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xanthate. A salt (usually potassium or sodium) of xanthine oxidase. An enzyme found in animal
a xanthic acid. Available as yellow pelletized solids tissues that acts upon hypoxanthine, xanthine, alde-
having a pungent odor; soluble in water. Examples hydes, reduced coenzyme I, etc. producing, respec-
are potassium amyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xant- tively, xanthine, uric acid, acids, oxidized coenzyme
hate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium isopropyl I, etc.
xanthate. Use: Biochemical research.
Use: Collector agents in the flotation of sulfide min-
erals, metallic elements such as copper, silver, gold, xanthogenic acid. See xanthic acid.
and some oxidized minerals of lead and copper.
See cellulose xanthate; viscose process.
xanthone. (benzophenone oxide; dibenzopy-
rone; xanthene ketone).
xanthene. (dibenzopyran, tricyclic). CAS: 90-47-1. CO(C6H4)2O. Tricyclic; occurs in
CH2(C6H4)2O. The central structure of the fluoros- some plant pigments.
cein, eosin, and rhodamine dyes. Properties: White needles or crystalline powder. Mp
Properties: Yellowish, crystalline leaflets. Mp 173–4C, bp 350C, sublimes. Insoluble in water;
100.5C, bp 315C. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and benzene, espe-
in alcohol; very slightly soluble in water. cially when hot.
Derivation: By the condensation of phenol and o- Use: Larvicide; intermediate for dyes, perfumes, and
cresol by means of aluminum chloride. pharmaceuticals.
Use: Organic synthesis, fungicide.
xanthophyll. C40H56O2.
xanthene dye. A group of dyes whose molecu- Properties: Yellow pigment. An oxygenated carot-
lar structure is related to that of xanthene. The aro- enoid occurring in green vegetation and in some
matic (C6H4) groups constitute the chromophore. CI animal products, notably egg yolk. Mp 190–3C.
ranges from 45000 to 45999. The dyes are closely Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol and
related structurally to diaryl methane dyes. Eosin ether.
(CI 45380) is an example. See lutein; carotenoid.
Derivation: Reduction of xanthone with alcohol and Complex compounds containing nitrogen bonded to
sodium. xenon have also been prepared.
Grade: CP (analytical). Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; oxidizing agents,
Use: Determination of urea and DDT. strong irritant.
X chromosome. One of the two sex chromo- xerography. A “dry” method of photography or
somes, X and Y. photocopying. A metal plate is covered with a layer
See Y chromosome; sex chromosome. of photoconductive powder, such as selenium; the
surface of this plate is given an electric charge by
Xe. Symbol for xenon. passing it under a series of charged wires. An image
of the material to be photographed is projected onto
xenograft. Tissue or organs from an individual of the charged plate through a camera lens. The electric
one species transplanted into or grafted onto an charges disappear in the areas exposed to light, but
organism of another species, genus, or family. A elsewhere the surface retains its charge. A powder
common example is the use of pig heart valves in consisting of a coarse carrier and a fine developing
humans. resin is then spread over the plate. Adhesion be-
tween powder and plate occurs only at the charged
3-(2-xenolyl)-1,2-epoxypropane. areas. Elsewhere developing resin and carrier are
Use: Food additive; plasticizer. not retained on the plate, which thus has become a
negative of the original image. A positive is ob-
xenon. Xe. Element of atomic number 54, noble tained by placing a piece of paper against the plate
gas group of the periodic table, aw 131.30, valences and applying an electric charge as in the first stage of
= 2, 4, 6, 8; nine stable isotopes. the process. This causes adhesion of developing
Properties: Colorless, odorless gas or liquid. Gas (at resin and its carrier to the paper. This positive print is
STP) has d 5.8971 g/L (air = 1.29 g/L), dielectric fixed by heating in a press for a few seconds to melt
constant 1.0012 (25C) (1 atm); liquid has bp the developing resin and fuse it to the paper. Colored
−108.12C (1 mm Hg), d (at bp) of 1.987 g/cc; lique- prints are possible by use of suitable developing
faction temp −106.9C. Chemically unreactive but resins. Various materials other than paper can thus
not completely inert. Noncombustible. be printed.
Derivation: Fractional distillation of liquid air.
Use: Luminescent tubes, flash lamps in photography, xibornol. (6-isobornyl-3,4-xylenol). C18H26O.
fluorimetry, lasers, tracer studies, anesthesia. Properties: Crystalline solid or viscous, yellowish
See noble gas; xenon compounds. liquid. D 1.02, refr index 1.538.
Use: Antibacterial agent, rubber antioxidant.
xenon compounds. Xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4,
is easily prepared by mixing fluorine and xenon in X-linked. Shortened form for cross-linked, e.g.,
gaseous form, heating in a nickel vessel to 400C, and X-linked polyethylene.
cooling. The product forms large, colorless crystals.
