CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Structure is analysed as linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear static and nonlinear
dynamic cases. In these the first two is suitable only when the structural loads are
small and at no point the load will reach to collapse load as well as the response of
different loading system can be obtain by principle of super position method. During
earthquake loads the structural loading will reach to collapse load and the material
stresses will be above yield stresses. So in this case material nonlinearity should be
incorporated into the analysis to get better results. Geometric nonlinearity manifests
when the displacement large. Analysing the structure with nonlinear behaviour will
give the actual response of structure.

During earthquake there occurs nonlinearity in both material property as well as

loading. In Nonlinear static analysis like PO (Push Over) analysis, dynamic effects
like load /response vs. time is not considered. So for obtaining accurate result a
nonlinear dynamic analysis has to be done. Nonlinear dynamic analysis will give
actual response as compared to nonlinear static analysis. Nonlinear time history
analysis is the analysis method that comes under this category.

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1.2.1. Drawback of Pushover Analysis

i. Pre assignment of hinge formation.

ii. Order in which hinge form is not traced.

iii. Formation of hinge is not dynamic.

1.2.2. Advantages of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

i. Force and displacement are depend on time

ii. The sequence of hinge formation can be traced.

1
1.3 VARIOUS STAGES OF MATERIALS

1.3.1 Elastic

In this stage stresses are less than yield stress at all fibres of beam. Fig1.1

Figure 1.1 linear elastic

1.3.2 Elastic-plastic

In this stage stresses are equal to yield stress at the outer layer of fibres. Fig 1.2

Figure 1.2 Nonlinear elastic-plastic

1.3.3 Plastic

In this stage stresses are equal to yield stress at all layer of fibres. Fig 1.3

Figure 1.3 Nonlinear plastic

1.4 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF WORK

In this thesis, an effort has been taken to study the nonlinear material behaviour in RC
frame elements (beams and column) under different loading condition. Frame
elements are modelled in SAP2000 V14. This software package is not capable to

2
analyse the material nonlinearity through stress strain approach. So attain the material
nonlinearity through moment rotation approach.

The relationships between normalized rotation stiffness vs. Ast balance and
Normalized ductility vs. Ast balance were plotted for various frame elements. This
curve can be used for any cross section with any area of steel.

In order to tackle the scope of work mentioned above following objectives has been
set.

 Validate the SAP2000 example (1-026) problem.

 Convert material nonlinearity as moment-rotation relationship. Moment rotation
relationship is obtained from stress-strain relation of concrete and steel material.
 Find the plastic moment rotation curve from the actual moment rotation curve like
in SAP2000 example problem.
 Use the above plastic moment rotation curve to find load vs. deflection curve of
frame elements.
 Find the Normalized rotation stiffness vs. Ast balance and Normalized ductility vs.
Ast balance curves.
 Normalized curves can be used for any cross section with any area of steel.

 The behaviour of RCC 2D frame elements in between elastic-plastic stage has

traced in this project.

1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS

This thesis is formed by five chapters.

Chapter 1 gives brief introduction of project topic and its scope and objectives.

Chapter 2 deals with the review of literature survey carried out from various sources,
Chapter 3 gives an idea about methodology followed.

Chapter 4 brings out results obtained and discussion of the work.

Chapter 5 deals with the conclusions and the future scope of the project.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

The present thesis work is a novel approach in nonlinear dynamic analysis of 2D

frames. Material nonlinearity is considered for nonlinear effects. So only a few
literatures are available in this area. But several other literatures on nonlinear dynamic
effects in RCC frame element are done on various methods by various authors are
presented in this chapter.

2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Mehmet Inel & Hayri Baytan Ozmen (2006) presented a paper on effects of plastic
hinge properties in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete buildings. In this paper
the possible differences in the results of pushover analysis due to default and user-
defined nonlinear component properties were studied. Two main results are taken from
this paper. 1) Base shear capacity in POA does not depend on whether the default or
user-defined hinge properties were used. 2) The user-defined hinge model was more
successful in capturing the hinging mechanism compared to the model with default
hinges.

