BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Penafrancia, Naga City

IMPACT OF SPORTS INJURY TO MENTAL HEALTH OF NAGA CITY ATHLETES

Ana Sheryl Lynn S. Catura, MAEd

Professor II

Erika L. Gapit
Kathlene Ann C. Oberos
Neil Frederick Turallo
John Lourde Delos Santos
Ciara Ivy Penaflor
BPE 4B SWM
CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

A significant part of the population of this country, Philippines, is involved in sports.

It was known as part of exercise where most people used to remain healthy and fit.
Exercise is the body’s physical exertion. Sports has a wide range of giving enjoyment and
relaxation to people and promotes a good health to all who are engaging in sports.
Keeping a higher level of fitness and health, for both physical and mental, is one of the
main functions of sports. Some believe that sports participation gives numerous health
benefit and promotes physical, emotional and mental health improvement to an
individual. Jack Raglin (2007), stated that Single session of physical activity reduces
anxiety, improves mood, and raises feelings of energy that last for several hours. Long-
term participation can significantly improve conditions such as clinical anxiety and
depression to a degree that rivals medication, both in adults and adolescents.” but
anyone who plays and those who are actively participating in sports may encounter
injury because injuries are inevitable.

Sports injury are the injuries occur in athletic activities. It is defined as physical
harm or change to someone’s body caused by an accident or an attack. It can happen in
a split second but the recovery time can be the whole season or longer. Traumatic injury
is defined as damage resulting in functional deficits and functional abnormalities. It is a
type of damage that occurs as a result of traumatic event. Experiencing sports injury has
a great impact on every athlete, it can be in physical and especially in mental .

Deborah Roche (2018) stressed out that "It can often be a grief process, [because]
even if it's temporary, there's still loss involved," there are possible mental struggles an
athlete go through. After an injury, many athletes may feel sad, frustrated, depressed
and anxious.

There are some cases that has been reported that a well-known athlete who
experienced sports injury. In 2014, Paul George, the Indiana Pacers star suffered one of
the most gruesome injuries. The famous Indiana Pacers player hustled back on defense
to contest an open lay-up by James Harden—but unfortunately, his leg landed directly
on the the base of the basket stanchion, completely buckling and causing a compound
tibia-fibula fracture. It has been 23 weeks since the injury, but the signs of progress have
been steady along the way. George’s injury looked like it would be career-ending, or at
least career-changing. In the same year, Laquon Treadwell, an AFL player,suffered a
devastating knee injury in 2014 while playing at Ole Miss after being brought down from
behind by an Auburn Tigers defender.
(something about the naga city athletes or sports naga athletes or how to
encourage people in naga to go to sports. The government do for the amateur atheltes)
The over-all significance of this study is to provide knowledge and deeper and
clearer meaning about how an injury can affect the mental health of an athlete .

This research will be beneficial to the athletes, students, coaches, sports official and
future researchers because this research can provide a broader understanding about
mental health and an injury. This can also be an instrument for the future researchers
who studies sports. (Purpose as one paragraph)

This research reports the findings of a study to establish the impact of sports injury
to the mental health of Naga City athletes.

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this research is to give awareness to the long term effects of sports
injury or sports trauma of an athlete and deeper understanding to the readers about the
mental health of a sportsperson who suffers from an injury. This study is designed to
determine what are the traumas that an athlete experienced after an injury.

Significance of the Study

 The outcome of this study will help and can be a reference for the future
researchers interested in relevant study and innovation of this field. The result of the
study could hopefully provide deeper and clearer information about the aftermath
experienced of the athletes specifically to the mental health of an injured sportsperson.
Further, this study will be beneficial to the following:

TO STUDENTS
This study will provide the student with some knowledge about Sports trauma
among athletes. It will give the student a realization that an injury can bring a big
impact to player. At the end of this study student would finally know the effects of
injury to the mental health of an athlete.

