Nebosh Idip Unit B: B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017

NEBOSH IDIP UNIT B
SUMMARY
B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017.
1. Explain the following terms
a) Health: "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity."
b) Occupational Health: " to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental,
and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
c) Wellbeing: "Wellbeing is a state of being with others, where human needs are met,
where one can act meaningfully to pursue one's goals, and where one enjoys a satisfactory
quality of life."
2. Explain the key categories of occupational health hazards
a) Chemical: these include acids, alkalis, metals asbestos).
b) Biological: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
c) Physical: these include heat, lighting, noise, vibration, and radiation.
d) Psychosocial: these include mental ill-health, stress, violence, and aggression.
e) Ergonomic: these include repetitive movement activities, manual handling
3. Outline the meaning of epidemic and give example
An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people. For
example, in 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome.
4. Outline the principles of controlling exposure to any hazardous substances in workplace
o Changing work practices so the job, task, or equipment that exposes workers
o Modifying work to avoid creating hazardous by-products or waste.
o Reduce the risk of infection to a level that will not harm people’s health.
o Physical barriers to prevent exposure.
o Engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation systems to reduce airborne
pg. 1 IDIP NEBOSH CALIFRANCIS254@GMAIL.COM

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SUMMARY
o The use of PPE, clothing, gloves, footwear, and respiratory protection (RPE).
o Good hygiene practices such as thorough hand washing, avoiding hand to
mouth contact, safe disposal of waste.
o Use of appropriate decontamination methods.
o Appropriate vaccination where assessment reveals that there is a risk of
exposure to such biological agents.
5. a) Explain the meaning of fitness to work
Is a medical assessment done when an employer wishes to be sure a worker can
safely do a specific job or task
b) Outline the principle of fitness to work process in the workplace.
o The programme should be based on an assessment of the risk.
o The programme should aim to match the requirements of a position with the
reasonable (and foreseeable) health and capacity requirements for a worker
o Any tests of functional capacity or medical examinations should relate to an
assessment of fitness for the assignment or tasks.
o Tests and examinations should produce repeatable and consistent results.
o Tests or examinations should apply equally to all who are required to do the work.
o Tests and examinations must be legal in the country in which they are applied.
o All work capacity tests or medical examinations must be safe.

6. Outline the benefits of pre-placement evaluations in workplace for new workers
o Appropriate pairing of the applicant to the occupational requirements of the job.
o Discovery of health condition(s) that may place the safety or health of the applicant
o A basis for determining any reasonable aids or adjustments that are needed
o A baseline of health status so future measurements can determine whether any
workplace exposures have proven detrimental to the worker's health.

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SUMMARY
o Knowledge of family health problems so advice on lifestyle changes
o A basis for relationship with the worker's supervisors regarding potential emergency
situations).
o Compliance with local legal requirements.
o Measurement of psychological status so proper referral to counselling
7. a) Explain the meaning of Vocational rehabilitation
Is "a process that enables people with functional, psychological, developmental,
cognitive, and emotional impairments or health conditions to overcome barriers to
accessing, maintaining, or returning to employment or other useful occupation?"
b) Examples of vocational rehabilitation and benefits

1. Prevention of long-term sickness absence in primary care:
The intervention comprised six sessions of group treatment by a therapist to change

beliefs and behaviours so they could cope better with their problems. The control group
had usual care.
2. Population-based model to improve return to work:
The combination of work rehabilitation and workplace interventions at the sub-acute

stage may provide important long-term savings.
3. Workplace-based intervention tackling obstacles to return to work:
The intervention package, delivered by occupational health nurses, addressed psychosocial

obstacles to recovery through a supportive network that included advice, modified work,
and communication with the GP. Modest benefits were achieved for low cost.
4. Educational intervention:
There is a duty of care and a lot that can be done for the most valuable tool in the teacher's
toolbox their voice.’

NEBOSH IDIP UNIT B
SUMMARY
Benefits of Vocational Rehabilitation.
o Fewer staff days’ absence due to illness
o Higher employment rates mean reduced welfare and taxpayer costs.
o Employers retain a skilled, trusted, and knowledgeable workforce.
o Workers who are working gain enhanced esteem.
o Workers who are working benefit from increased financial stability.

8. Outline the functions of an OHS, and the benefit in medium organization.
o Identification and assessment of the risks from health hazards in the workplace.
o Advising on planning and organisation of work and working practices.
o Providing advice, information, training and education, on occupational health,
safety, hygiene, ergonomics, and on protective equipment.
o Surveillance of workers' health in relation to work.
o Contributing to occupational rehabilitation and maintaining in employment people
of working age, or assisting in the return to employment.
o Organizing first aid and emergency treatment.

Benefits of an effective OHS
o Provides early intervention to help prevent staff being absent for health-relate
reasons
o Improved opportunities for people to recover from illness while at work.
o Provides critical support to the process of effective absence management
o increase the number of staff returning to work earlier.
o Fulfils any national legal requirements.
o Helps maximize the productivity of workers by building a healthier workforce.
o Encourages the workforce to stay longer in active life.
o Enhances workers’ commitment to the business.

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SUMMARY
o Helps to demonstrate that a business is socially responsible.
o Protects and enhances brand image and brand value.
o Helps businesses to meet customers’ health and safety expectations.
o Helps to reduce business costs and disruption.

9. Explain the meaning of Health Surveillance and example.
Health surveillance is a way of monitoring any possible ill-health effects that could be
related to work exposures. For example hearing tests for those exposed to noise
10. Outline the benefits of being audited and accredited against the SEQOHS standards:
o Provide independent and impartial recognition that the OH service provider has
objectively demonstrated their competence, providing external validation.
o Identify good practice so that it may be furthered and built upon.
o Identify sub-optimal practice so that it may be improved.
o Provide a standard for all services to work towards, improving consistency across
services.
o Identify gaps in existing services so that they may be remedied.
o Identify the staff and other resources required to deliver an effective service.
o Gather workload data systematically to inform optimal use of resources.
o Encourage networking through appropriate professional societies and groups.
o Establish evidence-based local referral guidelines and indications for referral.
o Develop cost-effective management guidelines and standardize care.
o Inform efforts by workers to get the local services workers require.

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SUMMARY
IB2 Identification, Assessment and Evaluation of Hazardous
Substances 2017.
1. Outline how hazardous substances can enter the body in depending on the type of
exposure and the form of the substance.
o Absorption through the skin, or through mucous membranes such as around the
eyes.
o Injection. This is direct entry through an open wound, or through a puncture or bite.
o Inhalation through the nose and mouth and into the lungs via the respiratory
passage.
o Ingestion through the mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, stomach, and
intestines.
2. Explain how Respiratory System defense its system .

Large solid particles inhaled are initially filtered by nasal hairs. Particles that make it
further inside the nose become caught by the small bones and the cartilage, causing
deposition in the nose and its mucus lining. The fine hairs in the nose then pass these
particles back to the outside when they can be blown out. Substances irritating the inside
of the nose cause a reaction which results in the particles been expelled through the nose
via sneezing.Particles which penetrate further than the nose can reach the back of the
throat where, if irritation occurs, results in expulsion via coughing. If particles reach the
back of the throat without being expelled, they then enter the pharynx and into the
trachea. These airways contain a lining of sticky thick mucus which can dissolve some
portions of substances or, along with the cilia (tiny hairs), can carry the mucus and
particles upwards towards the back of the throat to be expelled. This is known as the
mucociliary escalator.If the particles continue forward into the respiratory system they will
reach the bronchus and then the alveoli. If the particle is water soluble, then access to the
alveoli might enable it to enter the bloodstream
3.

