FOREWORD

Praise the presence of God for His blessings so that the author can complete the

preparation of this paper in its very simple form and content.

Hopefully this paper can be used as one of the references, guidelines and guidelines and

Hopefully this paper will help increase knowledge and experience for readers about "Global

Warming and Climate Change", so that the author can improve the form and content of this

paper so that it can be better in the future.

The author admits there are still many shortcomings because the experience I have is very

lacking. Therefore, the authors expect the readers to provide constructive inputs for the

perfection of this paper.

Tondano, October 2019

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................ ............................................ ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background ……………………………………………………………….............. 1

B. Objectives .................................................................................................................. 2

C. Benefits ...................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Definition of global warming and climate change ………………………………… 3

B. Factors causing global warming and climate change ................................................ 5

C. The process of global warming and climate change ……………………….............. 7

D. Relationship to global warming and climate change ................................................ 8

E. Impacts of global warming and climate change ........................................................ 8

F. Control of global warming to climate change ............................................................ 13

CHAPTER III CLOSING

Conclusion ................................................. .................................................................... 15

Suggestions .....................................................................................................................15

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
A. Background
Climate change due to global warming that occurred lately has become one of the very

significant effects in changing conditions of the earth over the next several decades and

centuries. However, what about the fate of the earth if there is a gradual warming as the sun

reaches its end as a white dwarf? Will the earth survive, or will this period be the end of the

earth's life. Climate change has a relationship with changes in rainfall, surface water

availability, and water quality that can affect water related diseases.

One of the impacts of the industrial revolution that has taken place and is still continuing

today in human life and civilization is its impact on the environment that surrounds humanity

itself. The expansion of business undertaken by industry players such as the construction of

factories and manufacturing of large capacities by ignoring attention to the impact on the

environment slowly but surely has resulted in negligence which will ultimately harm the

environment where humans live and their lives.

Environmentalists have found indications of the greatest impact on the environment and the

world globally as a result of the industrial efforts being carried out and which have been

growing rapidly at this time. This negative impact is the occurrence of warming in the world

and is often referred to as Global Warming which among some of the consequences is

climate change that is happening on earth today.

B. Purpose
1. General purpose

To find out about global warming and climate change.

2. Specific objectives

a. To find out the meaning of global warming and climate change.

b. To find out the factors causing global warming and climate change.

c. To find out the process of global warming and climate change.

d. To find out the relationship between global warming and climate change.

e. To find out the effects of global warming and climate change.

f. To find out how to control global warming that can prevent climate change.

C. Benefits
The benefits of this paper, both for authors and readers, can be a means of increasing

knowledge about global warming and climate change due to natural resources and human

activities along with other issues related to global warming.

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of global warming and climate change

1. Global Warming

Global warming is the process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere,
ocean and land mass. Global average temperatures on the surface of the Earth have increased
by 0.74 ± 0.18 ° C (1.33 ± 0.32 ° F) over the past hundred years. The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "most of the increase in global average
temperatures since the mid-20th century is most likely due to increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases due to human activities" through the greenhouse effect. This basic
conclusion has been advanced by at least 30 scientific and academic bodies, including all
national science academies from G8 countries. The climate model referred to by the IPCC
project shows global surface temperatures will increase 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F)
between 1990 and 2100. The difference in estimates is due to the use of different scenarios
regarding greenhouse gas emissions in the future, as well as different climate sensitivity
models. Although most research has focused on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level
rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even though the level of
greenhouse gas emissions has stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the oceans.

2. Climate Change

Climate Change is a change in the pattern of climate behavior in a relatively long period of

time (around 30 years). This can occur due to natural effects. However, now what is

happening is climate change due to human activities. Climate change occurs due to an

increase in air temperature that affects the conditions of other climate parameters. Climate

change includes changes in air pressure, wind direction and speed, and rainfall.

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)

Climate Change is a change caused by human activities both directly and indirectly that

changes the composition of the atmosphere globally and results in changes in climate

variations that can be observed and compared over a certain period of time.