TO RESEARCHERS
The researchers thought that if this study would be successful it would be able
to help the students and teachers. The findings of this study will serves as a good
and accurate and helpful information.

TO COACHES
This study will help the coaches understand more the behavior of their
athletes towards their sports. It will give them clearer knowledge on how to deal
with their players.

TO FUTURE RESEARCHERS
The outcome of this study will help and can be a reference for the future
researchers interested in relevant study and innovation of this field.

Statement of the problem

The study aims to deliver the impact of sports injury to the mental health of an
amateur athlete.

Specifically this study sought to answer the following questions:

 1. What is the profile of the amateur Athletes in Naga City as to:
i. Personal profile
ii. Field of sports
iii. kind of injuries experienced
2. What are the effects of injuries to the amateur athlete’s mental health in terms
of :
A. Behavior
B. Emotional stability
C. Social attributes

3. Is their a significant relationship between the sports injury and mental health of
athletes in Naga City. (differentiate the three levels of severity )

Assumptions

This study is based on the following assumptions that:

1. Every person who is actively participating in sports are prone to Injury.

2. Awareness about the mental health of an athlete who experienced injury is
inadequate among the readers.
3. Every injury that a sportsperson had experienced has an impact to their mental
health.
4. That injury has a great impact to the athletes in terms of behavior and most
especially to their emotional stability.

Hypothesis

The athletes who experiences in sports injury is accompanied by depression,

tension, anger and low self-esteem that may lead to the extent that some of the
athletes are unable to cope up with their field and some uses these sport injuries as
motivation and strength to gain control on their personal situation.
 Sports injury brings a psychological trauma to some players. Injury is an aspect of
sport that has been evaluated and researched in years. Only few focuses and give
attention to what are the traumas that a player experiences after an injury occur.
Despite of having some knowledge about on its effects, there is a little amount of
attention given to its issue. Perhaps a study which investigates the impact on the mental
health by a survey could help resolve the situation.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study is focused on the profile and impact of sports injury to the mental health
of athletes in Naga City. The research respondents is composed of thirty (30) amateur
athletes that have experienced some degree of injury residing in the parameters of
Naga City. Based on mild such as…., moderate such as..severe such as… The primary
data gathering method will be used is survey to determine the effects of the injury to
the players .

The research data was based on the survey questions of sportsmen who come into
contact with injuries. It focused on how the athlete cope up with the injuries and their
current status as athletes.
*stated that the respondents already experienced an injury

Definition of Terms

Terms used in this study was defined in operational way for clarity and better
understanding providing the readers a better grasp of their meaning.
Amateur- can be a student atheltes as long as they are not paid
Mental Health- is a the psychological and emotional well being of a person.
Sports Trauma- is the result of an overwhelming amount of stress after an injury or
accident happened to a person who plays sports. The long term effect on the mental
health of an athlete brought by an injury
Psychological Trauma- is a type of damage to the mind than occurs as a result of a
severely distressing event focusing on the mental impact.
Anxiety- is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent
event or something with an increase outcome.
Depression-is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you
feel, the way you think and how you act.
Athlete- a person who is proficient in sports and other forms of physical exercises.
Sportsman- a word used to refer to an athlete. It is person who takes part in sports,
especially as a professional.
Sports Injury- is the result from a acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with
athletic activities.
Strain- a type of injury when a muscle stretches too much and tears.
Bone fracture- is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the
continuity of the bone.
Concussion- is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) which occurs when the brain undergoes
rapid acceleration inside the skull causing a disorder to the brain of an individual.
Emotional
Behavioral

End Notes
Cory Stieg (2018)
How physical Injuries affect your mental health,. Retrieved from,
https://www.refinery29.com/sports-injury-psychology-mental-health

Margot Putukian (n.d.)