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4. Outline the Physical forms of hazardous substances
o Dusts such as grinding, grit blasting, sweeping, mixing cement, which
become airborne.
o Fibres e.g. Asbestos and man-made mineral fibres (MMMF
o Fumes eg Fine solid particles less than 1 micron in size.
o Gases -A formless chemical which occupies the space
o Mists-Small liquid droplets suspended in the air
o Vapours-The gaseous form of a liquid or a solid at normal temperature and
pressure.
o Liquids-A free-flowing fluid
5. Outline the Distinction between Inhalable and Respirable Dust.

Total inhalable dust is the fraction of airborne material which enters the nose and mouth
during breathing and is therefore liable to deposition anywhere in the respiratory tract.
Respirable dust is that fraction that penetrates to the deep lung where gas exchange takes
place. The particle sizes are between 4 and 10 microns.
6. Outline the hazard classes and categories.

Acute Toxicity.
Refers to the adverse effects occurring following oral or dermal administration of a single dose of a
substance, or multiple doses given within 24 hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours.
Skin Corrosion.
Is the production of irreversible damage to the skin
Skin Irritation.
A substance is a skin irritant when it produces reversible damage to the skin following its
application of up to 4 hours.
Serious Eye Damage.
Is the production of tissue damage in the eye, reversible within 21 days of application of the test
substance.
Eye Irritation.
Is the production of changes in the eye following the application of test substance to the anterior
surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application?
Respiratory/Skin Sensitisation.
A respiratory sensitiser is a substance that will lead to hypersensitivity of the airways following
inhalation of the substance.

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SUMMARY
Germ Cell Mutagenicity.
A germ cell mutagen is a substance that may cause mutations in the germ cells of humans that can
be transmitted to the progeny (offspring.) A
Carcinogenicity.
A carcinogen is any substance or a mixture which induces cancer, or increases its incidence.
Reproductive Toxicity.
Reproductive toxicity is associated substances that will interfere in some way with
normal reproduction;.
Specific Target Organ Toxicity.
Classification identifies the chemical substance as being a specific target organ/systemic toxicant
(such as asbestos).
Aspiration Hazard.
Aspiration hazard means the entry of liquid and solid substances directly through the oral or nasal
cavity, or indirectly through vomiting into the trachea and lower respiratory system.
7. Outline the aim of The Purpose of the European Regulation Registration, Evaluation,
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
To provide a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the use of
chemicals.
To make the people who place chemicals on the market (manufacturers and importers) responsible
for understanding and managing the risks associated with their use.
To allow the free movement of substances on the EU market.
To enhance innovation in and the competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry.
To promote the use of alternative methods for the assessment of the hazardous properties of
substances e.g. (QSAR) and read across.
8. Outline the effects of Prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide
Cause serious complication

Brain damage
Heart problems
It can result in death.

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SUMMARY
9. Outline potential health effects, both acute and chronic, associated with exposure to
isocyanates.
o Inhalation of isocyanates can cause respiratory irritation/sensitization in people or
lead to occupational asthma.
o Skin sensitization can occur due to the irritant nature of isocyanates in contact with
the skin surface, which may result in dermatitis.
o Eyes: isocyanates are irritants to the eyes. Splashes can cause severe chemical
conjunctivitis.
o Liver and kidney dysfunction.
10. Outline the exposure effects to metalworking fluids.
 cause irritation of the skin/dermatitis,
 occupational asthma,
 bronchitis,
 irritation of the upper respiratory tract,
 breathing difficulties
 Serious lung disease called extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA).
11. Outline the Health hazards associated with wood dusts
 Skin irritation: which can lead to "nettle rash" or irritant dermatitis.

 Sensitization dermatitis: is more problematic and is usually caused by skin exposure
to fine wood dust of certain species.

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SUMMARY
 Respiratory and allied effects: Wood, especially inhalation of fine dust, can have
many effects on the respiratory tract, including:
 Rhinitis (a runny nose).
 Violent sneezing.
 Blocked nose.
 Nose bleeds.
 Very rarely, nasal cancer

 Lungs.
 Asthma.
 Impairment of lung function.
 Rarely, extrinsic allergic alveolitis e.g. when using western red cedar or iroko.
 Asthma is of particular concern. Wood dusts can irritate the respiratory tract
provoking asthma attacks in sufferers,
 Eye soreness, watering, and conjunctivitis.
12. a) List type of asbestos
Serpentine (chrysotile (white asbestos)),
Asbestos and amphiboles, crocidolite (blue asbestos),
Amosite (brownasbestos), tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite
b) Outline the symptoms of exposures to Asbestos.
o Shortness of breath –.
o A persistent cough.
o Wheezing.
o Fatigue (extreme tiredness).
o Chest pain.
o In more advanced cases, clubbed (swollen) fingertips.

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c) Outline the diseases caused by long exposures of Asbestos
o Pleural disease – where the membrane covering the lungs (pleura) becomes thicker,
which can further contribute to breathlessness and chest discomfort.
o Mesothelioma – a type of cancer that affects the membrane that covers the lungs,
heart and gut.
o Lung cancer.
o Asbestosis
13. Outline the content of information in the SDS should be presented before using.
o Identification of the substance or mixture.
o Hazard(s) identification.
o Composition and information on ingredients.
o First-aid measures.
o Fire-fighting measures.
o Accidental release measures (spillage and cleanup).
o Handling and Storage.
o Exposure controls and personal protective equipment.
o Physical and chemical properties.
o Stability and reactivity.
o Toxicological information.
o Ecological information.
o Disposal considerations.
o Transport information.

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o Regulatory information.
o Other information.
14. Outline the content Chemical Safety Assessment and Report Format.
o Summary of risk management measures.
o Declaration that risk management measures are implemented.
o Declaration that risk management measures are communicated.
o Identity of the substance and physical and chemical properties.
o Manufacture and uses.
o Classification and labelling.
o Environmental fate properties.
o Human health hazard assessment.
o Toxic kinetics (absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination).
o Acute toxicity.
o Irritation.
o Skin.
o Eye.
o Respiratory tract.
o Corrosivity.
o Sensitisation.
o Skin.
o Respiratory system.
o Repeated dose toxicity.
o Mutagenicity.
o Carcinogenicity.
o Toxicity for reproduction.
o Effects on fertility.