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which has

succeeded in convincing countries in the world through scientific facts the relationship
between human activities and global warming that has resulted in climate change (man-made

climate change), after a while is only regarded as a mere hypothesis . This success in raising

awareness, which also provided the basis for its solution efforts, led the IPCC to receive the

Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore in 2007.

It has been estimated by scientists that the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere will

heat up more than any other area on Earth. This will result in the melting of icebergs and the

land will shrink. There will be less ice floating in these waters.

Areas that have experienced mild snow, may not experience it again. In the mountains in

subtropical areas, the part covered by snow will be less and will melt faster. The planting

season will be longer in some areas. Winter and night temperatures will tend to increase.

Warm areas will become more humid because more water evaporates from the oceans. High

humidity will increase rainfall, on average, about 1 percent for each degree Fahrenheit

heating.

Storms will become more frequent. In addition, water will evaporate more quickly from the

ground. As a result, some areas will become drier than before. The wind will blow harder and

maybe with a different pattern. A hurricane (hurricane) which gets its strength from water

evaporation, will become even greater. Contrary to warming, some very cold periods may

occur. Weather patterns become less predictable and more extreme

B. Factors Causing global warming and climate change

1. Causes of global warming

Global warming occurs when there are concentrations of certain gases known as greenhouse
gases, which continue to increase in the air, it is caused by human actions, industrial
activities, especially CO2 and chlorofluorocarbons. The main thing is carbon dioxide, which
is generally produced by the use of coal, petroleum, gas and deforestation and forest burning.
Nitric acid is produced by vehicles and industrial emissions, while methane emissions are
caused by industrial and agricultural activities. Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs damage the ozone
layer as well as greenhouse gases causing global warming, but are now removed in the
Montreal Protocol. Carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitric acid are pollutant
gases that accumulate in the air and filter out a lot of heat from the sun. While the oceans and
vegetation capture a lot of CO2, their ability to become a "roof" is now excessive due to
emissions. This means that every year, the accumulative amount of greenhouse gases in the
air increases and that means accelerating global warming.

Over the past hundred years the world's energy consumption has increased spectacularly.
Around 70% of energy is used by developed countries; and 78% of that energy comes from
fossil fuels. This causes an imbalance that results in some areas being drained away and
others gaining profits. Meanwhile, the amount of funds for the inexhaustible use of energy
(solar, wind, biogas, water, especially mini and macro hydro), which can reduce the use of
fossil fuels, both in developed and poor countries, remains low, in comparison with financial
assistance and investments allocated to fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

Deforestation that reduces carbon sequestration by trees, causes carbon emissions to increase
by 20%, and changes the local microclimate and the hydrological cycle, thereby affecting soil
fertility.

2. Causes of Climate Change

• Experts state that the main cause of climate change is global warming due to greenhouse
gases (GHG). The thing that causes GHG emissions to become a big problem is because
in the long run, the earth must release energy at the same rate when the earth receives
energy from the sun. A thicker GHG envelope will help to reduce energy loss into space,
so the climate system must adjust to restore the balance between incoming and outgoing
energy. This process is referred to as "the greater GHG effect". Increased warming,
eleven of the last twelve years have been the warmest years in global surface
temperatures since 1850. The average warming rate over the past fifty years has almost
doubled from the average of the last hundred years. Global average temperatures rose by
0.74 ° C during the 20th century.

• More amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Carbon dioxide is the dominant cause
of the bar in the current climate change and its concentration in the atmosphere has risen
from pre-industrial times of 278 ppm (parts-per-million) to 379 ppm in 2005.

• More water, but the distribution is uneven. An increase in precipitation in the last few
decades has been observed in Eastern North and South America, North Europe, North
Asia and Central Asia. However, in the Sahel, Mediterranean, South Africa and parts of
South Asia there is a reduction in precipitation. Since 1970 there has been a stronger and
longer drought.

C. The process of global warming and climate change

1. When sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, it must pass through a layer of greenhouse

gases. After reaching the entire surface of the earth, plants, soil, water, and other ecosystem
components absorb energy from the sun's rays. The rest will be reflected back to the

atmosphere. Some energy is returned to space, but some is trapped by greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere and returned to earth so it is known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse

effect can cause the melting of polar ice caps. If allowed to continue the sea level will rise

which causes the sinking of small islands and coastal areas.

