Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
“MULTILINGUALISM IN INDIA”
Submitted to:
Dr. HEMANGA DUTTA,
Assistant Professor,
EFL University,
Hyderabad.
Submitted by:
M. Rajya Lakshmi,
HOOMALNG20190047,
M.A. Linguistics,
EFL University.
2
MULTILINGUALISM IN INDIA
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Multilingualism
2.5 Summary
Conclusion
References
3
MULTILINGUALISM IN INDIA
1.0 Introduction:
regarded as one of the socio linguistic giants (Ferguson 1966) with multilingualism being the
soul of this giant. India is divided into twenty eight states and nine union territories. Each state
has its own cultural and linguistic diversities. This diversity is visible in every aspect of Indian
life. Whether it is culture, religion, language, script, food, clothing, etc. makes ones identity
multi-dimensional.
It has been rightly said, “Each part of India is a kind of replica of the bigger cultural
space called India” (Singh U.N, 2009).Indian multilingualism has several layers. It can be
understood under a single heading of ‘Language Families’. It’s real essence can be defined in
terms of ‘variations’. i.e, knowing about the language families, races, script, regional languages,
1.1 Multilingualism:
Language plays a vital role in the social, economic and educational development of a
nation. The existence of many languages side by side resulted in multilingualism. Thus a need to
know two or more languages become mandatory to communicate among speech communities as
well as individuals. Multilingualism can be defined as the ability of the individuals, groups,
societies and institutions to use more than one language in their day to day lives. Linguistic
diversity is not merely an accidental process but is inherited. It is an integral part of the history.
This is further resulted in lingua francas, pidgins and phenomenon like code switching. These are
Multilingualism can also be defined on the basis of maximal competence and minimal
competence. The maximal definition means speakers are equal competent and proficient in not
only one language but all the languages he/she knows. The minimal definition is based on use,
i.e, he/she is successful enough in achieving the goals of effective communication in a particular
domain.
In a multilingual country like India, there arises a need to become a multilingual due to
Individuals or speech communities are in regular contact with other group members. This brings
the need of out-group communication. In this process an individual switches from one language
to the other. Thus shows his/her knowledge of two languages. Specialized communication
includes areas like education, religion, technology, etc., where there is a need of knowing other
than his native language. There are different descriptions on multilingualism. The terms
multilingualism as ‘a kind of multiple bilingualism’. Also Herdina and Jessner (2000) define
Degree of acquisition: The level of competence of a person has in the languages which he knows
is known as degree. If he has equal competence in all the languages he speaks, is known as
Equilingualism.
Manner of acquisition: It is the way how a person becomes multilingual. Acquisition of more
than one language by child at home is called Natural bilingualism. It happens in childhood. If a
and vertical multilingualism. Speakers who live in their own geographic areas are mostly
monolingual are categorized under Horizontal multilingualism. The people belonging to different
ethnicity live together because they share the same territory come under Vertical
multilingualism.
Indian Multilingualism has its roots since ancient times. Pandit (1977) describes, ‘diverse
people who have come and made their home for the last five thousand years’. And Bayer
observes that ‘India is one of the world’s oldest multilingual societies’ (Beg 1996). Indian
multilingualism can be divided into three stages: ancient, medieval and modern.
India contacts with outer world dates back to 3rd millennium B.C. Multilingualism is
present in India since Ashokan times. It is evident that Ashokan inscription was written in four
different scripts. Aryans came to India and brought ‘Sanskrit’ with them in1500 B.C. Many
outsiders came to India to acquire its wealth and brought their culture and language with them.
Medieval period started with the arrival of Islam. Mohammad Bin Qasim was the first
Arab to enter India in 715 A.D. The Turks did not rule for a longer period, but the impact of their
language in still prevalent in India. Persian was also introduced in India. Later the Mughal rulers
had given equal prominence to all languages. Great epics like Ramayana and Mahabharatha were
translated into regional languages. Then Bhakti Saints used vernacular languages and made local
languages popular. Regional languages like Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Marathi etc. were
used for administrative purposes along with Sanskrit (Chandra 2001). All made India a linguistic
giant.
The modern era began after the 18th century. Many scholars wrote about India’s
greatness. The British rulers made to local people to learn English. Later they realized the need
for learning their local language. They made learning of these languages mandatory for civil
servants. Missionaries arrived in India and spread Christianity in India. They played an important
role in the promotion of tribal languages. They contributed a lot in the creation of tribal literature
India was partitioned into India and Pakistan in 1947. Later a demand arose for the
formation of linguistic states. Sardar Vallabhai Patel and some other leaders opposed the
reorganization of states on linguistic basis. But the reorganization of states did not achieve much
in the creation of a homogeneous region. This is why there is no official language in India till
date.
The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) is a detailed survey of the languages of British
India, describing 364 languages and dialects. The Survey was first proposed by George Abraham
8
Grierson, a member of the Indian Civil Service and a linguist. His proposal of linguistic survey
was approved by the Indian government in 1891. It began in 1894 and continued for thirty years
till 1928.
Indian multilingualism can be studied through its census records. The Linguistic Survey
of India made a declaration that there were 179 languages and 544 dialects. There is a big
problem to define the term ‘mother tongue’. It was included in 1881 census. In the later censuses
‘Mother tongue was defined as the language first spoken by the individuals from the cradle’. In
1950 the Eighth Schedule listed 14 languages as Scheduled and the number now has risen to 22.