Hyo-Gyoung Kwak, Sun-Pil Kim and Ji-Eun Kim (2004) introduced a cyclic moment-
curvature relation on RC frame element. Nonlinear dynamic analysis method was used
to analysis the RC frame elements. This paper concentrates on the introduction of a
moment-curvature relation of an RC section that can simulate the cyclic behaviour of
RC beams. the proposed model has taken into account the bond-slip effect, the
Bauschinger effect of the steel, axial force effect, and fixed-end rotation at the fixed
end of a beam.

Memari A.M, Motlagh A.Y., Scanlon A. (2000) discussed about the Seismic
evaluation of an existing reinforced concrete framed tube building based on inelastic
dynamic analysis Engineering Structures. In this study the use of inelastic dynamic
time-history analysis for seismic assessment of a tall reinforced concrete framed tube
building are discussed. The study has provided information on typical member plastic
hinge rotation and curvature ductility values for this kind of tall construction.

4
Lekshmi S S (2010) presented a thesis on study on role of asymmetry in push over
analysis. This thesis explaining the applicability of POA to frames having different
types of asymmetry. It aimed at obtaining methods to give effect of asymmetries in
POA with and without seismic interpretation of a normal building.

Kadid, A and A.Boumrkik (2008) conducted a non linear static pushover analysis to
evaluate the performance of framed buildings under future expected earthquakes.
Three framed buildings with 5, 8 and 12 stories respectively were analyzed. The
results obtained from the study show that properly designed frames will perform well
under seismic loads. Since the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures may be
highly inelastic under seismic loads, the global inelastic performance of RC structures
will be dominated by plastic yielding effects and consequently the accuracy of the
pushover analysis will be influenced by the ability of the analytical models to capture
these effects. Analytical models for the pushover analysis of frame structures are
divided into two main types, distributed plasticity (plastic zone) and (2) concentrated
plasticity (plastic hinge). Although the plastic hinge approach is simpler than the
plastic zone, this method is limited to its incapacity to capture the more complex
member behaviour that involve severe yielding under the combined actions of
compression and bi-axial bending and buckling effects.

S.M. Wilkinson and R.A. Hiley (2006) developed a non-linear response history model
for the seismic analysis of high-rise framed buildings. In this paper a materially non-
linear plane-frame model is presented that is capable of analysing high-rise buildings
subjected to earthquake forces. This model is particularly attractive for non-linear
response history analysis of high-rise buildings as it is efficient, allows each storey to
have multiple redundancies, and each connection to be modelled with any suitable
moment–rotation relationship. Three verification examples are presented and the
results from static push-over analysis are compared with time–history results from
The simplified model. The results verify that the model is capable of performing non-
linear response history analysis on regular high rise buildings.

5
Kalkan, E., and Kunnath, S.K. (2007) has conducted an assessment of various
nonlinear static methods with adaptive pushover analysis technique; a new pushover
technique and compared all with nonlinear time history analysis to get the advantages
of adaptive pushover technique.

Krawinkler, H and G.D.P.K Seneviratna(1998) stated that the pushover analysis will
be a great improvement over presently employed elastic evaluation procedure. For
structures that vibrate primarily in the fundamental mode, the pushover analysis will
provide good estimates of global as well as local inelastic, deformation demands.

Moghadam, A.S and W.K Tso (2000) give a pushover procedure which is extended for
seismic damage assessment of asymmetrical buildings. The procedure is found to be
more successful in estimating the global response parameters such as inter storey drifts
than local damage indicators such as beam or column ductility demands.

6
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

Pushover analysis is a static nonlinear analysis in which the magnitude of the

structural loading is incrementally increased in accordance with a certain predefined
pattern. So in POA case loading is not depending on time. With the increase in the
magnitude of the loading in POA, weak links, failure modes of the structure and hinge
formation are found. The formation of hinge is not depending on area of steel
provided.

Order in which hinge formed is not depending on time as well as ductile behaviour of
frame elements. So it is necessary to understand the nonlinear behaviour of frame
elements under different loading conditions. For that purpose various normalized
curves were plotted and discussed in this thesis.

