Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Operations (SHMTO) Report of

Experiment No:5

( Determine the makeup water requirements, cycles of concentration for

Forced Draft Cooling Tower.)

SUBMITTED BY: GROUP 5

 Hammad ur Rehman (Fa16-Che-042)

 Raghib Subhani ( Fa16-Che-008)
 Usman Bhatti (Fa16-Che-020)
 Umer Hassan (Fa16-Che-091)
 Muhammad Umer (Fa16-Che-111)

SUBMITTED TO: Sir Haris Humayun

SUBMISSION DATE: 15th May, 2019

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Contents
1. Objective: ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Theory: ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.,4
3. Line Tracing: ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Safety Observations: ......................................................................................................................... 4
5 Experimental Procedure: .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Observations and Calculations: ......................................................................................................... 6
7. Table ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. Graph: ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
9. Conclusion: ....................................................................................................................................... 9
10. Recommendations: ........................................................................................................................ 9
11. Contributions: ............................................................................................................................. 10

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Experiment 04

Measurement of Airstream properties and efficiency of Forced Draft Cooling

Tower using Psychometric Chart, varying both water and air flowrate in the
system.

THEORY:
Cooling tower is a heat rejection gadget that rejects heat from the given stream to the
cooling tower. Cooling tower may either use the evaporation of water to remove the heat and
cools down the fluid in it. Cooling tower is used in many industries where some sort of cooling is
required. It basically works upon the direct contact of the hot stream with relatively cooler air so
that the heat transfer is done between the hot stream and cool air. This results that the enthalpy of
inlet water stream is higher and the enthalpy of outlet stream of water will be lower because the
heat is transferred to the air. Also, the enthalpy of inlet stream of air is less and the enthalpy of
outlet air stream is higher because the air has taken the heat from the water stream.

The cooling towers vary in size in accordance to the usage. Nuclear power plants also
use the cooling tower, named as the hyper-boiled cooling towers. Common applications include
cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants,
thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings.
With respect to the heat transfer mechanism employed, the main types are:

• Dry cooling towers operate by heat transfer through a surface that separates the working fluid
from ambient air, such as in a tube to air heat exchanger, utilizing convective heat transfer. They
do not use evaporation.

• Wet cooling towers (or open circuit cooling towers) operate on the principle of evaporative
cooling. The working fluid and the evaporated fluid (usually water) are one and the same.

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• Fluid coolers (or closed-circuit cooling towers) are hybrids that pass the working fluid through
a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and a fan-induced draft applied. The resulting
heat transfer performance is much closer to that of a wet cooling tower, with the advantage
provided by a dry cooler of protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure and
contamination.

Some of the terminologies associated with cooling tower are blow down , drift losses,
evaporation loss makeup water, cycle of concentration etc.

Some terminologies are required while at the same time some are not required. For example, in a
cooling tower , drift losses are undesired and are not required so we have to fine the best way to
make it lesser. On same time, evaporation losses are desired one and we have to make it
maximum to brought up the efficiency of our cooling tower. The system which give us minimum
make up water value will be our best and desired system because it will have the maximum
efficiency at that time and the losses will be minimum. So , the main objective of this experiment
is to find out the way at which our system will have minimum makeup water value.

Visio Diagram of cooling tower:

Air out
FI

Rota meter

Temperature
indicator
Cooling Temperature
Tower indicator Ball valve Ball valve
Covered
Storage tank

Blower Blow down

Drain
valve Water
valve
Centrifugal heater
pump

Safety Precautions:

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  Don`t run centrifugal pump idle.

 Ensure that storage tank is at least 80% full.

 Ensure that at the end of the experimental performance, the heater should be stopped.

 Wear gloves as this experiment involve heating of storage tank.