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o Developmental toxicity.
o Exposure assessment.
o Risk characterization.
15. Outline Factors to be considered in the Assessment of Risks to health from Hazardous Substances.
o The hazardous properties of the substances.
o The likely route of entry into the body.
o The effects of mixtures.
o The quantity in use and levels of exposure.
o The operating conditions and processes used.
o The range of uses of the chemical.
o The number of people exposed.
o The type and duration of the exposure.
o The frequency of the exposure.
o The variety and nature of the tasks, and the methods used.
o The point at which the exposure becomes harmful (the “threshold of exposure”).
o The consequences and likelihood of failure of existing control measures.
o The results from relevant health surveillance and exposure monitoring.
o Individual susceptibilities.
16. Outline Factors to consider to help decide whether a review is required:
Changes in the volume of production.
For example, a circuit board factory uses a solder bath process. To date, local exhaust
ventilation has successfully extracted fumes..
Changes in plant.
For example, a park maintenance department uses several sprayers for small-scale
application of pesticides. To reduce the quantity of chemicals purchased

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Using different materials.
For example, a car valeting specialist arranges with a commercial vehicle dealer to clean
the cabs of Lorries.
Changes in process.
For example, a toy factory paints components using a production line which passes
through a paint bath.
Are new control methods available?
For example, a quarry installs a new rock-crushing plant.
17. a ) example the meaning of Epidemiology

is the study of patterns of disease in human populations.
b) ouline the charactericts of epidemiology .
Consumption of certain foods.

• Contact with bacteria, chemicals, or viruses.
• Gender, race, or socioeconomic status.
• Daily activities and behaviours.
• Genetic background.
• Metabolic characteristics, such as cholesterol level and blood pressured
c) explain the difference between retrospective" studies and prospective" study.
Case-Control Studies.
Epidemiologists survey a group of people with disease (cases) and a group without disease(controls)
about their histories -cohort study, also called a "prospective" study, begins with a group of people who
do not have the disease being studied.
d) online the advantage and limitation of cohort study
Cohort studies are more convincing for two reasons:

• They provide a much better opportunity to establish a cause-effect relationship because they begin
with the exposure (cause) and move forward in time to the disease (effect).
In contrast, case-control studies begin with the disease (effect) and look back to the exposure (cause). It
is not always clear that the identified cause actually did come first.
• Case-control studies are more prone to certain study design problems, such as bias or chance.
Drawbacks of cohort studies:

• They are very expensive.
• They take a long time

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• They are difficult to conduct properly because study subjects tend to drop out of the study over time
e) outline the principle of Ames Test.

The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given
chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism.
f) Expain the the following terms
LD50 and LC50.

LD stands for "Lethal Dose". LD50 is the amount of a material, given all at once,
which causes the death of 50% (one half) of a group of test animals
The concentrations of the chemical in air that kills 50% of the test animals during the
observation period
Element IB3: The Control of Hazardous Substances
1. Outline reasonably practicable method to prevent exposure to a carcinogen or mutagen

as control measures should be in place in a workplace .
Elimination;
o Ceasing use;
o Substitution for less hazardous chemical
use of the same chemical but in a different form (e.g. paste, solution rather than dusty
powder);
o Alternative process
o Control:
o Good design and installation practice (total enclosure; Segregating the process from
workers;
Modifying the process or work system so that it emits less of the hazardous substance (e.g.
painting vs spraying);
Local exhaust ventilation
o Work systems and practices (

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eg
minimising the numbers of workers exposed;
restricting access;
reducing exposure duration;
regular cleaning of contaminated surfaces;
use/maintenance of engineering controls;
safe/secure storage, internal transport and disposal).
o
provide PPE;
prohibit eating, drinking, smoking in contaminated areas;
facilities for washing, changing, storage, laundering; signs and notices; emergency
arrangements
o Totally enclosing the process and handling systems,
o The prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in areas that may be contaminated
o Cleaning floors, walls, and other surfaces at regular intervals and whenever necessary.
o Designating those areas and installations which may be contaminated
using suitable and sufficient warning signs.
o Storing, handling and disposing of carcinogens or mutagens safely
2. outline Examples of where asbestos can be found in the workplace .
Sprayed coatings on ceilings, walls, beams, and columns

2. Asbestos cement water tank
3. Loose fill insulation
4. Lagging on boilers and pipes
5. AIB ceiling tiles
6. Toilet seat and cistern
7. AIB* partition walls
8. AIB panels in fire doors
9.Asbestos rope seals, gaskets, and paper

10. Vinyl floor tiles
11. AIB around boilers
12. Textiles e.g. fire blankets
13. Textured decorating coatings on walls and ceilings

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14. Asbestos cement roof
15. Asbestos cement panels
16. Asbestos cement gutters and downpipes
17. Soffits – AIB or asbestos cement
18. Asbestos cement flue
A. Asbestos cement Water tank

B. Pipe lagging
C. Loose fill insulation
D. Textured decorative coating (e.g. Artex)
E. AIB* ceiling tiles
F. AIB bath panel
G. Toilet seat and cistern
H. AIB behind fuse box
I. AIB airing cupboard and/or sprayed insulation coating boiler
J. AIB partition wall
3.a) explain the meaning of Dilution' ventilation

is a term used to define the flow of air into and out of a working area, so that any
contaminants are diluted by adding some fresh air
formula for this is:
Volume of air throughput each
hour Volume of the work area
b) explain when Dilution ventilation is suitable the hazardous substances being diluted:
o Have low toxicity, or a high Occupational Exposure Limit.
o Are generated in small quantities, or have a low evaporation rate.
o Are fumes, vapours, or gases.
o Are being generated at a steady, uniform, rate.
o Are not being generated close to the workers’ breathing zone.
c) oulite the Limitations of dilution ventilation in a workplace :

o The rate of contaminant produced is too high for it to be effectively diluted by the
airflow rate.
o The contaminant has a high toxicity.
o the contaminant is not produced at a uniform rate
o The contaminant is generated in high concentrations and cannot be reduced below the
OEL.

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o The contaminant air may be drawn or blown towards the faces of the workers.
o The air flow may affect the performance of other extraction systems e.g. fume
cupboards or LEV.
o The contaminant is a dust, therefore the capture velocity is too low to capture
4. a) Outline When LEV is appropriate and what employers need to know:

o The key properties of airborne contaminants.
o How gases, vapours, dusts, and mists arise.
o How contaminant clouds move with the surrounding air.
o The processes in the workplace which may be sources of airborne contaminants.
o The needs of the operators working near those sources.
o How much control will be required.
o How to prepare a specification for the LEV designer.
o What to tell the LEV supplier.
b ) outline the routine carry out in LEV checks its effectiveness carried by a worker .
o The parts of an LEV system and their function.
o How the LEV system should be used.
How to recognise a damaged part.
o Simple checks that the LEV system is delivering its design performance and is effectively
controlling emissions and exposure.
o Who to report any faults to, and the mechanism for reporting
c) outline what Suppliers and designers need to know about lev

o Their role and legal responsibilities.
o How to liaise effectively with the employer and installer.
o Hazardous substances to be controlled.
o The principles of LEV hood design.
o How to apply hood design to the processes and sources requiring control.
o How to design LEV for ease and safety of checking and maintenance.
o The specifications for airflow, duct, filter, air mover, air cleaner,
discharge,instrumentation and alarms.
o The specification for in-use performance checks.
o How to prepare an LEV user manual with schedules for maintenance and statutory
thorough examination and test.
o How to prepare a logbook for the system, recording checks, replacing parts, etc.
d) outline disadvantages of LEV .

o If the LEV is incorrectly placed, contaminants can be drawn into:

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o The operators’ breathing zone.
o The process.
o Emissions drawn into the system must be disposed of safely and without adverse effects
on the environment.
o It is an additional system to operate and maintain. Otherwise it could become an
exposure and/or fire hazard.
o Workers must be properly trained in the system’s correct use, its effectiveness and
maintenance needs.
o LEV can supply oxygen to a fire..
e) outline Potential Problems that might Make LEV Inefficient.

o Poorly designed system.
o Playing the captor hood too far away from the contaminant.
o Change in operation (such as using a system for vapours, to extract metal fume).
o Making unauthorised changes to the system (such as adding "branch" ducting to the
system).
o Blockages in the filtration system (possibly by failure to empty or clean).
O leaks in the ductings
5. Expalin the difference between qualitative and quatitative fit testing .