The various steps involved in methodology explained below in fig 3.1

Moment rotation calculation

Plastic moment rotation for input

.
SAP model

Define plastic hinge properties

Run nonlinear analysis for different P

Calculate load vs. Deflection curve

Check the normalized curves for

different cross section and Ast

Review influence of nonlinearity

Conclusions obtained from output

results

7
3.2 MOMENT ROTATION RELATIONSHIP

SAP2000 V14 is not capable to analyse the material nonlinear behaviour of frame
elements through stress strain approach, so moment rotation relation has used to define
a material nonlinearity in SAP2000.

3.2.1 Moment resistant and Rotation Calculation

Moment and its corresponding rotation for frame elements can be calculated from its
stress strain curve of steel and concrete.
Below diagram (fig 3.2) shows the stress strain character of concrete. According to IS
456 2000 code the young’s modulus of concrete, E= 5000(fck)^0.5. But it is an
instantaneous value. So in this thesis E value has taken as 20/0.002 = 2E+7 N/m2 for
concrete from its characteristic curve.

Figure 3.2 Stress Stain Curve for Concrete

Ec = 1E+10 N/m2 and Es = 2.00E+11N/m2

Clear cover, Cc = 25mm
Effective depth, de= D- Cc - (dia of steel/2)
Neutral axis depth, Xu is calculated from strain diagram using triangular rule.
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
=
𝑑𝑒 − 𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑢
Fc = stress in compression concrete × corresponding concrete area
Z = lever arm

Moment resistance, Mu conc = 𝐹𝑐 × 𝑍

Rotation = strain in concrete 𝑋𝑢

8
3.2.2 Area of Steel Calculation

Nonlinearity up to elastic plastic stage is considered in this project. Ultimate moment

resistance is calculated when strain in concrete 0.0035 and strain in steel 0.002. Area
of steel is calculated by equating the ultimate moment resistance in compression zone
to moment resistance in tension zone given below.
Mu concrete = 0.002 × Esteel × Ast × lever arm

3.2.3 Moment Rotation (MR) Curve

 Moment resistance and its corresponding rotation were calculated for various
concrete strains (0.002, 0.0025, 0.003 and 0.0035) by keeping same Ast value.
 Moment rotation for same concrete section with different Ast balance is also
calculated. Example graph shown in fig 3.3.

6
Moment x104 N m

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Rotation in radian

1.2ast Ast 0.8ast 0.5ast

Figure 3.3 Moment Rotation Curve for Same Section with Different Ast
balanced

3.2.4 Plastic Moment Rotation (PMR) Curve

In SAP2000 V14 nonlinear moment rotation properties are defined by plastic moment
rotation (PMR). So the above moment rotation curve is converted into corresponding

9
plastic moment rotation curve for SAP input. Coordinates of PMR curve are
mentioned as (0, 0), (My, 0), (Mu, Ru), (My/3, Ru), (My/3, >Ru) like in SAP2000
example problem 1-026. Yield moment is having zero rotation in PMR curve which
means no plastic rotation up to yield moment. Example graph was shown in fig 3.4.

6
Moment x104 N m

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Rotation in radian

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 3.4 PMR Curve for Same Section with Varying Ast balance

3.2.5 Normalised MR Curve

MR curve is normalized with its yield moment and rotation. This normalized curve
can be used for any cross sections. Example graph plotted in fig 3.5.

10
 1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
Moment 1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Rotation

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 3.5 Normalized MR Curve

3.2.6 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve

The influence of steel area on beam elements is studied by its rotation stiffness
character. The ratio between normalized moment and normalized rotation is called
rotation stiffness.
Rotation stiffness = (M/My) / (R/Ry)
Rotation stiffness value will increased with respect to Ast balance value decrease in a
same concrete section.
Example graph shown in fig 3.6.

3.2.7 Normalized Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve

Rotation stiffness of various Ast is normalizing with rotation stiffness of Ast balance.
So the curve will be suitable for all cross section of frame elements. (fig 3.7)

11
 0.9

0.895

0.89

Rotation stiffness
0.885

0.88

0.875

0.87

0.865

0.86

0.855
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Ast balanced

0.4x0.3

Figure 3.6 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve for single section

1.035
1.03
Normalized rotation stiffness

1.025
1.02
1.015
1.01
1.005
1
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Ast balanced

0.4x0.3

Figure 3.7 Normalized Rotation Stiffness Vs. Ast balance Curve

12
3.3 SAP2000 MODEL ANALYSIS

The various steps involved in SAP model analysis is explained below.

