ;.,a, . t:,.r :5 ."!.,:,,,2;?:~ ~ : i t : i : i!j ~fia: tj?& at.(: ils hcrurns supported 011 the
aj-,;: ii::.;ig:i~d
,. . , L L ! , ! : 1 5 : . zi2,. :,;6.3 . , ; ~ - ~ ~.lk:z::.!c:
: : ~ ~LcV .; ~ ~~ ]L < ? h~;I, ~T:~LO fsb~rnshbs along
~ s(:;irk-y ioz.9~
.,
.v
6 ' - 6 , .?-
rl.Lt l ,i:' b.- c
"
- -
)&i.:.

t 5 : pi;l:: diincit:,i,,;j;,< 5 i;q!i.!r.c ~r:,!.:rgri,r;&

;~-!::::; ;.I: ::re T.5 :, 5.4 113 \$'lljl ;!WatcT depth
., .. sl )il itlay reach Ule
;. .. j 2: .-! Fl~c-.f?oarg 61 ,"t;{j 7,;ns. ' i i ~ e
w;it;:r. ;!.:jr~i 11; ~l.jl?<il.t11!~111~
::::>:".::i;tf it:?rg:j ci\iri,rlg mc-jliscr!nsi.;!?;: and is !ik:]%~ go a], m?,ich Itwet. Icvcl hclow the base
"*.:.*.. t ,-,,;t.
.. #.~).!
.
> s r!?r;;~iz;, tiit: S U I ~ ~ : : ~Si2asii;;.
r.... T y ~rrdclcvatiiinai section ICX o f llle lank is
A k ~ pl:k!l
..::., --:yi i-; !:;.:re 3.49,
k6r

. ,*
....,*.........
<.., ,

. - . r" *>*.+.-- ......

*,- ---~. ,*,"*. .
*.- ..............
. . . ,..: .....
, .... .: ~,

'2 .f- ' ; .........

a
.
.

-.-I
...-.-.. . . . . . . . . . :
. ,
."i*
. ,

d e d to provjdc Qiebcs~gnp[ca,dure for such ari undergrountl water talk.

It is not l ~ l t e ~ ~ here
However sonlr. design cr;ncel,rs are propc:sed 1,; t
x clarified. It is necessary to consider two
loading cases I and II as given below and ss sl~ownin Figure 3.50(a).
1) Case-I: Consider a case whet1 rank is enipty during h e monsoon and water level is at
ground level. Under this case, the lateral pressure on the external face of ttre wail are
developed due to two factors.
I) The soil which is wtnpletely submerged, does exerts a pressure given by R:urkilie's
Theory and this soil pressure at depth v cai be expressed as

where,
a) K, is the coefficient of active pressure corresponding to submerged condition
of the soil.
b) is the buoyant density of the soil in kN/m! and
 Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures

Water
pressure

where Ww = 10 k ~ / r n ~

-
(a) (Earth + Water) Pressure on Wall (External Face) and Water Pressure (Uplift) on Base-slab

I --\ / C
\ - - 4 /
1
\
\ / Ib)Horizon)al deflected
\ k' shape of wall under
- I I' e x t e r n a l pressure.
0
0
VI
/ \
VI I
I \\

Y (b) Horizontal Deflected Shape of Wall under External Pressure

Figure 350 :Critical Load Cme (I) when Teak is Empty ead Water Table at C
) Apart from the pressure exerted by soil, water within the pores of the soil will also exert
d Level

ydrostatic pressure. This pressure at the depth H,is given by w, HI where

1) v. is the density of water which can be taken as 10 kN/m3,
( 2) HIis the outside water depth upto base slab level.
e triangular pressure diagrams are shown in Figure 3.50(a). The vertical bending
ment due to the above-referred pressures causes tension on outer face of the wall. To
vertical steel of 10 mm dia at 120 c/c is shown on the outer face in
l(a). As explained in earlier chapter, only some portion Hc of the wall exhibits a
ever behaviour, while the upper part of the wall undergoes horizontal bending,
on value of UH.Corresponding to this case of loading, the base slab is
o upward water pressure corresponding to water depth at the level of bottom sf
. It can be observed that when the tank is empty, there is a hogging moment at
the base slab and steel on the top surface of 10 dia at 110 clc is provided in
ns at the mid span of the base slab. This steel is shown in the details of

1I
t
der this case of soil and water pressure on the external face of the wall, t h wills
~
u dergo horizontal bending and the horizontal deflected shape of the walls of the square
of tank

is shown in Figure 3.50. For this purpose, it is necessary to provide horizontal steel on
te sion face of wall as given below:
The horizontal steel at midspan is on the inner face of the wall and indicated as 8 mm
dia at 160 c/c.