The difluoride and hexafluoride, XeF2 and XeF6, XLPE. Trade abbreviation for cross-linked poly-
also colorless crystals, can be obtained somewhat ethylene.
similarly. The hexafluoride melts to a yellow liquid
at 50C and boils at 75C. Many xenon fluorine com- XPS. Abbreviation for X-ray photoelectron spec-
plexes with other compounds are also known. Xe- troscopy.
non oxytetrafluoride, XeOF4, a volatile liquid at
room temperature, is obtained from the reaction of x-radiation. (Roentgen rays; x rays). Electro-
xenon hexafluoride and silica. Gram amounts have magnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength
been isolated and studied. (0.06–120 Å), emitted as the result of electron tran-
All these fluorides must be protected from moisture sitions in the inner orbits of heavy atoms bombarded
to avoid formation of xenon trioxide, XeO3, a color- by cathode rays in a vacuum tube. Those of the
less, nonvolatile solid that is dangerously explosive shortest wavelength have the highest intensity and
when dry. Its solution, the so-called xenic acid, is a are called “hard” X rays. X-radiation was discov-
stable weak acid but a strong oxidizing agent, which ered by Roentgen in 1898. Its properties are (1)
will even liberate chlorine from hydrochloric acid. penetration of solids of moderate density, such as
In an alkaline solution, xenon trioxide reacts to give human tissue but retardation by bone, barium sul-
free xenon and perxenate, such as Na4XeO6•8H2O. fate, lead, and other dense materials. (2) Action on
Perxenates are probably the most powerful oxidiz- photographic plates and fluorescent screens. (3) Ion-
ing agents known, just as the xenon fluorides are ization of the gases through which they pass. (4)
extremely effective fluorinating agents. Ability to damage or destroy diseased tissue; there is
“XYDAR” 1336
also a cumulative deleterious effect on healthy thesis, especially isophthalic acid; insecticides; avi-
tissue. ation fuel.
Hazard: Overexposure can permanently damage
cells and tissue structures; effect is cumulative. m-xylene-␣,␣′-diamine. (MXDA; m-pheny-
Use: Spectrometry; structure determination of mole- lenebis(methylamine)).
cules, cancer therapy, diagnostic medicine, nonde- CAS: 1477-55-0. mf: C8H12N2.
structive testing of metals, identification of original Properties: A liquid. Mw 136.22, bp 245−248C.
paintings, preservation of foods. Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact and inges-
See radiation, ionizing; diffraction; roentgen. tion. Mildly toxic by inhalation. A severe skin and
eye irritant. TLV: TWA ceiling of 0.1 mg/m3. Toxic
“Xydar” Solvay Advanced. TM for liquid by skin absorption.
crystal polymer glass/mineral combination product. Use: Manufacture of polyamide fibers and resins, as a
Use: Microwave cabinets; cookware; automotive and curing agent.
electronic components.
o-xylene. (1,2-dimethylbenzene).
xylene. (dimethylbenzene). CAS: 95-47-6. 1,2-C6H4(CH3)2.
CAS: 1330-20-7. C6H4(CH3)2. A commercial mix- Properties: Clear, colorless liquid. D 0.880 (20/4C),
ture of the three isomers, o-, m-, and p-xylene. The fp −25C, bp 144C, refr index 1.505 (20C), flash p
last two predominate. 115F (46.1C) (TOC), autoign temp 867F (463.8C).
Properties: Clear liquid. D about 0.86. See under Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Grade for boiling range, flash p 81–115F Combustible.
(27.2–46.1C) (TOC). Soluble in alcohol and ether; Grade: 99%, free of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur
insoluble in water. dioxide, technical 95%, research 99.9%.
Derivation: (1) Fractional distillation from petrole- Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: 100 ppm; STEL
um (90%), coal tar, or coal gas, (2) by catalytic 150 ppm; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
reforming from petroleum, followed by separation Use: Manufacture of phthalic anhydride, vitamin and
of p-xylene by continuous crystallization, (3) from pharmaceutical syntheses, dyes, insecticides, motor
toluene by transalkylation. fuels.
Grade: Nitration (bp range 137.2–140.5C), 4 de-
grees (bp range 138–134C), 5 degrees (bp range
137–142C, high in m-isomer), 10 degrees (bp range
135–145C), industrial (bp 90% 40C, complete
160C). Also other grades depending on use. In some
cases one or another of the industrial isomers is
partially removed for use in chemical production.
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by
ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 100 ppm; STEL 150 p-xylene. (1,4-dimethylbenzene).
ppm; not classifiable as a human carcinogen. CAS: 106-42-3. 1,4-C6H4(CH3)2.
Use: Aviation gasoline; protective coatings; solvent
for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels, rubber cements;
synthesis of organic chemicals.
m-xylene. (1,3-dimethylbenzene).
CAS: 108-38-3. 1,3-C6H4(CH3)2.