1. Qualitative fit testing.
Qualitative fit testing is a pass/fail test based on the wearer’s subjective assessment of any leakage
from the face seal region, by sensing the introduction of a test agent. These tests are suitable for
half masks.
2. Quantitative fit testing:
Quantitative fit testing provides a numerical measure of the fit, called a fit factor. These tests give
an objective measure of face fit.
6.outline information and instruction covered during training on usage

storage of ppe.
o The risk(s) present and why the PPE is needed.
o The operation (including demonstration), performance and limitations of the equipment.
o Use and storage (including how to put it on, how to adjust and remove it).
o Any testing requirements before use.
o Any user maintenance that can be carried out (e.g. hygiene or cleaning procedures).
o Factors that can affect the performance of the equipment (e.g. working conditions,
personal factors, defects, and damage).
o How to recognise defects in PPE, and arrangements for reporting them.
o Where to obtain replacement PPE.

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Element IB4: The Monitoring and Measuring of Hazardous Substances
1. Explain the term exposure standards
represent the airborne concentration of a particular substance or mixture that should not be
exceeded .
2. The 8-hour TWA may be represented mathematically by:

C1 T1 +C2 T2 +…..CnTn
8
3.outline the role of occupational hygienist
o Undertaking surveys and evaluating risks to health in the workplace.

o Accurately measuring and sampling levels of exposure.
o Recording facts or details of procedures in the workplace.
o Eliminating or significantly reducing risk by recommending organisational changes.
o Considering all options of control, such as ventilation, containment, and personal
protective equipment, and finding cost-effective solutions.
o Compiling data, writing reports, and presenting findings to the employer and clients.
o Liaising with a range of people, including employers and workers, in the process of
evaluating workplaces.
o Providing clear and accurate information on complex health and safety issues.
o Training staff on health issues such as asbestos and other chemical hazard awareness.
o Persuading company management to develop effective hazard controls when required.
o Providing expert witness services.
o Liaising with regulatory bodies
4. outline the reasons for adopting a formal monitoring strategy to monitor workers’
expose to airborne contaminants:
o Health risk assessment.
o Compliance with occupational/workplace exposure levels.
o To help towards the design of exposure control measures.
o Checking the effectiveness of your control measures.
o Informing your workers of the pattern of exposure and level of risk.
o To indicate the need for health surveillance.
o Establishing in-house exposure standards, where necessary.
o For insurance purposes.
o To contribute to epidemiological studies.
5. a) outline the Disadvantages of stain tube detectors

o Tubes are not very accurate.

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o Tubes can be quite temperature sensitive.
o Many tubes require that multiple pump strokes (creating multiples of the basic 100 ml
sample size) be taken, to achieve the desired sensitivity.
o Although so-called long-term detector tubes are available for a small number of
compounds,.
b) outline theAdvantages of stain tube detectors

o Relatively cheap.
o Easy to use (not a lot of training required). Just follow the instructions.
o Gives an instant read out .
o Are robust (drop them and they are likely to "bounce").
6. outline the Distinction Between General Health Assessment and Health Surveillance.
Health surveillance is any activity which involves obtaining information about workers'
health and which helps protect workers from health risks at work.
A health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam
after taking a health history.
Biological monitoring involves analysis of breath, urine, or blood samples collected from
workers.
7.outline the Advantages and Disadvantages of BMGVs Compared to Airborne Monitoring
(OELs).
Advantages include:
o All exposure routes are considered (inhalation, absorption, ingestion, injection).All circumstances
are considered (including multiple and uneven exposures).
o It considers individual response (variability in absorption, metabolism, excretion).
Disadvantages include:
o Are usually unable to specify the source of the exposure (occupational or non-occupational).
o May not be sufficiently specific to a particular chemical.
o Are not suitable for identification of workplace contaminations in general.
o May be interfered by other chemicals in the biological medium (e.g. medications).
o Are not useful at all for the assessment or monitoring of acute and/or local toxic effects .
o And the provision of samples for bio monitoring may be a burden for workers
o Biological monitoring can be intrusive e.g. blood tests or urine samples.
o Strict procedures are necessary to prevent cross contamination of samples.
o Some laboratory testing can be expensive.
b) list Monitoring strategy:

o initial appraisal

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SUMMARY
o basic survey
o detailed survey
o reappraisal
o routine monitoring
IB5 Biological Agents 2017.
1 ) WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL AGENT
Biological agents can be defined as any micro-organism, cell culture, or human

endoparasite, which may cause any infection, allergy, toxicity or otherwise create a hazard
to human health
2. Outline the type of biological agent and examples.
Fungi include mushrooms, moulds, and yeasts.
Bacteria are single celled microbes.
Viruses are the smallest of all the microbes.
Protozoa are single celled organisms
3. Outline the Special Properties of Biological Agents.

Rapid Mutation Period.
Biological agents enter the body when they are inhaled, eaten (ingested), or absorbed.
An Incubation Period.
There is usually a time delay between when a person is infected and when they show signs
of the disease.
Infectiousness.

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Some diseases are infectious and can be passed from one person (or animal) to
another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when
transmitted to humans.
The Ability to Multiply Rapidly.
Some conditions support the rapid multiplication of micro-organisms. In particular, pH.,

temperature, and moisture.
4. what is Zoonotic Diseases and give examples and occupational at risk

Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. You can get
zoonotic diseases through direct contact with animals if you work with animals (for
example farmers, zoo keepers, pet shop worker.
Animal Influenza.
Influenza A viruses may be transmitted from animals to humans in two main ways:
o Directly from birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments to
people.
o Through an intermediate host, such as a pig
Cryptosporidiosis.
Occupational exposure to Cryptosporidium may occur in those who:
Are in contact with infected animals, particularly calves and lambs, or humans.
Are in contact with materials from infected animals, particularly faeces.
Are in contact with water contaminated with animal faeces.
Symptom of cryptosporidiosis is watery diarrhea. Symptoms
o Watery diarrhoea.
o Stomach cramps or pain.
o Dehydration.
o Nausea.
o Vomiting.
o Fever.