Experimental Procedure:

 Ensure all the switches in the control box are turned off.
 Fill the basin of the cooling tower with water up to 80% level.
 Start the water pump and ensure that water is spreading through cooling water sprinkler.
 Start the draft fan and ensure that proper air is passing through the tower.
 Let the system run for 10 minutes before heating.
 After 10 minutes note the readings of the air inlet and outlet dry and wet bulb
temperatures.
 Turn off pump and draft fan.
 Turn on the water heater switches. Wait till water temperature in the storage tank reaches
a temperature value of 35ºC.
 Turn on the draft fan and pump.
 Note the readings of air and water streams after 1 minute by maintaining the temperature
in the storage tank.
 Air flowrate should be varied between minimum flowrate to maximum flowrate, by
varying the knob of the switch.
 Water flowrate should be varied between 6, 9 and 12 LPM.
 Repeat the same procedure by increasing the water temperature to 40°C.
 Flow rates in this experiment to be varied between 6 LPM, 9 LPM and 12 LPM
(LPM=liter per min.).

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  Use the readings and psychometric chart to determine the air properties and efficiency of
the system.
 Determine at which flow-rate, the system is operating best.

Observations and Calculations:

Air Inlet Wet Bulb Temperature, (Ta, wi) = 24.5 ºC

Air Inlet Dry Bulb Temperature, (Ta, di) = 33 ºC
Outlet Wet Bulb Temperature, (Ta, wo) = 23.5 ºC
Air Outlet Dry Bulb Temperature, (Ta, do) = 33.5 ºC
Flow rate of Water (mw)= 6 LPM

TABLE:

Water Flowrates 6LPM 9LPM

Air Flowrate = 50%
Air Dry Bulb Temperature (Inlet) (°C) 33 33
Air Wet Bulb Temperature (Inlet) (°C) 24 24
Air Dry Bulb Temperature (Outlet) (°C) 33.5 33.5
Air Wet Bulb Temperature (Outlet) (°C) 24.5 24.5
%age Humidity (inlet) (%) 47 47
%age Humidity (outlet) (%) 47.4 47.4
Enthalpy of Dry Air (kJ/kg. K) 71.43 71.43
Enthalpy of Wet Air (kJ/kg. K) 73.4 73.4
ΔE (kJ/kg. K) 1.97 1.97
Cooling water inlet temperature (°C) 34 34
Cooling water outlet temperature (°C) 32 32
Range of cooling tower (°C) 2 2
Approach of cooling tower (°C) 8 8
%age Efficiency of cooling tower (%) 20 20

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Water Flowrates 6LPM 9LPM
Air Flowrate = 75%
Air Dry Bulb Temperature (Inlet) (°C) 33 33
Air Wet Bulb Temperature (Inlet) (°C) 23.5 23
Air Dry Bulb Temperature (Outlet) (°C) 33.5 33.5
Air Wet Bulb Temperature (Outlet) (°C) 24.5 24.5
%age Humidity (inlet) (%) 44.6 42.2
%age Humidity (outlet) (%) 47.4 47.4
Enthalpy of Dry Air (kJ/kg. K) 69.44 67.45
Enthalpy of Wet Air (kJ/kg. K) 74.4 74.4
ΔE (kJ/kg. K) 4.96 6.95
Cooling water inlet temperature (°C) 34 34
Cooling water outlet temperature (°C) 32 32
Range of cooling tower (°C) 2 2
Approach of cooling tower (°C) 8 8
%age Efficiency of cooling tower (%) 20 20

Water Flowrates 6LPM 9LPM

Air Flowrate = 100%
Air Dry Bulb Temperature (Inlet) (°C) 33.5 33
Air Wet Bulb Temperature (Inlet) (°C) 24 24
Air Dry Bulb Temperature (Outlet) (°C) 34 33.5
Air Wet Bulb Temperature (Outlet) (°C) 24.5 24.5
%age Humidity (inlet) (%) 45 47
%age Humidity (outlet) (%) 45.5 47.4
Enthalpy of Dry Air (kJ/kg. K) 71.34 71.42
Enthalpy of Wet Air (kJ/kg. K) 73.4 73.4
ΔE (kJ/kg. K) 2.06 1.98
Cooling water inlet temperature (°C) 35 38
Cooling water outlet temperature (°C) 33 36
Range of cooling tower (°C) 2 2
Approach of cooling tower (°C) 9 12
%age Efficiency of cooling tower (%) 18.18 14.29
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Graphical Representation:

Conclusion:

Recommendations:

WORK DISTRIBUTION

Raghib Subhani Theory

Muhammad Umer Procedure and safety

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Usman Bhatti Visio diagram

Hammad ur Rehman Observations and calculations

Umer Hassan Graphs and conclusion

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