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power factor.
Author: Prasad Gore
Electrical Equipment Design in association with Electrical Science Solutions,
April 2015.
Abstract: There has been always search on
capacitor ratings requirement for achieving z‐ Complex number.
desired power factor, and lot of online tools Ф‐angle between a & b
are available. Also lot of technical papers z = a+jb,
available on the issue. This paper explains In polar form, z L ф, Using trigonometry,
how the calculations can be done to arrive We get,
a = zcos ф and b=zsin ф.
on kvar requirement.
I Introduction z = zcos ф + j zsin ф ……………. (II.1)
Power (va) is consist of two parts, the real III Voltage, Current & Power in complex
part i.e. active power(w), and another plane.
imaginary part i.e. reactive power (var).
Almost in every industry the nature of load is +j
inductive and hence has lagging power factor
thereby require higher VA demand from
utilities. Installation of correct size power a=Icosф V
capacitors can improve power factor, reduce
b=Isinф
demand, improve voltage regulation, reduce
I
line losses , save PF penalties and some of
other indirect benefits.
Fig.2 -j
II Complex plane
In Fig 2,
+j
I ‐ Line current in amps
z
b b=zsin ф
V‐ Line Voltage/ Network voltage in Volts
ф
a=zcos ф I = Icos ф –j I sin ф ………… ( From II.1)
I*= Icos ф + j I sin ф ( Conjugate)
V = V
-j
Fig.1
We know that,
S = V x I*, ( S = Apparent Power) +j
Fig. 1 represent a complex plane, where,
S = V x (Icos ф + j I sin ф) VI
S=
a‐ Real part Q=var=VIsinф
S = VI cos ф + j VI sin ф. ф
b‐ Imaginary part
P=w=VI cosф
Fig.3 -j
Fig 3 is called power triangle. It shows, real From fig we can understand,
part i.e. active power P = VI cos ф
And imaginary part i.e. Q3 = Q1 – Q2
reactive power Q = j VI sin ф.
From III.1 and III.2 we can express above ,
Magnitude IQI = VI sin ф
Q3 = w tan ф1 – w tan ф2
So here this way the reactive power can be
measured using complex plane, when we = w (tan ф1 – tan ф2) ……….. (IV.1)
have the data of current I, