TCP/IP Model : Transmission control protocol / Internet

Protocol is the language a computer uses to access the

Internet. It consists of a suite of protocols designed to
establish a network of networks to provide a host with
access to the internet.
TCP/IP can also be used as a communication protocol in a
private network (an intranet or an extranet).
TCP/IP is the network model used in the current internet
architecture as well. Protocols are set of rules which
govern every possible communication over a network.
These protocols describe the movement of data between
the source and destination or the internet. They also offer
simple naming and addressing schemes.
Features of TCP/IP –
1) . Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more
machines to a network was easy.
2) . The network was robust, and connections remained
intact until the source and destination machines were
functioning.
The functions of various layers are discussed below –
Physical layer : physical layer covers the physical
interface between data transmission device (workstation ,
computer)and a transmission medium or network. This
layer is concerned with specifying the characteristics of
the transmission medium, the nature of the signals, the
data rate, and related matters. This layer is responsible for
various encoding signaling functions that transform the
data from bits that reside within a computer / other device
into signals that can be sent over the network. This also
transmit and receive data in both wired and wireless
network. this is primarily executed in hardware by a
network interface controller (NIC).
Network Access layer : The network access layer is
concerned with the exchange of data between an end
system and the network to which it is attached. The
sending computer must provide the network to which it is
attached. The sending computer must provide the network
with the address of the destination computer, so that the
network may route the data to the appropriate destination.
Protocols are used to connect to the host so that the
packets can be send over it . this layer varies from host to
host and network to network.
Internet layer : The selection of a packet switching
network which is based on a connection less internetwork
layer is called a internet layer. It is the layer which holds
the where architecture together. It helps the packet to
travel independently to the destination. The order in
which packets are received is different from the way they
are sent. This layers uses the internet protocol. The varies
function performed by the internet layer are :
(i) Delivering IP packets.
(ii) Performing routing.
(iii) Avoiding congestion.

Transport layer: It decides if data transmission should be

on parallel path or single path. The such as multiplexing,
segmenting or splitting on the data is done by transport
layer. This layer adds header information to the data. This
layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that
they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
This layer also arranges the packets to be sent in
sequence.
Application layer : It performs the function of top three
layers of OSI model: Application, Presentation and
Session layer. It is responsible for mode to mode
communication and controls user user interface
specifications.
Network layer :