2. Climate change occurs due to the depletion of the ozone layer which is caused by solar

radiation or trapped solar heat caused by greenhouse gas gases, one of which is cloro floro

carbon gas or usually better known as CFC. The impact on the health of living things from

the depletion of the ozone layer is respiratory problems, decreased immune system.

Chlorofluro carbon (also called CFC) is a gas composed of three elements Chlorine, Fluorine

and Carbon. They have been used extensively as a refrigerator in refrigerators and as a

booster in aerosol cans. It was discovered in the late 1970s and early 1980s that CFCs from

old and broken refrigerators and old aerosol cans gradually found their way into the upper

atmosphere where they damaged the ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the Earth from

harmful radiation. As a result of the damage, holes begin to appear in the ozone layer above

the South Pole every summer, getting bigger every year. Finally, the use of CFCs in aerosols

and refrigerators was banned. Not only found in the refrigerator or CFC aerosol can also be

found in air conditioners, smoke from burning factories, vehicles, and forests. Basically CFC

is not dangerous, but because of its excessive use CFC can damage the ozone layer which

protects the earth from solar radiation.

Cloro floro carbon is also one of the shareholders in the greenhouse effect gas. Greenhouse

effect gases are caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases in

the atmosphere. The increase in the concentration of CO2 gas is caused by an increase in the

burning of fuel oil (BBM), coal and other organic fuels that exceed the ability of plants and

the sea to absorb it.

D. The relationship between global warming and climate change
Global warming is basically an increase in the average temperature of air on the surface of

the earth. On the other hand, climate is strongly influenced by various climate parameters

such as wind speed and direction which are strongly influenced by air pressure and air

temperature, in addition to air humidity and rainfall which are affected by solar radiation.

With global warming, various climate parameters will be disrupted so that in the long run the

climate will experience permanent changes.

E. Impacts of global warming and climate change

1. Impact of global warming.

Below are some of the effects of global warming:

• Drought

A study conducted by a group of British climate experts found that global warming will cause

a major drought in the next 100 years. The scale of the drought is so large that it covers half

of the total land we have at the moment. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) states

that the global percentage of dry areas has increased by 1.74% between 1950 and 2008.

Drought will certainly lead to crop failure which will have a fatal impact on the world

population.

• Plague

Caused an epidemic spike in a number of diseases. Viruses generally cannot survive cold

temperatures. However, with the increase in temperature due to climate change, the virus that

was only able to develop in tropical climates then spread to other regions. The Korea Institute

of Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA) stated that "In extreme cases, a 1 degree rise in

temperature will result in a 6 percent increase in the spread of disease.

• Flood
Global warming capable of triggering floods seems to be contrary to logic. But the reality is

climate change is causing changes in weather patterns throughout the world. In recent years

we have seen the phenomenon of massive floods that have befallen various parts of the

world. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that the frequency of

flash floods will increase in this century.

• Melting of polar ice caps

Global warming causes melting of ice in the North Pole and the Antarctic region (South

Pole). The temperature in this area has increased about two to three times. Polar ice has an

important role in maintaining environmental balance. If the ice melts, islands below sea level

will be in danger. Cities such as Shanghai and the island nation of the Maldives are some of

the places that will be exposed to the highest risk in such a scenario. When the atmosphere

warms, the surface layers of the ocean will also warm, this causes the volume to enlarge and

increase sea level. Warming also results in the melting of polar ice caps, especially around

Greenland. Changes in sea level will greatly affect life in coastal areas. Some areas will sink.

Erosion of cliffs, beaches and sand dunes will increase. Even a slight rise in sea level will

greatly affect the coastal ecosystem, for example will sink half of the coastal swamps.

• Smog

The increase in temperature due to global warming will make the concentration of smog in

the atmosphere increase. Increased haze will eventually lead to illness and death. Smoke fog

also intensifies heat waves which of course can have a bad impact on life.