I
The horizontal steel at support is to be provided on the outer face of the wall and since
this value of bending moment is higher than the bending moment at midspan, it will be
found the higher amount of reinforcement of 10 dia at 160 clc is required on the outer
face as shown in the detailing.
11:Consider a case when the tanks is completely filled &d the ou&idewater level of
il is gone down below the base slab. It is also assumed that the soil surface at the
n of the vertical wall is dried up during summer season and partially detached from
Clek ~VJfilCe.Under this loadiig case (II), there is only a hydrostatic pressure due
ater on the inside face of the tank and the vertical bending mom 'It due to this the
sion on he face. Further this pressure acting on the inner surfaceof
D-ng d Reinforced tank-walls will cause horizontal deflected shape exactly opposik to what is shown in
Concrete Construction Figure 3.50.
. The corresponding vertical steel and the horizontal steel in the wall are show11 ia
Figure 3.51 (ah). The typical layout of the horizontal steel near the junction of the two
adjacent walls is also shown in plan in Figure 3.51(b).
3.7.5 Haunches
Generally a llauilch is provided at the juilctioil of wall with the base-slab. The angle of
haunch is 45" and its size c l u ~be in the range of 150 to 300 mrn. Structurally a hauncll is

OF SYMMETRY

( 0 1 SECTIONAL ELEVATION ( X X )

+
I
rI

8 qe120 c l c (VERTICALS
4U
U
ON INNER FACE )
0
C . 0
9

B)

k-==-I AT CORNER

( c ) DETAILS OF HAUNCH-STEEL(TYP)

am f51 (ab,c) r RdnfomememtDetails at Undeqmund Tank

 rovided on a wall face opposite to tensile face. In case of an underground [letailing of Reinforced
C n ~ ~ r r eStructures
te
ch IS quite deep, it is possible that when water table is quite high outside
lay leak through the joints at the base of the wall when tank is partially
letely empty. Tbis aspect of preventing entry of possible contaminated
into the tank is very important and in such cases the haunch is required to be
de face. The launch itself is in compression and the tension steel is on

s or the under ground tanks where the water table is at very low
lever arm of moment
However generally a haunch is coilstructed as shown typically
face as a part of construction practice to make the junction

ment of waterproofing coat. The haunch steel is

(or 8 4 @ 150c/c) as shown in Figure 3.51(c).
actice, it is worth-noting the shape of BMD of the wall as shown in Figure. It
that B.M. at the base of the wall is quite high. However an ordinate of B.M. at
ere is sharp reduction in the B.M. Thus by
ss at the top end of the
ce the wall thickness as
. The reduced thickness should however be
ctions of two adjacent walls. Further the
t the base of wall so that lever-ann is

e, if the haunch is on external face,

water-proofing compound locally at the
the junction can be done to have long-term
against possible leakages.

etailing of Water Tanks Resting at Ground Level

en the tank-wall is mainly above the ground level, the wall is to be designed
e condition of load which is the water pressure on the inner-face. Thus the main
1 is on inner face.
slab is not subjected to any net uplift force. Hence the tonk need not be checked
of vertical forces and thus it is not necessary to provide a designed offset
for fully underground tank.