Mind,Body and Sport: How being injured affects mental health,. Retrieved from,
http://www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/mind-body-and-sport-how-being-injured-
affects-mental-health

Injuries in Athletics: Causes and Consequences pp 243-267| Cite as

Psychological Trauma: Unfortunate Experience in Athletics,. Retrieved from,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-72577-2_11

Matthew Jussim (2018)

13 Athletes Who Made Amazing Comebacks After Career-threatening Injuries.,
Retrieved
 CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-
depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the
theoretical and conceptual framework to fully understand the research done. There are
books that we can use as a tool for studying the research topic presented which is “The
Impact of Sports Injury to the Mental Health of Naga City Athletes.”

Sport injuries are defined as injuries that happen during sports. Injuries differ from
field of sports and the athlete. In recent years we have become increasingly concerned
with the effect of sports injury to the mental health of an athlete. In the book Essential
of Athletic Training by Daniel D. Arnheim, sports injury has become a major stressor for
the athletes. According to Pearsall, Stress is not something that an individual can do to
his or her body, but it is something that happens or the brain tells an athlete is
happening. Athletes place their bodies in countless daily stress situations. Their bodies
undergo numerous “fight-or-flight” reactions to avoid injuries or other threatening
situations. (Essential of Athletic Training p. 75). The athlete who finds himself or herself
over stressed could experience mental depression.
Different kinds…levels and range of sports injuries up to death.

There are different types of injury and grade of severity, will lead to various kinds of
rehabilitation methods (Mero 2007 454 -456). Different sport types have their own
injuries and individual ways for prevention. (Renström et al. 2002.19 -49). Sport injuries
can affect on several levels of well-being. These are physical, emotional and social well-
being. Physical well-being includes pain, rehabilitation, physical changes of athletes’
body and either permanent or temporary physical restrictions. Beyond the physical
effects, getting injured can impact your mental health in a big way, whether you're an
athlete, a casual exerciser, or just an active person. "[An injury] is a realization of the
fact that you’re not invincible, and that things can take us all out at different times,"
says Deborah Roche, PhD, clinical psychologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who
specializes in sports psychology and injury rehab. "It does take a shot to the confidence,
and when our abilities are taken away it’s really eye-opening."
After an injury, many people feel sad, frustrated, depressed, anxious, nervous, and
fearful, Dr. Roche says. "It can often be a grief process, [because] even if it's temporary,
there's still loss involved," she says. You may also feel like you're out of control, which
can be tough to cope with for lots of people.
Depending on unique athlete psychology, each will respond in a different way
exhibiting a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses (Masten,
Strazar, Zilavec, Tusak & Kandare, 2014).

When athletes are injured they experience a range of emotions which are
frequently more debilitating when they require longer rehabilitation. There are many
athletes ranging from novice to professional level and across a wide range of sports and
recreational activities, who have suffered career ending injuries and can relate to
experiencing psychological distress including re-injury anxiety (3), depressive symptoms
(4), and loss of athletic identity (5) long after they’re physically recovered.when the
injury is more serious and requires surgery it can quickly become a distressing setback,
an event often appraised as impeding progress toward desired goals and for some
ending their athletic career.

Athletes with prior mental health concerns, as well as athletes requiring surgery
and a greater absence from participation in sport or physical activity are at greater risk
for experiencing lingering mental health concerns following their physical recovery and
should be encouraged to seek services from sport psychologists.

Sport injury can affect athletes both physically and psychologically. Pain, cognition,
emotion, and behavior are primary areas of psychological functioning affected by injury.
Psychological responses to sport injury tend to be strongest in close temporal proximity
to injury occurrence and fluctuate over the course of rehabilitation. Psychological
readiness to return to sport after injury is an emerging concept that incorporates
aspects of cognition, emotion, and behavior, including anxiety, confidence, motivation,
and post return expectations. A variety of theoretical perspectives have been used to
guide a body of research on psychological responses to sport injury. Relatively few
controlled investigations of interventions designed to influence psychological responses
to sport injury have been conducted.

