Load Modeling in WECC

DOE-NERC FIDVR Workshop

September 2009
Washington DC

Dmitry Kosterev(*) and John Undrill (**)

(*) Bonneville Power Administration

(**) John Undrill LLC
 Load Modeling
Timescale of Interest
Our primary interest is the dynamic behavior of
loads in cycle to minute time frame, not
projections of future demand.

cycle day 10 years

minute

Time

second
hour year
Load Model Development
 History Of Load Modeling in WECC
• 1990’s – Constant current real, constant impedance
reactive models connected to a transmission bus
• 1990’s – IEEE Task Force recommends dynamic load
modeling, however the recommendation does not get
traction in the industry
• 1996 – Model validation study for July 2 and August 10
system outages:
– Need for motor load modeling to represent oscillations and
voltage decline
• 2000 – 2001 – WECC “Interim” Load Model:
– 20% of load is represented with induction motors
– Tuned to match inter-area oscillations for August 10 1996 and
August 4, 2000 oscillation events
– Recognized model limitations and the need to continue…
 Motivation for Better Load Modeling
This is what we thought would happen using “interim” load model…
o

o
o
o

30 seconds

Simulations
– instantaneous voltage recovery
 Motivation for Better Load Modeling
… and this is what actually happened
1.10

1.05

100%
1.00

0.95

0.90
Voltage (pu)

0.85

0.80

75% 0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Seconds

30 seconds
Reality
– 30-second voltage recovery, 12 seconds below 80%
 History Of FIDVR Load Modeling
• Late 1980’s – Southern California Edison observed events
of delayed voltage recovery attributed to stalling of
residential air-conditioners
• 1994 – Florida Power published an IEEE paper on the
similar experiences of delayed voltage recovery following
transmission faults
• 1997 – SCE model validation study of Lugo event:
– Need to represent a distribution equivalent
– Need to have special models for air-conditioning load
• 2005–2008 – Similar observations are made by Southern
Company in their analysis of FIDVR events in Atlanta area
 Looking Forward
• Loads will play much more influential role in power system
stability
• Resistive-type loads are phasing out (incandescent lights
and resistive heating)
– Energy inefficient but “grid-friendly”
• Electronic loads, VFDs, AC compressors, heat pumps,
CFLs are moving in
– Energy efficient but have undesirable characteristics from
standpoint of grid dynamic stability
– Increasing penetration of residential air-conditioners
 WECC Load Modeling Task Force
• WECC LMTF was formed in 2002
• Component-based approach
– Understand load behavior over the wide range
of disturbances
• Bottom-up model development
• Top-down model validation
 Questions
• How to capture the variety of electrical end-
uses in the model ?
• How to represent electrical distance between
the transmission bus and a end-user buses
with a distribution equivalent ?
• How to represent seasonal / daily /
geographical variations in load composition ?
• How to validate load model performance ?
Modeling Electrical End-Use
 LBNL Electricity Use In California Study
Peak Demand (GW) Consumption (TWh)
8 35

7
30

6
Peak Demand
25

Annual Consumption
5

Source: CEC Demand Analysis Office 20

15
3

10
2

5
1

0 0
Res. - Air Com'l. - Air Com'l. - Com'l. - Other Res. - Res. - Com'l. - Res. - Res. - Dryer Com'l. -
Conditioning Conditioning Interior M iscellaneous Refrigerator Ventilation Cooking Refrigeration
Lighting

Residential AC
Lighting Ventilation
Commercial AC Refrigeration
Residential
Single-Phase
Air-Conditioners
 A/C Compressor Motors
are Prone to Stall
Voltage (Volts) Active Power (kW)
250 20

200 15
150
10
100
Dip to 55% for 3 cycles 5
50

0 0
7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12

Current (Amps) Reactive Power (kVAR)

20

100 Stall Thermal 15

Trip 10
50
5

0 0
7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12
Time (sec) Time (sec)

To find out WHY,

SCE, BPA and EPRI tested more than 30 AC units
(a) A/C Compressor Motors are non-symmetric

Auxiliary R
Winding Main
Winding
S

Run Thermal
Capacitor Relay
C

1 phase supply, 2 windings

capacitor-run motor
(a) A/C Compressor Motors are non-symmetric
Voltage
250
200
150 Non-symmetry becomes
100
more pronounced as the
supply voltage is
50
0

declining
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Compressor Power
5000
Total

The forward-rotating
4000
Main
3000 Auxiliary
2000
torque component is
counter-acted by
1000
0

backward-rotating
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

component at lower
Current
60

voltages
Total
40 Positive Seq.
Negative Seq.
20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
 (a) Single-phase motors produce much less
electrical torque than a comparable 3-phase motor
at lower voltages and slower speeds
Torque/speed and load torque curves
18
Plot prepared by
16 Dr. Bernard Lesieutre, LBNL (now
14
with University of Wisconsin)
12

10
Critical voltage
torque

6
near 60%
4

2 Electrical torque for 1-phase

0 motor at various voltages
Electrical torque for 3-phase
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
rotor speed

Critical speed = 30% of rated motor at nominal voltage

Mechanical load torque
(b) Compressor Motors Inertia is Very Low

H = 0.03 – 0.05 seconds

E.g. 3.5-ton compressor motor: Weight: 4.6 kg

75 mm

310 mm
 (c) Compressor Load Torque
Torque

360 720
Rotor Position

It is very possible that the motor stalls at the next compression cycle
 Types of Compressors
• There are two types of compressors – reciprocating and
scroll
– Reciprocating compressors represent majority of the installed
capacity
– Scroll units will be majority of new units moving forward
• Scroll compressors have more favorable characteristics:
– Less prone to stall (lower voltage, longer sag)
– Can re-accelerate when the voltage recovers above 90%
– Pressure seems to equalize faster
– However, can restart and run backwards for hours
What do the motors do after they stall ?
Current
100
stall thermal thermal thermal
Current (Amps)

trip re-close trip

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Compressor Pressure
200
Pressure (Psi)

