UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Dr. Nik Rozlin Binti Nik Masdek
Group : EMD4M7A
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MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Material Science Experiment 3 (The Jominy End-Quench Test)

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1. SYED AHMAD BIN ABDULLAH 2019541993
2. NUR HIDAYAH FARHANA BINTI KAMARUDDIN 2019593967
3. NUR KHALILAH BINTI KAMARUDDIN 2019701975
4. WAN NOR AZIAN BINTI WAN NAJMAN 2019717299

LABORATORY SESSION : 8/10/2019

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 15/10/2019

(DATE)

*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
ABSTARCT

In this experiment (The Jominy End – Quench Test), it is conducted in order to find the relation
between hardness to the cooling rate of the specimen after been heated (quenching) by using
the Jominy test method. By performing this experiment, student should be able to understand
the changes of microstructure due to the cooling rate of the specimen after been quenched
using Jominy End – Quench test method. This experiment need to follow the procedure stated
and listed in the lab sheet with supervision of the staff and the method used “Heat and Drop”
and all the procedure must be done with cautious. From the result, the group managed to plot
the graph of hardness against distance from quenched end. The group also observed and
labelled the microstructure of the each section of the quenched steel.
TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTARCT ........................................................................................................................... 1

TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................................... 3

LIST OF FIGURE .................................................................................................................. 4

LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................................... 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 5

2.0 THEORY ......................................................................................................................... 6

3.0 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................. 8

3.1 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT ................................................................................ 8

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ................................................................................. 9

4.0 RESULT ........................................................................................................................ 11

5.0 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................ 18

6.0 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 22

7.0 REFERENCE ................................................................................................................ 26

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1: Hardenability curve and effect of cooling rate on hardness Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 2: Control of the variables for thr Jominy test .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3: The Jominy End Quench Machine ......................................................................... 7
Figure 4: The Jominy Test specimen ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5: The microstructure test specimen ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6: The optical microscope ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7: The Vickers Hardness Tester ................................................................................. 8
Figure 8: The diagonal shape………………………………………………………………………..9
Figure 9: The measurement of impression diagonal……………………………………………..10

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Hardness table ...................................................................................................... 11

Table 2: Hardness vs Distance Graph ................................................................................. 12
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The heat treatment applied to the specimen usually to change the mechanical properties such
as increase or decrease the strength, hardness, machinability and others. The most parts will
require heat treatment either after or during the processing for proper in-service properties. An
example the heat treatment before shaping to soft a metal for forming. Meanwhile, the heat
treatment after forming to relieve hardening. Lastly, the final finish heat treatment to achieve
final strength and hardness.

Hardening process such quenching for steels consist of heating and rapid cooling form
martensite. The cooling rate depends on the medium used for the quenching, the water gives a
faster cooling rate than oil and air cooling. Generally, the faster steel cools, the harder it will
be.

Jominy end quench test used to measure the hardenability of steels by heat treatment which
shows the effects of cooling rate on steel hardness. From the Jominy end quench test, the steels
will proceed to test their hardness using a hardness Vickers. The result from observation, form
a hardenability curve that showing the effect of the cooling rate on the hardness. The cooling
rate at the quench end is very fast but becomes slower as the distance from the quench end
increase.
2.0 THEORY

The Jominy end quench test is used to measure the hardenability of a steel, which is a measure
of capacity of the steel to harden in depth under a given set of conditions. This considers the
basic concepts of hardenability and the Jominy test. The Jominy end quench test is a method
for measuring the hardenability of steels. The hardenability depends on the chemical
composition of the steel and also can be affected by prior processing conditions, such as the
austenitizing temperature.

Hardenability

Hardenability is the ability of metal alloys to be hardened by the heat treatment. It is measure
of the ability of a steel to partially or completely transform from austenite to some fraction of
martensite at a given depth below the surface, when cooled under a given condition. For
example, a steel of high hardenability can transform to a high fraction of martensite to depths
of several millimetres under relatively slow cooling, such as an oil quench, whereas a steel of
low hardenability may only form a high fraction of martensite to a depth of less than a
millimetre, even under rapid cooling such as a water quench. Hardenability therefore describes
the capacity of the steel to harden in depth under a given set of conditions.

Figure 1: Hardenability curve and effect of cooling rate on hardness

Jominy end quench test

The steel sample is normalised to eliminate differences in microstructure due to previous

forging and then austenitised. This is usually at a temperature 800°C to 900°C. The specimen
is heated in furnace and rapidly quench in spray with a controlled flow of water onto one end
of the sample. This cools the specimen from one end, simulating the effect of quenching a
larger steel component in water.

The vertical “heat and drop” use a new concept of heating a specimen from the conventional
method. The conventional method uses separate furnace and the sample is taken out using tongs
and placed it in quenching tank for subsequent quenching. The incorporated tube furnace on
top of quenching tank has eliminated the using of separate furnace and tongs.

Figure 2: Control of the variables for the Jominy test

3.0 PROCEDURE

3.1 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT

Figure 3 Figure 4
The Jominy End Quench Machine The Jominy Test specimen

Figure 5 Figure 6
The microstructure test specimen The optical microscope
(6 pieces)
 Figure 7
The Vickers Hardness Tester
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Before the specimen will be tested, the specimen has been heated in a furnace to austenitise
the microstructure at around 900°C. After that, with carefully and quickly the specimen
has been moved to the quenching machine and positioned above a water jet. The water jet
is started and sprayed onto the bottom of the specimen until the specimen is cool.
2. The cylindrical bar from Jominy end quench test was provided to students.
3. By using Vickers Hardness Tester, the specimen was positioned on the stage and moved
under the objective lens.
4. By viewing through the eyepiece, the specimen was shifted with X-Y coordinate
micrometre screws, which mounted at the area selected for testing.
5. After the diagonal was found as figure below, the diagonal of the impression was measured
by the special micrometre eyepiece. The impression seen through the microscope was a
square with diagonals running

Figure 8
The diagonal shape

6. The diagonal shape were calculated such figure below started from 0mm (end quench)
until 100mm. thus, 11 indentation readings were recorded.
 Figure 9
The measurement of impression diagonal.

7. The average of the diagonal running between the corners were calculated and recorded in
the table. Next, the graph of hardness versus distance has been plotted as shown in the
result.
8. The microstructures of six specimen as figure have been identified by the optical
microscope using the magnificent 400 X.
4.0 RESULT

Distance (mm) Vickers Hardness (HV)

1 617.5
2 600.7
3 587.2
4 563.5
5 547.8
6 535.9
7 498.6
8 486.7
9 451.2
10 436.7
20 418.4
30 337.1
40 268.9
50 263.3
60 162.2
70 146
80 134.9
90 126.9
100 117

Table 1: Hardness table

Graph Presentation:

Hardness Vickers versus Distance

700

600
Hardness Vickers, HV

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance, mm

Table 2: Hardness vs Distance Graph