 Material properties and section properties are given as SAP input.

 Set nonlinear analysis case as analysis case definition.
 Enter the value of PMR in plastic hinge definition.
 Apply yield and ultimate loads and find corresponding deflections.
 Draw load vs. deflection curve for various Ast balance. Example curve shown
fig 3.8.

2.5

2
Loan x104 N

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Deflection in m

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 3.8 Loads vs. Deflection Curve

3.3.1 Stiffness
Ratio of load and its corresponding deflection is called stiffness. Two type of stiffness
were encounter in nonlinear analysis.
1. Stiffness before yield
2. Stiffness after yield
Stiffness before yield will not vary with respect to Ast provided in the frame element.
But stiffness above yield will change according to Ast.

13
Examples for Stiffness after and before yield are drawn in fig 3.9, 3.10.

6
5.8
5.6
5.4
Stiffness x105

5.2
5
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
% of steel

Figure 3.9 Stiffness vs. % of Steel (before yield)

4
Stiffness x104

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
% of steel

Figure 3.10 Stiffness vs. % of Steel (After yield)

14
3.3.2 Ductility vs. Area of Steel Provided

Ductility is calculated by below formula

Deflection due toany load

Ductility =
Deflection due to yield load

Apply the same load on various Ast with same concrete cross section and find the
corresponding ductility. Ductility will vary with respect to Ast provided. Example
curve was shown in fig 3.11.
Ductility for various steel areas has normalized with ductility of Ast balance for a
same section. Example graph was shown in fig 3.12.

5
ductility

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
% of steel

Figure 3.11 Ductility vs. % of Steel

15
 2.5

Normalized ductility
1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Ast balanced

Figure 3.12 Normalized Ductility vs. % of Steel

3.4 COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED CURVES

Various sections of frame element has been taken and compared with normalized
curves. Using the various sections, normalized ductility or rotation stiffness vs. Ast
balance curves were plotted. From this normalized curve stiffness and ductility
properties for various cross sections and various steel areas can be calculated.
Conclusions are obtained from output results.

16
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 VALIDATION OF SAP2000 EXAMPLE PROBLEM (1-026)

4.1.1 Example Problem

This example uses a horizontal cantilever beam to test the SAP2000 moment and shear
hinges in a static nonlinear analysis. The cantilever beam has a moment (My) hinge
and a shear (Vz) hinge at its fixed end. A vertical load, P, is applied to the cantilever
and increased until the vertical tip deflection, Uz, equals 2".

Table 4.1 Results of SAP2000 Example Problem

17
4.1.2 Input Parameters and Output Results

Various inputs are given for SAP analysis. Shown in fig 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.

Figure 4.1 SAP Model for Validation

Figure 4.2 Moment Rotation Hinge Input on SAP2000

18
 Figure 4.3 Shear-Displacement Hinge Input on SAP2000

Load 60 kips are applied at the free end and its corresponding output shown in fig 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Results from SAP2000 Output

19
4.1.3 Validation of SAP Example Problem

Model outputs are compared with SAP example outputs and tabulated in table 4.2.
This table shows no error in SAP model, so the example problem (1-026) was
validated.

Table 4.2 Comparison of SAP Example and SAP Model

SAP Example SAP Model

Loads
Deflection in Deflection in Error %
kips
inch inch

60 0.0185 0.0185 0

80 1.3847 1.3847 0

4.2 2D FRAME ELEMENTS (BEAM)

4.2.1 Material and Section Properties

Beam section:

Depth = 0.4 m

Breadth = 0.3 m

Length = 3 m

Material Properties:

M20 concrete and Fe415 steel

E concrete =1x1010 N/m2

E steel =2x1010 N/m2

Stress strain curve of concrete shown in fig 4.5

Figure 4.5 Stress Strain Curve of Concrete

20
4.2.2 Moment Resistance and Rotation Calculation in Excel

Ec = 1.00E+10N/m2

Est = 2.00E+11N/m2

Breadth, b = 0.3m

Depth, D = 0.4m

clear cover = 0.025m

diameter of steel = 0.016m

effective depth, de = 0.367m

strain in concrete = 0.0035

strain in steel = 0.002

depth of neutral axis, Xu = 0.234m

stress up to 0.002 = 2E+7N/m2

Moment Resistance Calculation:

strain 0 to 0.002, d1 = 0.134m

Strain 0.002 to 0.0035, d2 = 0.100m

d1+d2 = Xu

Forces:

Fc1 = 400364N

Fc2 = 600546N

Lever arm:

Z1 = 0.223m

Z2 = 0.317m

moment resistance, Mu = 279396.2Nm

Rotation, R = 0.015rad

lever arm, Z = 0.279m

Area of steel, Ast = 2502mm2

21
 Figure 4.6 Moment Resistance Calculation

4.2.3 MR Curve

Ultimate moment resistance calculated by keeping stain in concrete as 0.0035 and

strain in steel as 0.002. Area of steel calculated from ultimate moment resistance by
equating both compression and tension moment resistance. Yield moment resistance
is calculated when Strain in concrete is 0.002.

Rotation= Strain in concrete/Xn.

Varying the strain in concrete from 0.002 to 0.0035(0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035) we
can find different moment resistance and corresponding rotation in elastic plastic
stage. Different set of moment resistance and its corresponding rotation can be
calculated by varying Ast balanced like 1.2Ast, 1Ast, 0.8Ast, 0.5Ast. Microsoft Office
Excel Worksheet is used to calculate the moment resistance and rotation values.
Moment and Rotation for a concrete section 0.4x0.3 was tabulated in table 4.3. MR
curve plotted in fig 4.7.

Table 4.3 Moment Resistance and Corresponding Rotation Values for Various
Ast balance Steel

Moment-Rotation Curve For Section 0.4x0.3

Strain 1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast
Moment Rotation Moment Rotation Moment Rotation Moment Rotation
(Nm) (radians) (Nm) (radians) (Nm) (radians) (Nm) (radians)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.002 201773.8 0.00861 194369 0.0091 184913.1 0.00967 164072.4 0.0113
0.0025 241857.3 0.01065 233269 0.0112 222251.9 0.01194 197798.3 0.0139
0.003 268788.2 0.01252 259799 0.0131 248172.2 0.01401 222028.4 0.0162
0.0035 288422.7 0.0143 279396 0.015 267616.7 0.01594 240756.4 0.0184

22
 3.5

2.5

Moment x105 N m 2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Rotation in radian

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 4.7 Moment Rotation Curve for 0.4x0.3 Section

4.2.4 PMR Curve

In SAP2000 V14 nonlinear moment rotation properties are defined by plastic moment
rotation (PMR). So the above moment rotation curve is converted into corresponding
plastic moment rotation curve for SAP input. Coordinates of PMR curve are
mentioned as (0, 0), (My, 0), (Mu, Ru), (My/3, Ru), (My/3, >Ru) like in SAP2000
example problem 1-026. Yield moment is having zero rotation in PMR curve which
means no plastic rotation up to yield moment. Table 4.4 shows plastic moment
calculation for cross section 0.4x0.3. PMR curve for SAP input plotted in fig 4.8.

Table 4.4 Plastic Moment Rotation Values for Various Ast balanced Steel used in
SAP2000 Input

Plastic Moment-Rotation
1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast
Moment Rotation Moment Rotation Moment Rotation Moment Rotation
(N-m) (radians) (N-m) (radians) (N-m) (radians) (N-m) (radians)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
201774 0 194369 0 184913 0 164072 0
288423 0.0142 279396 0.015 267617 0.016 240756 0.0184
67257.9 0.0142 64789.7 0.015 61637.7 0.016 54690.8 0.0184
67257.9 0.025 64789.7 0.025 61637.7 0.025 54690.8 0.025
23
 3.5

Moment x105 N m
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Rotation in radian

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 4.8 PMR Curve for 0.4x0.3 Section with Varying Ast balance

4.2.5 Normalised MR Curve

MR curve is normalized with yield moment and yield rotation. This normalized curve
can be used for any cross sections. This normalized values are Shown in table 4.5 and
drawn in fig 4.9.