150

100

50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (sec)
What do the motors do after they stall ?
Current successful
80
stall thermal restart
60 trip
Current [pu]

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Compressor Pressure
200

150
Pressure [psi]

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Time [sec]
 Compressor Motor Steady-State Loading

3.6 0.66

3.4 0.64

Stall Voltage (per unit)

Power (kW)

3.2 0.62

3 0.6

2.8 0.58

2.6 0.56
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115
Ambient Temperature (F)

* Compressor motors have high power factor ~0.97

 How to Model Single-Phase AC Motors ?
• We were unable to fit the observed behavior into a three-
phase motor model structure
• Several Modeling Approaches are considered, prototyped
and tested:
– Phasor Model (MOTORC) – Differential equations, used as a
benchmark
– Performance Model – empiric model based on the test results
– Hybrid model – three-phase model for running motor, short-circuit
impedance when stalled (original SCE approach)
 Performance Model
Static Empirical Model
Real Power Reactive Power
5 5

4.5 4.5

4 STALL 4 STALL

Reactive Power (per unit)

Real Power (per unit)

3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

1.5 1.5
STALL RUN STALL
1 1

0.5 0.5 RUN

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Voltage (per unit) Voltage (per unit)

RUN STATE - Polynomial

STALL STATE - Impedance
Switch from RUN to STALL when voltage drops below Stall Voltage
 Single-Phase Motor Model
• 1-phase model includes:
– Performance model to represent a single-phase motor model
– Thermal relay model
– Under-voltage relay model
– Contractor model

• Model is validated against actual tests

• Model is tested for numeric stability
• Implemented in PSS®E (ACMTBL) and PSLF (LD1PAC)
Composite Load Model
Structure
 Composite Load Model Structure
M 3-phase compressor

M Fan
115-kV
230-kV
M Pump

M 1-phase AC
UVLS

UFLS Electronic

Static
Load Model Data
 WECC Composite Load Model
Load Component
Distribution Equivalent Data Model
Data
M

M
115-kV
230-kV
M Load Model
Composition
M Data

UVLS and UFLS Data

Electronic

Static
 Load Model Data
• Load model data records include:
– Distribution equivalent model data
• PG&E developed methodology, proven to work, feel very confident
– Model data for load model components (e.g. motor inertia,
driven load, electrical data, etc)
• Getting test data, develop better understanding of end-use
characteristics
• Motor protection and control remains least known
– Fractions of total load assigned to each load model
component
– UFLS and UVLS data
 Load Composition
• The most challenging part of model data
• Sources of data:
– LBNL Reports on Electricity Use in California
– California Energy Commission: 2006 Commercial End-
Use Survey
– SCADA load profiles
– BPA end-use monitoring data

• PNNL-BPA Load Composition Model

 California Commercial End-Use Survey
• 15 climate zones in California
• Four seasons
• Typical, Hot, Cold, Weekend
Data is available on CEC web-site
• 24-hour data

FCZ10 FCZ10
AirComp AirComp
Season: Season:
Summer Motors Summer Motors
Day: Process Day: Process
5 Misc
x 10 Typical Misc Typical
14 OfficeEquip Hour: OfficeEquip
16 IntLight
IntLight
4%<< 1%
< 1% 1%
12 ExtLight 5% ExtLight
Refrig 3% Refrig
10 Cooking Cooking
WaterHeat WaterHeat
Vent Vent
8 41%
Cooling Cooling
Heating Heating
6 25%

2
< 1%
8%
0 < 1% 10%
3%
0 5 10 15 20 25
 Load Composition Data
• PNNL-BPA Load Composition Model
• WECC LMTF provided regional defaults
– winter, summer, and shoulder seasons
– 6:00, 9:00, 15:00, 18:00 hours
– Multiple climate zones in WECC
– Composition for residential, commercial and mixed load
types
• Utilities are encouraged to provide bus-specific load
composition information
Load Model Studies
 Load Model Studies
• Event validation studies, initial focus is on on-peak
summer conditions:
– Local FIDVR events in Southern California
– Interconnection-wide disturbances

• System impact studies (in progress)

– Large generation outages in WECC
– 3-phase faults on major inter-tie
– 3-phase faults in large load centers
Event Validation Studies
 Load Model Studies – Initial Observations
• What is important for FIDVR studies:
– Load Composition Data
• Bus-specific information is recommended
– Motor control and protection
• Sensitivity studies are required
– With respect to “reasonable” variations of “key
parameters”
– Scenario planning
• Generators and SVC may trip because of depressed voltages
• Plants due to internal protection and control issues
• Generator protection operation (OEP during low voltages,
Volts/Hertz during high voltages)
• Line protection operation
 FIDVR Scenario Planning
Sensitivity to load composition

Bus Voltage Volts Per Hertz

Consequential plant trips

Sensitivity to motor protection

Line protection
Generator and SVC tripping
Time
 Load Model Implementation in WECC
• Load Model Approval:
– Composite Load Model structure (WE ARE HERE)
– Load model data
– Validation and system impact studies

• Process for Load Model Building

– Tools for managing load model data

• WECC Voltage Dip Criteria

 Closing Remarks
• Composite load model is capable of reproducing in
principle the phenomenon of delayed voltage
recovery that is known to occur
• Composite load model is adequate to evaluate
FIDVR exposure risks when used appropriately
• Composite load model is not intended to provide
“accurate” representation of details of a particular
feeder response
• Composite load model is a tool to help make an
engineering judgment when appropriate scenario
planning is used
Thank You