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o Weight loss.
Occupations, where there may be a risk of occupationally acquired
cryptosporidiosis, include:
o Farm workers.
o Abattoir workers, meat processing plant workers and butchers.
o Veterinary surgeons.
o Workers in outdoor leisure industries in contact with water, e.g. water sports.
o Instructors.
o Sewage and waste water workers.
o Construction, demolition, building renovation workers, where there is stagnant
water.
o Healthcare and care workers

Control measures reduce the risk of infection:
o Good occupational hygiene practices should be followed, especially washing with
warm water and soap.
o Cuts and abrasions should be covered with waterproof plasters.
o Suitable protective clothing should be worn. For example, gloves, clean coveralls,
and waterproof boots.
o A suitable disinfectant should be used. The parasite is resistant to most common
disinfectants. Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used. Chlorine is NOT effective.
o No eating or drinking in work areas, to avoid the faecal-oral transmission route.
Separate eating facility should be provided.
o The overalls should be regularly changed and arrangements made for laundering.
o Equipment and surfaces should be disinfected after water with contact.
Malaria.
The manifestations of severe malaria include:

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o Cerebral malaria, with abnormal behaviour, impairment of consciousness, seizures,
coma, or other neurologic abnormalities.
o Severe anaemia due to the destruction of the red blood cells.
o Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS.
o Abnormalities in blood coagulation.
o Low blood pressure caused by cardiovascular collapse.
o Acute kidney failure.

Control measures to minimise the risk when visiting, or working in high-risk malaria areas
o Provide screening to all rest, accommodation, and recreational areas to prevent
mosquitoes from entering.
o Provide beds impregnated with insecticides, and provide bed nets around the
beds.
o Provide mosquito repellents to workers.
o Ensure workers wear long sleeved shirts and trousers.
o Spray the surrounding areas with pesticides.
o Carry out malaria awareness campaigns on precautions to take, and early signs of
malaria.
o Provide anti-malarial tablets if necessary.
o Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose).
Psittacosis.
Symptoms that you might associate with the flu,
o Fever and chills.
o Nausea and vomiting.
o Muscle and joint pain.
o Diarrhoea.

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o Weakness.
o Fatigue.
o A cough, typically dry.
Control measures include:
o Wearing protective clothing when handling potentially infected birds or cleaning
their droppings. E.g. wear gloves, coveralls or disposable gowns, disposable caps,
protective eyewear, and a filter mask.
o Frequent removal of droppings.
o Prevent aerosols by damping down dropping with a liquid disinfectant prior to
removal and double bag all waste.
o Practicing good hygiene by washing hands thoroughly after work activities
described above.
Other Biological Diseases - Blood-Borne Viruses.

Controlling of blood borne viruses
o Prohibit eating, drinking, smoking and the application of cosmetics in working areas
where there is a risk of contamination.
o Prevent puncture wounds, cuts, and abrasions, especially in the presence of blood
and body fluids.
o When possible avoid the use of, or exposure to, sharps such as needles, glass,
metal, etc. If unavoidable, take care when handling and disposal.
o Consider the use of devices incorporating safety features, such as safer needle
devices and blunt-ended scissors.
o Cover all breaks in exposed skin by using waterproof dressings and suitable gloves.
o Protect the eyes and mouth by using a visor, goggles, or safety spectacles and a
mask, where splashing is possible.

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o Avoid contamination by using water-resistant protective clothing. Wear rubber
boots or plastic disposable overshoes when the floor or ground is likely to be
contaminated.
o Use good basic hygiene practices, such as hand washing with soap and warm water.
o Control contamination of surfaces by containment and using appropriate
decontamination procedures.
o Dispose of contaminated waste safely.
Legionellosis.
Risk factor
o People over 45 years of age.
o Smokers and heavy drinkers.
o People suffering from chronic respiratory or kidney disease.
o Diabetes, lung, and heart disease.
o Anyone with an impaired immune system.
Symptoms usually include flu-like symptoms
o Mild headaches.
o Muscle pain.
o High temperature (fever).
o Chills.
o Tiredness.
o Changes to your mental state, such as confusion.
A persistent cough,.
o Shortness of breath.

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o Chest pains.
o
There is a reasonably foreseeable legionella risk if your water system:
o Has a water temperature between 20 to 45C?
o Creates and/or spreads breathable droplets, e.g. aerosol created by a cooling tower,
or water outlets.
o Stores and/or re-circulates water.
o Likely to contain a source of nutrients for the organism to grow, e.g. rust, sludge,
scale, organic matter, and bio films.

The most common sources of Legionella are in man-made water systems
o Cooling tower and evaporative condensers.
o Hot and cold water systems.
o Spa pools.
Control
Keeping water either cooled below 20C or heated above 60C.
Reduce the risk, you should remove dead legs or dead ends in pipe-work, flush out
infrequently used outlets.
Cold-water storage tanks should be cleaned periodically and water should be
drained from hot water cylinders to check for debris

Copper and silver ionisation and biocide treatments (e.g. chlorine dioxide).
Leptospira.
Leptospirosis an infectious bacterial disease occurring in rodents, dogs, and other
mammals, which can be transmitted to humans. There are two types:
o Weil’s disease: This is a serious and sometimes fatal infection that is transmitted to
humans by contact with urine from infected rats.

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o The Hardjo form of leptospirosis
Symptoms and Effects, and Persons at Risk.
 flu-like illness with a persistent

 severe headache,
 vomiting
 muscle pain
 jaundice
 meningitis,
 kidney failure
Control the Risk from Leptospira.
 Prevention strategies of human leptospirosis include wearing protective

clothing for people at occupational risk and avoidance of swimming in water
that may be contaminated.
 Leptospirosis control in animals is dependent on the species of bacteria and

animal species but may be either vaccination, a testing a culling programme,
rodent control, or a combination of these strategies.
 In addition, cuts and grazes should be covered, and hands washed after
handling any animal, or any contaminated clothing or other materials and
always before eating, drinking or smoking.
 Leptospira are required to carry a card to advise doctors/physicians of

possible exposures.
Norovirus.
Norovirus, sometimes known as "winter vomiting bug"
Transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via

aerosolisation of vomited virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces.
Workers at risks
o Health care facilities.

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o Schools, nurseries, and child care centres.
o Food establishments.
Symptoms and Actions.
The symptoms of norovirus are
o Suddenly feeling sick.
o Projectile vomiting.
o Watery diarrhoea.
Some people also have a slight fever, headaches, painful stomach cramps, and aching
limbs.
6. Outline the measures for containing and minimising the risk of an outbreak of
norovirus
o Ensure communal areas such as kitchens and washroom facilities are regularly
cleaned.
o In the event of an outbreak, commission a deep clean of the workplace.
o Promote good hygiene standards. Encourage staff to regularly wash their hands
o Ask staff who contract the virus to stay away from work for at least 48 hours after
the symptoms have disappeared to avoid contaminating work colleagues.

Tips for workers to prevent them from catching norovirus
o Wash your hands often throughout the day, especially after using the toilet and
before preparing or eating food.
o Avoid using items such as tea towels or towels, which are normally present in
communal areas and used by lots of people. These items can house high levels of
bacteria.