Table 4.5 Normalized Moment Rotation Values for Various Ast balanced Steel

Normalised Moment Rotation Value

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast
Moment Rotation Moment Rotation Moment Rotation Moment Rotation
(N-m) (radians) (N-m) (radians) (N-m) (radians) (N-m) (radians)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1.19866 1.24419 1.20013 1.2362 1.202 1.2371 1.2055 1.23009
1.33213 1.45349 1.33663 1.457 1.342 1.4433 1.3532 1.43363
1.42944 1.66032 1.43745 1.6547 1.447 1.6482 1.4674 1.6357

24
 1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
Moment 1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Rotation

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 4.9 Normalized MR Curve

4.2.6 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve
The ratio between normalized moment and normalized rotation is called rotation
stiffness. Rotation stiffness values are calculated and tabulated in table 4.6 and fig
4.10.

0.9
0.895
0.89
Rotation stiffness

0.885
0.88
0.875
0.87
0.865
0.86
0.855
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Ast Balanced

0.4x0.3

Figure 4.10 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve for 0.4x0.3 section
25
From this curve 4.6 we can find that rotation stiffness will decrease with increase of
Ast balance.

Table 4.6 Rotation stiffness with various Ast balanced Steel

Rotational Stiffness vs. Ast balanced

Ast 1.2 1 0.8 0.5
Rotational Stiffness
0.8609 0.8687 0.8781 0.8971
0.4x0.3

4.2.7 Normalized Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve

Rotation stiffness is normalizing with rotation stiffness of Ast balanced. So the curve
will be suitable for all cross section of frame element. Normalized rotation stiffness vs.
Ast balance were tabulated and drawn in table 4.6 and fig 4.11. From this curve we
can find that the slope of the curve will increase with increase of Ast value.

Table 4.7 Normalized Rotation Stiffness with Various Ast balanced Steel

Normalised rotational stiffness vs. Ast balanced

Ast 1.2 1 0.8 0.5
rotational stiffness
0.991 1 1.0108 1.0327
0.4x0.3

1.035
1.03
Normalized rotation stiffness

1.025
1.02
1.015
1.01
1.005
1
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Ast Balanced

0.4x0.3

26
 Figure 4.11 Normalized Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve
4.2.8 Load Deflection Curve from SAP Output

Material properties and section properties are given as SAP input. Nonlinear analysis
case is defined as analysis case. Enter the value of PMR in plastic hinge definition.
Apply yield and ultimate loads and find corresponding deflections. Draw load vs.
deflection curve (fig 4.12). Its values are tabulated in table 4.8.

Table 4.8 Load and Its Corresponding Deflection Values for Various Ast Steel

Load-Deflection Value
1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast
Load Load Deflection Load Deflection Load Deflection Load Deflection
Type N m N m N m N m
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Yield 67258 0.0378 64790 0.0364 61638 0.0347 54691 0.0308
Ultimate 96000 0.0968 93132 0.0974 89206 0.0982 80252 0.1003

12

10

8
Load x104 N

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Deflection in m

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 4.12 Loads vs. Deflection Curve for 0.4x0.3 Cross Section

27
4.2.9 Stiffness
Stiffness after yield will vary with respect to Ast provided in the frame element.
Stiffness above and below yield are drawn in fig 4.13 and 4.14.

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6
Stiffness x106

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
% of Steel

Figure 4.13 Stiffness vs. % of Steel (before yield) for 0.4x0.3 Cross Section

4
Stiffness x105

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
% of Steel

Figure 4.14 Stiffness vs. % of Steel (After yield) for 0.4x0.3 Cross Section

28
4.2.10 Ductility
Applying the load above yield load and find the corresponding deflection, Divide this
deflection by yield deflection value will give ductility of the section. Same loads are
applied on 0.4x0.3 section with varying Ast balance. Its corresponding deflection are
found and tabulated in table 4.9. fig 4.15 shows load vs. deflection for ductility
calculation.
Ductility vs. % of steel curve was plotted in fig 4.16 and its values are mentioned in
table 4.10. This curve shows that ductility increase with increase of Ast balance.
Ductility is normalized with the ductility of Ast balance and tabulated in table 4.11.
The curve was shown in fig 4.17. This curve is suitable for any cross sections.