Emotional or psychological impact in some athletes may also be related to

performance failure. When athletes sustain bodily injury associated with time loss from
their sport, they can suffer both physically as well as emotionally with a decrease in
their quality of life. Concussion is another injury that can be very challenging for athletes
to handle given the associated emotional and cognitive symptoms (e.g. post-concussive
syndrome).

RELATED STUDIES

Mittly V, Németh Z, Berényi K, Mintál T (2016) The aim of this study is to emphasize
the significant role of a complex approach and to help athletes in coping with the injury.
This study presents that doing sports, itself, constitutes the risk of injuries. The most
common, and at the same time most frequent sport injuries relate to the ankle . They
stated that sport injuries happen three times more often during matches than in
training sessions and about half of them are related to the lower limbs. 50% of the cases
contact between players is the cause of the injury and in this respect footballers and ice
hockey players are the most affected. According to this research the highest number of
incidents for ligament rupture is typical with team sports and indoor sports, so rugby,
football, basketball, handball and volleyball players are the most exposed to this kind of
injury . Thus, as an athletes physically prepare for competitions and matches on a daily
basis, they should also prepare for challenges psychologically with the same intensity

Yulia Gavrilova1, Bradley Donohue1, and Marina Galante1 (2017) The study
determines that Athletes are exposed to unique stressors that often negatively impact
the way they think, behave, and feel in athletic, academic, and social domains. This
research tackles about the The Optimum Performance Program in Sports (TOPPS), an
adaptation of Family Behavior Therapy, it is an innovative approach to optimization
science that has demonstrated positive outcomes in student-athletes evidencing
substance use disorders.

Lynne H Johnston, Douglas Carroll (2000) the study aims to test the assumption
that the psychological impact of injury varies with involvement in sport and exercise,
and that those who are more involved in sport and exercise before injury would
experience greater negative affect and retarded recovery. This study presents those
who were more involved in sport and exercise before injury registered higher levels of
confusion and perceived their recovery to be less, possibly reflecting greater
information needs and a greater mismatch between current status and that before
injury in the athletic sample. Reported negative affect did not vary with sport and
exercise involvement. The author wants to prove that incapacitation for those not
involved in sport and exercise before injury may have much the same affective impact
as it does for those with considerable involvement. However, those with considerable
involvement did report higher levels of confusion and perceived their recovery to be less
towards the end of rehabilitation. This suggests that it may be important to assess
affective reactions and perceived recovery during the re-entry phase.

Mari Lehtinen (2012) The study aims is to study rehabilitation process of injured
swimmers according to the sport psychology point of view and to study experiences of
elite swimmers during recovery process. According to this study, Sport injuries can
affect on several levels of well-being. These are physical,emotional and social well-
being. Physical well-being includes pain, rehabilitation,physical changes of athletes’
body and either permanent or temporary physical restrictions. Emotional well-being
includes feelings of loss and grief, trauma and rehabilitation. Social well-being includes
dependence of others, separation from family and friends, new relationships and maybe
loss of social roles. Self-concept includes loss of sense of control, dealing with altered
self-image, threat to important life goals and values, as well as necessity for decision
making under stress (Russel 2011).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 The present study is anchored on Anderson and Williams theory (1998). the
application of this theory is illustrated in Figure 1.

The theory that is postulated by Anderson and William (1998) presents a

paradigm for viewing the stress injury model.

According to Anderson and William (1998) model there are different

psychosocial factors that could increase the injury risk. These risk factors are divided
into three main categories, personality, history of stressors and coping resources
(Williams & Andersen, 1998).

The proponent states that the personality could affect what situations an
athlete apprehends as stressful (Petrie, 1993). According to Mcgrath´s (1970; Weinberg
& Gould, 2003) stress model the apprehension of the situation is important when it
comes to the stress response. There are Two examples showing the relationships
between sport injury and psychological risk factors as trait anxiety (Petrie, 1993) and
low self-confidence (Kolt & Roberts, 1998; Johnson, 2006). Lavallee and Flint (1996)
found that there were positive relationships between high competitive anxiety and
injury. The authors also established that there was a relationship between high
competitive anxiety level and more severe injuries.

The personality could affect what situations an athlete apprehends as stressful

(Petrie, 1993). According to Mcgrath´s (1970; Weinberg & Gould, 2003) stress model the
apprehension of the situation is important when it comes to the stress response. A
couple of risk factors according to an athlete’s personality are discovered. Two examples
are the relationships between sport injury and psychological risk factors as trait anxiety
(Petrie, 1993) and low self confidence (Kolt & Roberts, 1998; Johnson, 2006). Lavallee
and Flint (1996) found that there were positive relationships between high competitive
anxiety and injury. There are also studies that claim that mood states could be related
to injury occurrence. These authors stressed that the risk factors, which are presented
above, could lead to a decreased concentration level during training. This narrowing in
concentration is one factor that could increase the injury risk (Johnson, 2006).
 Coping resources may help the athlete to deal with the stressors that he/she will be
exposed to, and perhaps help the athlete to perceive fewer situations as stressful
(Williams & Andersen, 1998). Williams, Tonymon and Wadsworth (1986; Johnson, 2006)
establish that there is a relationship between few coping resources and a high frequency
of sport injuries. Hanson (1992; Johnson, 2006) suggest that there is a relationship
between a lack of coping resources and the frequency of injuries. Social support is
another resource that several studies suggest is connected with the occurrence of
injuries. Hardy, Richman and Rosefeld (1991) found that athletes with a high level of
social support experienced fewer injuries then athletes with a low level of social
support.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Sports Injury Performance of

Athletes in Naga
 severe City
 moderate
 simple
Effects to Athletes
in Naga City

 MENTAL

 Traumatic

 Simple

 PHYSICAL
This study focuses on the impact of sports injury to the mental health of
athletes in Naga City bringing up one idea that sports injury whether it is severe,
moderate and simple, may affect the performance of the athletes in Naga City. It may
show manifestation of the effects of the injuries to the mental health of the athlete
whether it is simple or traumatic.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher chose a survey research design because its low cost and easy
accessible information other than that it provide best answers to the questions and
purposes of the study.
Survey research is the collection of data attained by asking individuals questions
either in person, on paper, by phone or online. Conducting surveys is one form of
primary research, which is the gathering data first-hand from its source. The information
collected may also be accessed subsequently by other parties in secondary research.
Survey research is also a commonly used method of collecting information about a
population of interest. .

3.2 RESPONDENTS

The researcher considered the amateur athlete of Naga City, Philippines

composing of minimum of 30 persons. They were the chosen respondents because the
amateur athletes is more accessible. Moreover, they evidently are more prone to
injuries because of lack of professional training.

3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The Survey questionnaire will be used as the main data gathering instrument for
this study. The questionnaire will be divided into 3 main sections: First, Personal profile
of the athlete; getting the information about the athlete. Second, the field of sports; to
know what kind of sports that they are into. Lastly, encountered injury by the athlete; to
also know how severe the injury is and to know the effect of the injury to an athlete.
This survey questionnaire, four choices is provided for every question. The
choices will represent the degree of agreement that each respondent answered on the
given question. The respondents will be asked to choose their preferred response by
checking the scale that suits their personal feelings and perception towards the given
area.

3. 4 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher will provide the questionnaires to the amateur athletes of Naga
City. The handling of questionnaire will be done personally by the researchers and
facilitated by the retrieval of responses. This procedure also enabled the researcher to
conduct interview at the same time consecutively. The researchers collected the
answered questionnaire and tally, tabulate and analyze the results.

3.5 STATISTICAL

In this research, descriptive statistics will be used in order to determine how

many athlete experience an impact in their mental health after undergoing an injury
related to sports. The general weighted mean will show the percentage of athletes who
had gone an injury and affects their mental health. This will also show the percentage of
the Naga City athletes who still continued playing.