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o Alternatively, encourage your employer to provide hand towel dispensers and lidded
waste receptacles.
o Clean your desk regularly. Ensure all surfaces are thoroughly cleaned if you eat at
your desk and make sure that all food is removed and stored in the kitchen area
when you have finished eating.
o Prevent the virus spreading by staying away from work if you suspect you have
symptoms, which include headaches and vomiting, and do not return until 48 hours
after the last symptoms have disappeared.
7. Outline Factors to Consider in Risk Assessment for exposure of biological
agents
o Biosafety levels.
o The criteria for categorisation.
o The pathogenicity of the agent and infectious dose.
o The activities and people at risk. The nature of the activity.
o The likelihood and nature of a resultant disease.
o The modes of transmission with examples.
o The stability of the agent in the environment.
o The concentration and amounts.
o The presence of a suitable host (human or animal).
o The local availability of prophylaxis and treatment

8. Outline the e Hierarchy of Control as Applied to Biological Agents According to
OHSAS 18001:
o Elimination. Achieved by the prohibition of these biological agents.
o Substitution. Substituted for another, less harmful agent.
o Engineering controls. Isolated completely from the workforce. For example, all
handling could take place inside a glove box.

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o Signage, warnings, and administrative controls. Signage will be placed at the
entrance to any room to warn of the presence of biological agents
o Personal protective equipment.
9. Outline basic arrangements for a containment level 1 laboratory:
o Work area or laboratory that is easy to clean.
o Bench surfaces impervious to water and resistant to chemicals.
o Sink for hand washing.
o The inward flow of air into the laboratory to be maintained.
o The door to be closed while work is in progress.
o Laboratory coats to be worn in the lab and removed before leaving the laboratory.
o Eating, chewing, drinking, smoking, storing food, applying cosmetics and mouth
pipetting are forbidden.
o Hands must be disinfected and washed as appropriate.
o Aerosol production must be minimised.
o Effective disinfectants must be available.
o Bench tops must be cleaned after use.
o Used equipment awaiting sterilisation must be stored safely. Pipettes in disinfectant
must be totally immersed.
o Waste material must either be incinerated or rendered non-viable before disposal. It
must be transported in robust containers without spillage.
o Accidents and incidents must be reported.
10.

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IB7 Radiation 2017.
1. Explain between the main difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation refers to types of radiation where the radiation carries enough
energy to ionise atoms (such as human body cells), whereas non-ionising
radiation refers to types of radiation that do not carry enough energy to ionise
atoms (although it has the ability to heat/burn human organs.).
2. Explain the following terms

Wavelength-The distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next wave is
the
Frequency is the number of waves that pass each second, or cycles. Measured in
herz
The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) refers to the rate at which the body absorbs
radio frequency radiation.
3. Sources of Non-Ionising Radiation.
Tanning salons operate sunbeds, which create large amounts of UV radiation.
The manufacturing industry often makes use of heat. Heat is a form of infrared
radiation.
Manufacturing processes may involve welding, which generates UV radiation

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industrial processes and in medical and dental practices for a variety of purposes,
such as killing bacteria, creating fluorescent effects, curing inks and resins. UV
radiation
Low power lasers are used to treat skin conditions. High power lasers are used to
cut skin during surgical operations
IR sources include thermography, remote control devices and IR spectroscopy
analysis of molecules.
The telecommunications industry uses large amounts of radio and microwave
radiation.
Summer, workers may be exposed to large amounts of UV radiation.

4. Outline the Routes and Effects of Exposure.
Heating of the skin tissues, leading to reddening of the skin (also called erythema
Burning of the skin
Premature skin ageing, and an increased risk of skin cancer
Malignant melanoma
Eyes effect i.e. photo keratitis and conjunctivitis.
The chronic effects of UV and IR radiation on the eyes are the formation of
cataracts.
5. Outline the safe Sources of Non-Ionising Radiation.
o Photocopiers.
o Computers and most display screens.
o Class 1 laser products.
o Most light sources, such as overhead lights, vehicle brake lights, ceiling lights with
diffusers, etc.
o Gas-fired overhead heaters.

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o Phones and wireless communication devices.
o Audio-visual equipment, TVs, and DVDs.
o Electric tools.
o Most electrical supplies (below 400V).
o Security systems.
o Vehicle headlights.
o Desktop projectors.
o Ceiling fluorescent tubes with no diffusers.
o UV insect traps.
o Class 1M, 2, or 2M lasers (low power laser pointers).
o Photographic, entertainment, or studio lighting and flash lamp
o Welding, both in relation to UV and EMF.
o Telecommunication base stations.
o RF or microwave energised lighting equipment.
o Induction heating and soldering.
o Microwave heating and drying.
o RF plasma devices.
o Magnetic particle inspection.
o Class 3 lasers and above.
o Furnaces, arc, and induction melting.
o MRI equipment in healthcare.
o Radar systems.
o Electrically-powered trains and trams (specifically, exposure to the overhead lines).
Outline the control measures to prevent or minimise exposure to non-ionising radiation

both generated in workplaces and naturally occurring
o design
o siting

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o direction control
o reduction of stray fields/beams
o screening
o enclosures
o distance
o safe systems of work
o instructions
o training
o personal protective equipment
6. outline the following terms
o Radioactivity. rocess releases nuclear radiation in the form of Alpha particles, beta
particles, or gamma rays.
o Half-life. the time after which the radiation intensity is reduced by half.
o Absorbed dose. radioactive energy absorbed by a person or an inanimate object.
o Equivalent dose. dose received by a tissue or part of the body
o Effective dose. a weighted sum of all the equivalent doses and relates to the whole body.
o Dose rates , how fast a radiation dose is being received.
7. outline the Routes and Effects of Exposure to each Type of Ionising Radiation
effects, such as nausea, vomiting, skin and deep tissue burns, and impairment of the
body’s ability to fight infection
There are four stages to ARS:
The Prodromal stage-The latent stage-The Manifest Illness stage-recovery /death
8. main disadvantage of dosimeters is that they provide no warning that radiation exposure
is occurring.
anyone who receives an effective dose more than 6mSv per year, or an equivalent dose
which exceeds three-tenths of any relevant dose limit, shall be designated by their
employer as classified
9.outline Practical Measures to Prevent or Minimise Exposure to External Ionising
Radiation.
o Shielding. lined with lead.

o Increase distance. Every time the distance is doubled, exposure is reduced by a factor of
four.
o Reduce exposure time. The more time one is exposed to ionising radiation, the larger
the dose that will be received and the more harmful the radiation will be.

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10. Outline Practical Measures to Prevent or Minimise Exposure to Internal Ionising
Radiation.
o Preventing inhalation. A solid radioactive source is safer than a source in granular, dust,
or liquid form. Local exhaust ventilation can be installed to extract the material away from
the worker
o Preventing ingestion. Good hygiene procedures are the main way of preventing ingestion
washing hands before eating, drinking, or smoking.
o Preventing absorption into the skin, or entry through cuts in the skin. should wear
suitable protective gloves and clothing, such as a lead apron, glasses, and/or disposable
over-shoes
11. explain the following terms
o Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE). The MPE is the maximum radiation level someone
can be exposed to before they begin to suffer immediate or longer-term injuries.
o Accessible Emission Limit (AEL). AEL limits are based on the energy emitted by the laser
12. outline Control Measures to Prevent or Minimise Exposure to Lasers

Design. -Wherever possible, a safer, less powerful laser should be used
Siting. The laser should be located somewhere unauthorised people cannot access
Direction Control. Lasers should be directed away from people and their eyes,
Reduction of Stray Beams. Reflected lasers can be just as hazardous as a direct beam
Screening. A barrier can be installed to stop the beam from overshooting its target.
Enclosures. -Laser classes 2M and above should always be kept within an enclosure which
prevents access
Safe Systems of Work and Instructions. Lasers should be equipped with suitable signage, to
warn people of the danger and to instruct them
Distance. Distance is not particularly effective as a control for lasers
PPE. Most lasers do not require PPE such as goggles or skin protection, except classes 3B
and 4.