Table 4.9 Load Deflection Values for Ductility Calculation

Load-Deflection Value
1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast
Load Deflection Load Deflection Load Deflection Load Deflection
N m N m N m N m
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
67258 0.0378 64790 0.0364 61638 0.0347 54691 0.0308
70000 0.0434 70000 0.0476 70000 0.0539 70000 0.0724

6
Load x104 N

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Deflection in m

1.2Ast Ast 0.8Ast 0.5Ast

Figure 4.15 Loads vs. Deflection Curve for Ductility Calculation

29
Table 4.10 Ductility with Steel Area Provided

Ductility vs. % of Steel

Ductility % of Steel
1.1484 2.5023
1.3074 2.0852
1.5556 1.6682
2.3546 1.0426

2.5

1.5
ductility

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
% of steel Provided

Figure 4.16 Ductility vs. % of Steel Provided

Table 4.11 Normalized Ductility vs. Ast balance

Normalized ductility vs. Ast balanced

Ductility Ast balanced
0.8784 1.2
1 1
1.1898 0.8
1.8009 0.5

30
 2
1.8
1.6

Normalized ductility
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Ast balanced

Figure 4.17 Normalized Ductility vs. Ast balanced

4.3 COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED CURVES OF VARIOUS SECTIONS

Various sections of frame element has been taken and compared with normalized
curves.

4.3.1 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balanced

Rotation stiffness vs. Ast balanced curve is not varying with respect to any section. It
is shown in table 4.13 and fig 4.18.

Table 4.12 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balanced for Various Cross Sections

Rotational Stiffness vs. Ast balanced

Ast 1.2 1 0.8 0.5
Rotational Stiffness 0.4x0.3 0.8609 0.8687 0.8781 0.8971
Rotational Stiffness 0.5x0.3 0.8609 0.8687 0.8781 0.8971
Rotational Stiffness 0.3x0.3 0.8609 0.8687 0.8781 0.8971
Rotational Stiffness 0.2x0.3 0.8609 0.8687 0.8781 0.8971

31
 0.9
0.895
0.89

Rotation Stiffness
0.885
0.88
0.875
0.87
0.865
0.86
0.855
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Ast balanced

0.5x0.3 0.4x0.3 0.3x0.3 0.2x0.3

Figure 4.18 Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balance Curve for Various Cross Section

4.3.2 Normalized Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balanced

Normalized Rotation stiffness vs. Ast balanced curve is not varying with respect to
any cross sections. It is explained by fig 4.19 and table 4.12.

Table 4.13 Normalized Rotation Stiffness vs. Ast balanced for Various Cross
Sections

Normalised Rotational Stiffness vs. Ast balanced

Ast 1.2 1 0.8 0.5
Rotational Stiffness 0.4x0.3 0.991 1 1.0108 1.0327
Rotational Stiffness 0.5x0.3 0.991 1 1.0108 1.0327
Rotational Stiffness 0.3x0.3 0.991 1 1.0108 1.0327
Rotational Stiffness 0.2x0.3 0.991 1 1.0108 1.0327

32
 1.035
1.03

Normalized Rotation Stiffness

1.025
1.02
1.015
1.01
1.005
1
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Ast balanced

0.5x0.3 0.4x0.3 0.3x0.3 0.2x0.3

Figure 4.19 Normalized Rotation Stiffness Vs. Ast balance Curve for various
cross sections

4.3.3 Normalized Ductility vs. Ast balanced

Normalized Ductility vs. Ast balanced curve for various cross sections are varying
with small error. This error caused due to the assumption of linear curve instead of
parabolic in characteristic curve of concrete. Rotation input on SAP 2000 hinge
definition having precision up to 0.0001. So the rotation values are round up with in 4
digits. It will also lead to error in Normalized curve. This curve is shown in fig 4.20
and tabulated in 4.13.