The language data presented in the census are represented as schedule and non-schedule
languages. The languages which were listed in the Eighth Schedule are called Scheduled
Language and society are inter-related. Each language has many varieties. Language is a
sum of all those varieties. Language varieties indicate the speaker’s origin, the speakers who use
them and the contexts in which they are used. For example, the Tamil Speech community refers
their mother tongue as Tamil. There may be divisions like caste, region or religion. But as a
whole all those together come under the central Tamil entity.
TAMIL
The study of Tamils in Bangalore yields interesting insights into language and social
identity. The Iyengars of Bangalore exhibit themselves as a group whose Tamil is not acceptable
by the native Tamil speakers as standard. This speech community doesn’t use their language
outside of their homes. They mostly prefer Kannada, the state dominant language. Otherwise
they use English with code mixing of Tamil, Kannada and English. This group is treated as lower
in the Tamil speaking hierarchy. The distinction between Karnataka Tamil and Tamilnadu Tamil
This is used in the context when a visitor taps on the front door of a home and the hosts
answer ‘vandhe’.
houdha aamava apadiya ‘is that so’
In any given speech event there is the use of lexical items which are considered as feedback
signals. This is one usage.
aagala avardille mudiyad ‘not possible’
(Pattanayak.D.P, 1990)
Language and social identity are very much linked with ethnic identity. The notion of language
identity overlaps with the individual, group, regional and national identity. One has to look deep
into the social science disciplines to properly handle the issue of language identity.
Summary:
12
Language is not only a means of communication but also serves as a medium for gaining
knowledge. Knowledge can be self-gained. But education needs a proper training and
curriculum. It plays a vital role in shaping the personality of an individual. In olden days, there
were only classical languages served as a medium of instruction. During those days education
was only confined to upper caste people. They have gurukul system.
institutions like Nalanda, Vikramashila and Takshashila were established to make education
available for everyone. “The medium of Buddhist education was the common language of the
people” (Jayapalan, 2005). The Muslims had maktabs (primary schools) and madarassas (higher
education) during the medieval period. There was no place for vernacular languages in
education. Mother Tongue gained its importance after the publication of UNESCO monograph
With the arrival of British in India, there were many schools. The classical languages like
Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, Arabic, Bengali, etc., are used as a medium of instruction. The British
didn’t pay much attention towards education during the beginning days of their arrival. Later the
missionaries started imparting education via English. The Charter of 1813 confused everyone.
Some were in favor of education in classical languages while the rest interested in their
vernacular language learning. Then came Macaulay’s minute which brought a big change in the
Macaulay visited India as a member of the supreme council of India. He criticized the
Charter of 1813 because there was no choice of languages in the educational system. He opposed
13
education in vernacular languages and supported English education. The main points of his
Minute were :
The English educated natives will serve as interpreters between us and the millions
whom we govern.
English stands pre-eminent even among the languages of the West (Saba.N, 2011).
But this did not come into force. More than Macaulay’s Minute, Wood’s Dispatch of 1854 can
be regarded as the foundation of the present educational system in India. His recommendations
are :
Universities on the model of the London University be established in big cities such as
The Indian natives should be given training in their mother tongue also.
For the improvement of education government has appointed many commissions and
committees to take care of the issues related to education. Each commission recommended some
new steps which pave a way for the better education in India.
(Sridhar. K, 1983)
All these considerations together paved a way for the introduction of the Three Language
Formula in 1968 for the school education. This formula lays down the following languages for
teaching:
i. The regional language and the mother tongue when the latter differs from the regional
language.
a) It was not properly implemented by all the States. The Southern States were not ready to
teach Hindi as well as the Northern States never included any south Indian language in
the schools.
The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has constituted the Committee
under Chairman Dr. K. Kasturirangan in June 2017 for drafting National Education Policy. The
Committee has submitted its report in May 2019. The new draft of the National Education
Policy, 2019 proposes many changes in both school and higher education and focuses more on
research and innovation besides better governance systems. Salient features are:
The policy aims to universalize the pre-primary education by 2025 and provide
Children learn languages, most quickly between 2-8 years, and multilingualism
has great cognitive benefits for students. Therefore a three-language formula has
been proposed.
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Pali, Persian, and Prakrit in schools.
It aims to consolidate 800 universities & 40,000 colleges into around 15,000
colleges.
administrative autonomy.
17
be constituted. It will be chaired by the Prime Minister and will comprise eminent
Summary:
18
CONCLUSION:
Language is a great asset of human society. India has a rich heritage of languages which
can play a significant role towards having insights into human behavior in pluralistic
societies. But in the present situation, the multiplicity of languages has been posing many
problems in the development of a nation. Rival claims are made by various political and
cultural agencies and pressure groups regarding language privileges in different spheres
interests. The root cause of many of such controversies seems to be the total disregard of
REFERENCES:
Beg, M.K. (1996). Sociolinguistic Perspective of Hindi and Urdu in India. New Delhi:
Bahri Publications.
Chandra, Satish. (2001). Medieval India :A History Text Book for Class X1.New Delhi:
NCERT.