10 0 2 0 0 c/c ( B / W l

rubble- soling
I20 Tk P C C ( It316 l

Flgure 352 :DetaMng k ~ a n k Resting

s at Gmund Level
L
DW& af Reinforced A typical detailing of water tank resting at near about gmund level is shown in
Concrete Construction Figure 3.52. It is necessary to check whether soil below the base-slab is adequately
compacted so that SBC (Soil Bearing Capacity) is higher than the load over the same per
square metre. This load is mainly the weight of water columb and the self-weight oflslab
used. Well-compacted rubble soling is helpful to reduce the settldment of soil.
r
Under the circumstance a minimum thickness of 150 mm thifck base slab can he adopted
for the portion of the slab away from wall. A minimum steel as per the coda1 provision is
only required. However, the bending moment exists near the junction of wall and hence
slab thickness near the wall needs to be minimum equal to wall-thickness.
This band of boundary portion of the slab can be ~13'fromthe inner face of the wall. A
small offset of about 150 mm on the outer side of wall is also desirable&
ris$ soil pressure
on outer face of wall is generally higher due to vertical BM (My) casual by the horizontal
load of water-pressure.
3.7.7 Additional Aspects
The compaction of rubble soling of 250 mm thickness should be achieved by hammering
the soling by impact of wooden log/Dhummas block of 200 x 200 x 200 rnm. In case the
base slab of the tank is to rest just at G.L. and surface soil is weak, it may be desirable to
pmvide more number of well-compacted layers of mbble soling. In each of the layers, the
rubble is laid closely wherein the interspaces are filled by metaUstone chips, wedges,
metal, grit etc and on the top is laid a 50 mrn murum layer which is thomughly watered
and then compacted with logs. As an alternative to placing murum, a 50 mm thick lean
P.C.C. 1:4:8 is mote helpful in developing a well-bound matrix of soling.
In case compartments are provided in the tank, by means of i n t e m a i ~ .walls
~ . monolithic
with external tank-wall and base-slab, the design of wall can be revised by considering the
revised value of 'aspect-ratio' = UH where L is reduced at least in one direction due to
partition wall.
Reinforcement layout in walls along horizontal direction can then be designed based on the
principles of continuous slabs.
When intemal beams are provided in the base-slab of an overhead water-tank, the design
of the slab will also be checked for continuity B.M. at supporting beams.In this case the
minimum thickness of slab will be equal to the thickness of that wall which is parallel to
internal beams.
SAQ 2 .

i) Consider a single storey single bay rigid joints portal frame fixed at the bases of
the columns.
a) Draw qualitatively the BMD under (DL + LL)
a

b) Draw qualitatively the BMD due to lateral load which is relatively low since
height of this single storeyed s m c m is low.
C) Draw the BMD for the combination of (a) & (b) considering reversible nature
of the lateral load.
ii) With reference to (i) assuming span to be 12 metres and column heights 6 metres
draw qualitatively the reinforcement &tails for the beam including those at the
joint.
iii) Show typical ductile detailing of beam and column system as per IS Code
13920-1993.
iv) How the brittle concrete can be converted into ductile material ? Explain with
sketches.
V) Draw the plan and elevation of a 100 cam. capacity overhead tank of clear plan'
dimensions (6m x 6 m) and free board of 200 mm. Assume height of staging-or
.
tower structure to he 16 metres from G.L. Assume footing to be 2 metres below
the G.L.
vi) Draw typical details of reinforcement in the wall and base slab for overbead tank
given in (v) above. Show also details of reinforcement in plan at a typical comer
i
1
4.8
II
SUMMARY
of RCC Members is an art of expressing on the drawing sheet complete
ormation of

1 I) size and length of every member

1 2) Exact location in plan and level in elevation of tile member
3) length and shape of every reinforcement bar in the member. The exact location and
the level of the bar.

F
1
e art has to be developed by the suuctiual-desi ner so that the imagination developed in

1) Skldard details of R.C. Members.

) 2) Layout plan of slab and beams at all R m levels.

f
e mind of the Consuuction-Agency and any 0th r checking authority is identically the
ame as the views and ideas of the designer. With this in view the following varieties of
xpressions are possible:

3) Scl~xluleof reinforcement in open foundations and pile .foundations.

4) Liiy(,ut plan of slab and beams and indicating on it the details of reinforcement in
all Ihe slab-panels.

1 5 Typical Details of R.C. slab for a typical section,

6 ) Typical Details of a given type of R.C. Beam

1
)
7) Typical Details of a dintinuous beam of unequal spans.
8) Tydiml Details of R.C. footing & columns.
structural designer can chtwse the appropriate type out of those referred above and
on simplicity and clarity of details.
11n case of special structures e.g. folded plate, hyperlx~loidof revolution on any unusual
shape, it can be a gcnxl practice to check and take advice from experienced engineers or a
Consulting Engineer who have experience in this type of construction.