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IB8: Mental Ill-health and Dealing with Violence and Aggression at Work
1. a) define the following terms

Depression is “when you have feelings of extreme sadness, despair or inadequacy that last
for a long time”.
Anxiety is “an unpleasant feeling when you feel worried, uneasy or distressed about
something that may or may not be about to happen”

b) outline Emotional symptoms of depression in the workplace
o Withdrawal from socialising.
o Loss of interest in previously enjoyed hobbies.
o Constant irritability or sadness.
o Constant pessimism.
o Feelings of inadequacy and self-loathing.
C) outline the Physical symptoms in of depression

o Erratic sleep habits.
o Loss or increase in appetite.
o Constant fatigue.
o Muscle aches.
Headache
d) Work-related stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressures or other
types of demand placed on them at work.
2. outline the Causes of Work-Related Mental Ill-Health.
The organisation.
o The job.
o The individual
o The organisation of work. unpredictable hours
o The workplace culture. The lack of, or unclear, communications and information
o The working environment. noise, space, uncomfortable temperatures, and poor levels of
lighting,
o The job content. roles and responsibilities are structured can sometimes lead to conflicts
of interest
o The job role.
o Relationships at work. relationships are positive, constructive, and fun, work can be
almost a pleasure. Bullying and harassment are two of the most damaging relationship

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o The home-work interface -family and personal time
o organisation of work: working hours, long hours, shift work, unpredictable hours,
changes in working hours
o workplace culture: communication, organisational structure, resources, support
o working environment: space, noise, temperature, lighting, etc
o job content: work load, time pressures, boredom, etc
o job role: clarity, conflict of interests, lack of control, etc
o relationships: bullying and harassment, verbal/physical abuse
o home-work interface: travel to/from work, childcare issues, relocation, etc.
4.Outline the seven broad categories of risk factors for work-related stress.
o Culture issues, which could include lack of positive response to stress or health
concerns, lack of staff involvement, poor communication, lack of consultation and
participation in decision making, and long work hours or lack of rest breaks.
o Demands such as lack of challenge and pressure, exposure to violence or aggression,
work overload, poor physical environment, lack of training, lone working, and fast pace of
work.
o Control issues which as a low level or lack of control over task design, or non-
participation in decision making.
o Relationships with those working with them. This can range from bullying and
harassment, through lack of support for the worker to physical violence.
o Change – this could include changing market demands, new technology, and
organisational restructuring.
o The individual’s role, and conflicts and ambiguity within it.
o Support, training, and individual factors such as lack of adequate training, a mismatch
between person and job, lack of support or feedback, and lack of constructive advice
5.outline the six Management Standards cover the primary sources of stress at work.
o Demands: this includes issues such as workload, work patterns and the work
environment.
o Control: how much say the person has in the way they do their work.
o Support: this includes the encouragement, sponsorship and resources provided by the
organisation, line management and colleagues.
o Relationships: this includes promoting positive working to avoid conflict and dealing
with unacceptable behaviour.
o Role: whether people understand their role within the organisation and whether the
organisation ensures that they do not have conflicting roles.

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o Change: how organisational change (large or small) is managed and communicated in
the organisation.
6.a) Different between the Meaning of Work-Related Violence and Aggression

incidents where employees are abused, threatened, assaulted, or subject to other
offensive acts or behaviours in circumstances related to their work."
b) outline the Psychological symptoms can of violence :
o Anxiety.
o Depression.
o Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome.
o Deterioration of relationships.
o Increase in blood pressure through stress.
o Insomnia.
o Loss or increase in appetite.
o Increase in use of alcohol, drugs, or tobacco, as a coping strategy.
o Stress-related stomach ulcers.
c) outline Factors likely to Increase the Risk of Work-Related Violence
o Working with the Public.

o The Caring and Teaching Profession.
o Working with Psychiatric Clients or Alcohol or Drug-Impaired People.
o Working Alone.
o Home-Visiting.
o Handling Money and Valuables.
o Carrying out Inspection or Enforcement Duties.
o Retail.
o Licensed and Illegal Alcohol Trade, and Prescription Drugs.
o Cultural, Ethnic, and Tribal Conflicts.
d) Practical Control Measures to Reduce and Manage Work-Related Violence and
Aggression.
-Cash-Free Systems. o Pre-paid tickets. o Debit or credit card payments. o Contactless
payments, for debit cards. o Smartphone payments. o Smartcards, containing pre-paid
credit. o Automatic recognition of vehicle registration for road tolls,
the layout of public areas and design of fixtures and fittings

o the use of cameras, protective screens, and security-coded doors
o communication systems, passing on information on risks from individual clients (violent
marker flags), recording of staff whereabouts and recognition when staff are overdue, the
use of mobile communications equipment phones, radios, GPS

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o staff training: recognition of situations where violence could result, interpersonal skills
to defuse aggression, the use of language and body language; guidance to staff on dealing
with an incident; support for staff post-incident including training in counselling for
managers .
Element IB9: Musculoskeletal Risks and Controls.
1.a) What is ergonomics?

Ergonomics is a science concerned with the fit between people and their work
b) outline what ergonomists consider all the physical aspects of a person

o Body size and shape.
o Fitness and strength.
o Posture.
o The senses, especially vision, hearing and touch.
o The stresses and strains on muscles, joints, nerves.
c) what ergonomists also consider a person's psychological aspects:

o Mental abilities.
o Personality.
o Knowledge.
o Experience.
2.a) What is Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the body's joints,
ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck, and back.
MSDs
b) Risks fators to consider when assessing the risks from manual handling, repetitive
physical activities, and poor postures
o Task. the distance of movement, the awkwardness, the force required, and the
repetitiveness.
o Load. Manual handling is the movement of a load with the use of bodily force.
o Environment.
o Individual capabilities. require an unusual level of strength, height, or arm length
o Force. Force can be applied to the muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints of the upper limb
o Repetition Rapid or prolonged repetition may not allow sufficient time for recovery and
can cause muscle fatigue