Table 4.14 Normalized Ductility vs. Ast balanced for Various Cross Sections

Normalised Ductility Vs. Ast Balanced

Section 0.2x0.3 Section 0.3x0.3 Section 0.4x0.3 Section 0.5x0.3
Ast Ast Ast Ast
Ductility Ductility Ductility Ductility
balance balance balance balance
0.8254 1.2 0.8864 1.2 0.8784 1.2 0.8781 1.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1.2751 0.8 1.1765 0.8 1.1898 0.8 1.1432 0.8
2.1872 0.5 1.7446 0.5 1.8009 0.5 1.6619 0.5

33
 2.5

Normalized Ductility 2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Ast balanced

0.2x0.3 0.3x0.3 0.4x0.3 0.5x0.3

Figure 4.20 Normalized Ductility vs. Ast balance Curve for Various Cross
Sections

34
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

The main objective of this thesis work is to study the nonlinear material behaviour in
RC frame elements (beams and column) under different loading condition. Frame
elements are modelled in SAP2000 V14. This software is not capable to analyse the
material nonlinearity through stress strain approach. So attain the material nonlinearity
through moment rotation approach. Find the relationships between normalized rotation
stiffness vs. Ast balance and normalized ductility vs. Ast balance. Normalized curves
are useful for any cross section with any area of steel.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are made due to material nonlinear behaviour of frame
element under different loading conditions.

 Rotation stiffness will increase with respect to Ast value decrease.

 From normalized rotation stiffness vs. Ast balanced curve we can find rotation
stiffness for any cross section with any area of steel.

 Stiffness upto yield value will not change with respect to area of steel.

 Stiffness above yield value will change with respect to Area of steel value.

 From normalized ductility vs. % steel curve we can find ductility value for any
cross section with any area of steel in the presence of small error.

 This error caused due to the assumption of linear curve instead of parabolic in
the characteristic curve of concrete and secondary error is caused due to
precision of SAP2000 as value of accuracy above 0.0001 can’t be enter in
rotation input.

5.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK

 Calculate moment –rotation relation for flexible beam and columns

 Find the load-deflection curve from moment-rotation curve.
 Find the normalized curves for ductility and stiffness.

35
REFERENCES
[1] Mehmet Inel & Hayri Baytan Ozmen (2006), Effects of plastic hinge properties in
nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete buildings’, Engineering Structures 28,
pp1494–1502.
[2] Hyo-Gyoung Kwak, Sun-Pil Kim and Ji-Eun Kim (2004), ‘Nonlinear dynamic
analysis of RC frames using cyclic moment-curvature relation’, Structural Engineering
and Mechanics, Vol. 17, No. 3-4, pp 357-378
[3] Memari A.M, Motlagh A.Y. , Scanlon A. (2000) , ‘Seismic evaluation of an
existing reinforced concrete framed tube building based on inelastic dynamic analysis
Engineering Structures’, 22, pp 621–637.
[4] Lekshmi S S (2010), ‘Study on role of asymmetry in push over analysis’, M.Tech
thesis on 2010, NITT.
[5] Kadid, A and A. Boumrkik (2008) Pushover Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete
Frame Structures. Asian journal of Civil Engineering (building and housing) Vol. 9,
No. 1, 75-83.
[6] Kalkan, E., and S.K Kunnath (2007) Assessment of Current Nonlinear Static
Procedures For Seismic Evaluation Of Buildings. J. Engineering Structures, 29, 305-
316.
[7] Moghadam, A.S. and W.K Tso (2000) 3D Pushover Analysis For Damage
Assessment of Buildings, JSEE, 2, 120-159.
[8] Krawinker, H and G.D.P.K Seniveratna (1998) Pros And Cons Of Pushover
Analysis Of Seismic Performance Evaluation. Engineering Structures, 20, 452-464.

BOOKS
[1] Limit state design of reinforced concrete by P.C Varghese
[2] Structural dynamic theory and computation fifth edition by mario paz and william
leigh

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