13.9 KEY WORDS

Details of RC Members : Layout of Reinforcement in planJElevation of the
member and suitable number of cross-section of the
member.
Reference Zone : It is the part of the drawing on the drawing paper which
can he located by zone indications along X direction and
Y direction. Sucli zones are marked on the boundary of
the drawing paper.
Reference Axes : A standard direction along X & Y direction is indicated
on the drawing. using Ulis reference axes a series of
parallel grid lines are also indicated both alo1lg'x & Y
axes. All these lines are useful as reference lines for
discussion.s/letters/replies/,
Slab Panels indicated as SI, St etc and their indication oh
layout plan as one-way Two way etc. (NP:One way or
(I ) or along dirwtioi~Perpendicular to sudponing
beams).
Detailing d Reinforced Beam Marks Beam Nos.B,, B2 etc indicating their levels if possible.
Coicrete Construction Few typical case are:
1) PB Beams at plinth level
2) TB Beams at Terrace level
3) IB Beams at 1st floor level
4) IIB Beams at IInd Floor level
5) IMB Beams at Merrznine Floor level in tlie 1st floor
6) IIMB -do- in tlle IInd storey
7) CIB Cantilever Beam at 1st tloor level
8) IIB6 (I) inverted Beam (B6) at IInd Flmr level
It is to he noted that soffit of the beam 1s ;it soffit of slab.
: Portion of tlie building on ground floor at tllc entrance.
Thic part is generally artside building-area.
Lintel : It is beam to support the wall over door /window
opening. A floor heam can also act as lintel il' its depth
is upto top of window.
Chajja : It is a slab portion projected outside tlie building witli its
level near about the softit of lintel:beiun.
Parapet wall : It is a balcony wall above the bdc<)nyslab or side wall
of stair tlights above the tlight. Generidly tllcsc parapets
are made tnonolitliic witli tlie concenied member.
Dog-legged Staircase : A two tlighted stairs where the two co~nplancnti~ry
tlights are in p,uallel planes.
Spiral stairs : A stairs where all h e steps are iu~ulida cenkll column
and genemlly it is circular in plane.
BMD : Bending Moment Diagrarn for a given munbcr or iI
structure under a given loading system.
Design B.M. at a section : This is the worst B.M. that can occur at die section due
to certain colnbinatioli of various possihlc-loi~ds.It is
required to determine tlie miubnu~nwell ;IS rc B.M.
Expansion Joint: : Tliis is a clear gap between tlie two piUts 01' building to
avoid the excessive-effects of temper;iturc sucsscs
Overhead Water Tank : An elevated Tank supported on a column or ;I Iiiurlctl
structure.
Tower Structure : A supporting system of framed structure to supp)rt tlic
overhead Water Tank.
Underground Water Tank : A liquid retaining structure or a water tank structure
which has its top near about the ground lcvcl ;~ndh;~w
slab quite deep below tlie groulid level.

3.10 ANSWERS TO SAOs

SAQ 1
i) Tlie slab is one way continuous slab over three equal spais (L);uid ha.\ ovcrlund
of U4 on each side. The bending Moment due to overhangs will he approximately
equal to those of (negative) B.M. at iiiterior support. Helice the detailing ciui be
done on the same pattern as continuous slab providing top steel equal on ill1 tlit!
supports including the end supports. The altertiate bars at top in tlie overhiu~g
portion ca11 be cmicked back along lower-side.
ii) The three span continuous beam has a central spa11 of LJ2 where L 1s sp;m of each
end-span. The layout of longitudinal reinforcement will he similiu to ;I u)ntinuous
slab explained in Figure 3.3.2 - AB, where top steel is required all over ccnt~tl
span and extended U4 in adjacent.
In IJle case of beam, however suitable stirrups are required to be provided ilalig
with minimum of hanger bars (2-12) at the top for t l end-spatis.
~
The solution for questio~ls(0-3 & Q4) can be developed by using standard format Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
of TableISchedule. The detailing of dog-legged shircae is 'already detailed ia tlle
text. This part of practice is oilly to improve tlle skill of drafting of tlle student.

The solution to (i), (ii),(iii),(v),(vi) &(vii) are si~nilarto tllose tllat have occured ill
thc text. Since there are qualitative solutions, tlle drawings are similar in nature.
the solution is as follows:
Concrete is brittle because its tensile strellgtll is very small. The reinforcement in
te~lsiollzone reduces the development of large crack widtll. This aspect of
bellaviour of concrete is oot tlle one that is involved in Ule present sense of
bri tthless.
The failure of any colurnn section is related mainly wid1 lnaxhnum strain Ulat
concrete ele.nent can take up under compression (either direct or under bending
effect). This value of maximum compressive strain in belldillg is give11to 0.0035
in IS 456 wllen design is conducted as per limit state approach. However this
value of failure compressive strain in concrete ml be improved if corlcrete is
contined witllill a cage of reinforcement. Hence provisioll of ductile detailing are
sucll hat this value of strain can be increased more th'm twice its value. By virtue
of tl~istlle strain or rotatioil at joints J of b ~ u and
n columll ca11 be more and more
number pl'astic hinges can be fonned in tlle frame before Ule structure can