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4. List and describe each tools available which the H&S practitioner can use to assess
the risks
o HSE Manual Handling Assessment Tool (MAC). The MAC assessment considers: o Load
weight and lifting frequency. o Hand distance from the lower back. o Vertical lift region. o
Trunk twisting and sideways bending. o Postural constraints. o The grip on the load. o
Floor surface. o Carrying distance. o Obstacles on the route.
o HSE Assessment tool for repetitive tasks of the upper limbs (ART). o Frequency and
repetition of movements. o Force. o Awkward postures of the neck, back, arm, wrist, and
hand. o Additional factors, including breaks and duration
o HSE Variable Manual Handling Assessment Chart (V-MAC). It does have some limitations.
It is not designed for: o Seated handling (e.g. at a supermarket checkout). o Handling
objects by sliding them (which is easier). o Handling people or animals. The V-MAC tool
should only be used when the weights are variable, used for variable weights over shifts
ranging from 4 to 12 hours .
o The HSE’s checklist method (aks L23). o Section A: a preliminary description of the task,
the load weights, the people, the carry distances, layout of the area, o Section B: this asks a
series of questions relating to the load, the task, the environment, the individual, and other
factors such as clothing and psychosocial issues. Section C: this is the action plan. It is
usually completed after a discussion of the risks with the people involved and the decision
makers
o The VDU or DSE assessment checklist method from the HSE (L26 document). Keyboards,
such as their position, separation from the screen. o The mouse, such as its suitability for
its use, its position, support for the forearm, and its speed of operation. o The display
screen, such as the legibility of the characters (size, colour, etc.), brightness and contrast,
height, its angle, glare from lights, and reflections. o The software used, including its user-
friendliness, and whether it minimises unnecessary mouse-clicking. o The furniture, such
as the space available, glare from reflections on the desk, suitability and adjustability of
the chair, whether the chair is adjusted correctly, back support, the position of forearms,
and foot support. o The environment, such as the levels of lighting, temperature,
ventilation, and noise levels.
o NIOSH Manual Material Handling (MMH Checklist).
o Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA).
5. Outline Practical Control Measures to Avoid or Minimise the Risk fromrepetitive physical
activities, manual handling, and poor posture..
o Elimination. Wherever possible, the task should be eliminated.

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o Automation. use of powered conveyors belts.,
o Alternative work methods and job design. For example, a trolley or roll-cage on wheels
provide an effective way of moving large, heavy, loads with much less effort. Roller
conveyors
o Ergonomic design of tools, equipment, workstations, and workplaces. materials can be
tagged with bar codes or radio-frequency tags , automated packing equipment
o Job rotation. Where a repetitive physical task, manual handling activity, or poor posture
cannot be avoided, it is possible to rotate the job between different workers
o Work routine. This minimises the duration and frequency of their exposure to the
hazard.
o Eye and eyesight testing. the likelihood of this is increased if a person’s eye sight is
defective
o Training and information. training and information for them to recognise the hazards,
risks, and what actions to take to protect themselves.
o Efficient movement principles. improvements to the task, load, or working environment.
o Personal considerations
6. Outline the criteria for Ergonomic Design and selection of hand tool for construction tasks
The tool must be suitable for the job

should be the appropriate shape and size
it can cause much discomfort and pain.
The tool should be of the appropriate size and length for the task
The handle of a tool should be comfortable
They are moulded to fit the shape of the average human hand
are rigid, with a rough surface for grip
7. Outline the criteria for Ergonomic Design for equipment

should be suitable for the job it is used for.
equipment is hand-held, the hand grips should be comfortable for the user
should also have handles which enable a comfortable wrist position
equipment is easy to hold & flexible positioning of the hands.
designed to minimise unnecessary, repetitive, and awkward movements.
should all be positioned so they are easy to reach, without stretching or excessive
reaching.
designed so they can be operated using different fingers
equipment should be adjustable
8.Outline the rules should be applied when setting up a DSE workstation

NEBOSH IDIP UNIT B
SUMMARY
o The forearms should be approximately horizontal and the user’s eyes should be the
same height as the top of the screen.
o Make sure there is enough work space to accommodate all documents or other
equipment. A document holder may help avoid awkward neck and eye movements.
o Arrange the desk and screen to avoid glare or bright reflections. This is often easiest if
the screen is not directly facing windows or bright lights.
o Adjust curtains or blinds to prevent intrusive light.
o Make sure there is space under the desk to move legs.
o Avoid excess pressure from the edge of seats on the backs of legs and knees. A footrest
may be helpful, particularly for smaller users.

Nebosh Idip Unit B: B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017

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Nebosh Idip Unit B: B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017

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NEBOSH IDIP UNIT B

1. Explain the following terms

2. Explain the key categories of occupational health hazards

a) Chemical: these include acids, alkalis, metals asbestos).

b) Biological: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

c) Physical: these include heat, lighting, noise, vibration, and radiation.

d) Psychosocial: these include mental ill-health, stress, violence, and aggression.

e) Ergonomic: these include repetitive movement activities, manual handling

3. Outline the meaning of epidemic and give example

4. Outline the principles of controlling exposure to any hazardous substances in workplace

o Modifying work to avoid creating hazardous by-products or waste.

o Physical barriers to prevent exposure.

o Engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation systems to reduce airborne

pg. 1 IDIP NEBOSH CALIFRANCIS254@GMAIL.COM

o Good hygiene practices such as thorough hand washing, avoiding hand to

mouth contact, safe disposal of waste.

o Use of appropriate decontamination methods.

o Appropriate vaccination where assessment reveals that there is a risk of

exposure to such biological agents.

5. a) Explain the meaning of fitness to work

Is a medical assessment done when an employer wishes to be sure a worker can

safely do a specific job or task

b) Outline the principle of fitness to work process in the workplace.

o The programme should be based on an assessment of the risk.

reasonable (and foreseeable) health and capacity requirements for a worker

o Any tests of functional capacity or medical examinations should relate to an

assessment of fitness for the assignment or tasks.

o Tests and examinations should produce repeatable and consistent results.

o All work capacity tests or medical examinations must be safe.

o Appropriate pairing of the applicant to the occupational requirements of the job.

o A baseline of health status so future measurements can determine whether any

workplace exposures have proven detrimental to the worker's health.

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o Compliance with local legal requirements.

o Measurement of psychological status so proper referral to counselling

7. a) Explain the meaning of Vocational rehabilitation

Is "a process that enables people with functional, psychological, developmental,

cognitive, and emotional impairments or health conditions to overcome barriers to

accessing, maintaining, or returning to employment or other useful occupation?"

b) Examples of vocational rehabilitation and benefits

The intervention comprised six sessions of group treatment by a therapist to change

2. Population-based model to improve return to work:

The combination of work rehabilitation and workplace interventions at the sub-acute

3. Workplace-based intervention tackling obstacles to return to work:

The intervention package, delivered by occupational health nurses, addressed psychosocial

pg. 3 IDIP NEBOSH CALIFRANCIS254@GMAIL.COM

o Fewer staff days’ absence due to illness

o Higher employment rates mean reduced welfare and taxpayer costs.

o Employers retain a skilled, trusted, and knowledgeable workforce.

o Workers who are working gain enhanced esteem.

o Workers who are working benefit from increased financial stability.

o Advising on planning and organisation of work and working practices.

o Providing advice, information, training and education, on occupational health,

safety, hygiene, ergonomics, and on protective equipment.

o Surveillance of workers' health in relation to work.

o Contributing to occupational rehabilitation and maintaining in employment people

of working age, or assisting in the return to employment.

o Organizing first aid and emergency treatment.

o Improved opportunities for people to recover from illness while at work.

o Provides critical support to the process of effective absence management

o increase the number of staff returning to work earlier.

o Fulfils any national legal requirements.

o Helps maximize the productivity of workers by building a healthier workforce.