•Forest fires

Over the past decade, a lot of research has been done to ascertain whether global warming is

causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of forest fires. Forest fires cause damage to

ecosystems and infrastructure. As a result of forest fires, the amount of carbon dioxide
released which is a greenhouse gas will also increase which will ultimately worsen global

warming.

• Climate Starts Unstable

It has been estimated by scientists that the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere will
heat up more than any other area on Earth. This will result in the melting of icebergs and the
land will shrink. There will be less ice floating in these waters. . Areas that have experienced
mild snow, may not experience it again. In the mountains in subtropical areas, the part
covered by snow will be less and will melt faster. The planting season will be longer in some
areas. Winter and night temperatures will tend to increase. Warm areas will become more
humid because more water evaporates from the oceans. High humidity will increase rainfall,
on average, about 1 percent for each degree Fahrenheit heating. Storms will become more
frequent. In addition, water will evaporate more quickly from the ground. As a result, some
areas will become drier than before. The wind will blow harder and maybe with a different
pattern. A hurricane (hurricane) which gets its strength from water evaporation, will become
even greater. Contrary to warming, some very cold periods may occur. Weather patterns
become less predictable and more extreme.

• Ecological disorders

Animals and plants become living things that are difficult to escape from this warming effect
because most of the land has been controlled by humans. In global warming, animals tend to
migrate towards the poles or up mountains. Plants will change the direction of their growth,
looking for new areas because their old habitats become too warm. However, human
development will prevent this movement. Species that migrate north or south that are blocked
by cities or agricultural lands may die. Some types of species that are not able to move
quickly to the poles may also be destroyed.

2. Impacts of climate change

Climate change causes changes in seasonal patterns, making it difficult to predict. In some
parts of the world this increases the intensity of rainfall which has the potential to trigger
floods and landslides. Whereas the other hemisphere can experience a prolonged dry season,
due to rising temperatures and decreasing humidity. According to Swiss insurance company
Re, 90% of climate-related disasters occur in Asia. Weather patterns will be extreme - the
possibility of very hot weather, heat waves and heavy rain will occur more often. In addition,
tropical cyclone storms may be more intensive, accompanied by strong winds and heavy rain.
Furthermore, climate change will have an impact on our lives such as:

• Food Security Threatened

Agricultural production of food crops and fisheries will be reduced due to flooding, drought,
heating and water pressure, rising sea water, and strong winds. Climate change will also
affect the harvest schedule.

• Food prices are rising

For the next few decades, experts predict crop yields ranging from corn to wheat, rice to
cotton, will decrease by up to 30 percent. This declining yield leads to an increase in food
prices. Because, there will be a process, storage, and transportation of food that requires more
water and energy.

• Unhealthy cycles

Rising temperatures coupled with a global population will fuel energy demand. This
ultimately results in the production of emissions which cause climate change and, ironically,
triggering even more emissions. While rainfall is projected to decrease by 40 percent in
several locations.

• Damage to infrastructure

Climate change triggers more extreme weather which results in disaster. As happened in DKI
Jakarta in January to February 2013. Rain in high intensity caused massive flooding. The
capital of Indonesia was paralyzed when almost all of its roads were flooded, including the
central government in Central Jakarta. Roads and public transportation buses which are
important infrastructure for Jakarta residents no longer function.

• Reduced water resources

The booming population causes high water demand. This has caused a massive siphoning of
existing water sources. Especially for Jakarta, rising sea levels can make the boundary
between ground water and sea water further inland. So that it pollutes more sources of
drinking water.

• Increased respiratory disease

Climate change also causes air pollution which ultimately decreases the function of the lungs.
In big cities like New York City, United States, asthma cases will increase by as much as ten
percent.

• Hydrological disaster

Natural disasters, the result of climate change, increasing storms and extreme weather. Only a
few cities in the world have a good response system for these disasters.
 REFERENCES

www.scribd.com

https://sains.kompas.com/read/2013/01/20/17502648/Enam.Dampak.Perubahan.Iklim.pad
a.Hidup.Kita.