Trigonometry

Introduction- Trigonometry is an important branch of mathematics.

It deals with the sides and the angles of a triangle. The word
trigonometry traces its origin from two Greek words trigōnon
(meaning triangle) and metron (meaning measure). So, in short we
can say that measuring a triangle or any such type of shape is
trigonometry. Trigonometry was primarily developed by Indian and
Greek astronomers to study terrestrial bodies and its moments.
Trigonometry has made the study of Geometry very easy.
Mathematicians and scientists started using it to solve the lengthy
numerical of Geometry. In the process, they developed many formulas
which we now know as the formulas of Trigonometry.
Let’s discuss about them briefly.

Trigonometry Identities and Formulas-

Most of the trigonometry calculations are done by using the
trigonometry ratios. There are 6 trigonometry ratios present in
trigonometry. Every other important trigonometry formulas are
derived with the help of these ratios.
Trigonometry Ratios and angles– These ratios are also called as
trigonometric functions. These ratios are mostly counted between the
angles 0 and90 . The major and commonly used angles are
0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , and90 . Different ratios with different angles possess
different values. These angles can also be denoted in  (pie) form.
Here  means 1800 .

0  1800
For example- 60 can be denoted as , which is simply .
3 3
 1800
and 30 = , which is simply .
6 6
There are many other angles more and less than these but they all are
derived from these only. Below, all the six trigonometric ratios are
given.
(i) Sine Function (sin)
(ii) Cosine Function (cos)
(iii) Tangent Function (tan)
(iv) Cosecant Function (cot)
(v) Secant Function (sec)
(vi) Cotangent Function (cot)

Trigonometric Identities- Equations that follow the rules of Right

Angled Triangle are known as trigonometric identities. i.e. Pythagoras
Theorem etc. The explanation is mentioned below -
Here a right angled triangle is given as -
In a right triangle, each side has a name as explained below-
Adjacent- It is always next to the angle.
Opposite- It resides always opposite to the angle.
Note: Adjacent and Opposite pass through the right angle.
Hypotenuse- It is the longest side of right angle triangle and always
remains opposite to the right angle.
Note: Hypotenuse and Adjacent both sides fall on the same angle (not
on right angle)

Trigonometry Formulas- Trigonometry formulas are also called

as trigonometry identities. All the trigonometry formulas obey the rule
of a right angled triangle. Every trigonometry formula’s basics start
from trigonometric ratios and angles.
Below, there are some trigonometry formulas lists that are very
necessary to know and remember for trigonometric calculations
because all the other formulas are the exaggerated form of these basic
formulas.
Formulas for Sine, Cosine and tangent- Sine, Cosine and
Tangent are the three main functions or identities of trigonometry.
The formula derived for these functions are just a division of the
respective sides with one another.
For any right angle triangle with an angle  , the following formulas
can be derived-

For Sine-

Opposite
sin  
Hypotenuse

For Cosine-

Adjacent
cos  
Hypotenuse

For Tangent-

Opposite
tan  
Adjacent

Note: For any given angle  this formula remains the same. Size of
the triangle and angle does not matter.
When Sine function is divided by Cosine function, the Tangent
function is formed-
Opposite
sin() hypotenuse Opposite
   tan()
cos() Adjacent Adjacnet
hypotenuse

Thus, we can also say that-

sin()
tan() 
cos()
This is also known as the First Trigonometry Identity.

Formulas for Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent- These

functions are the opposite forms of the Sine, Cosine, and Tangent.

For Cosecant-

Hypotenus
cosec() 
Opposite

For Secant-
 Hypotenus
sec() 
Adjacent

For Cotangent-
Adjacent
cot() 
Opposite

Note- (i) Cosecant function is the opposite of Sine function.

1
sin() 
cos ec()
(ii) Secant function is the opposite of Cosine function.

1
cos() 
sec()
(iii) Cotangent function is the opposite of Tangent function.

1
tan() 
cot()

When Cosine function is divided by Sine function, the Cotangent

function gets formed.
 Adjacent
cos() hypotenuse Adjacent
   cot()
sin() Opposite Opposite
hypotenuse

Pythagoras Theorem- This theorem is applicable only on a right

angled triangle.
This theorem explains that in a right angle triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse will always be equal to the sum of the squares of opposite
side and the square of the adjacent side.

Here, c denotes the Hypotenuse

a denotes Opposite
b denotes Adjacent
Now,

a b c
2 2 2
This formula can be further simplified to form another formula-
Let us divide all the sides with c 2 ,
Now,

a 2 b2 c2
2
 2  2
c c c
a 2 b 2
( )  ( ) 1
c c

a Opposite b Adjacent
Here, we can see that is and is which
c hypotenuse c hypotenuse
are Sine and Cosine functions respectively.
So we can understand that-

sin   cos   1
2 2

These all derivations tell us that every formula that is formed can only
be formed with the help of the basic trigonometry formulas.

Other Pythagoras identities-

Values of angles of the Trigonometry Ratios- The basic values
of trigonometric ratios are given in the following chart-

Some other trigonometry formula lists are given below-

List of important trigonometry formulas-
Formulas based on sums and differences-
For any two angles a and b, following relationships can be
established-

1- sin(a  b)  sin(a)cos(b)  cos(a)sin  b 

2- cos(a  b)  cos(a)cos(b)  sin(a)sin  b 

3- cos(a  b)  cos(a)cos(b)  sin(a)sin  b 

4- sin(a  b)  sin(a)cos(b)  cos(a)sin  b 

tan(a)  tan(b)
5- tan(a  b) 
1  tan(a) tan(b)

tan(a)  tan(b)
6- tan(a  b) 
1  tan(a) tan(b)

7- In a triangle A, B and C if their angles are, a, b and c then-

For Sine-
a b c
 
sin A sinB sinC

For Cosine-
 c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bccos A
b 2  a 2  c 2  2accos B

Above formulas are the simple trigonometry formulas which are used
in many trigonometry problems. Apart from these, there are many
other formulas which are useful to solve trigonometry problems but
they all are derived from these only.
You can download this pdf to understand how trigonometry formulas
work and made. For basic trigonometry formulas this article also can
help you a lot.
You can also find trigonometry book pdf by simply searching it on
any search site and download the formula book in pdf from the
internet. You will find list of all trigonometric formulas in these e-
books and pdfs.

Converting inches to centimeters- Centimeter and inch are the

units of length. These are used in different kind of systems of units.
Centimeter- This unit is used in metric system. Metric system is also
called is SI (International system of Units) unit.
1 meter = 100 centimeter
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter
Inches- This unit is used in Imperial system of units as well as United
States customary unit system.
1 Foot = 12 inches
Formula used to convert inches into centimeter-
1 Inch = 2.54 centimeters
1
1 centimeter = inches
2.54
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches (approximately).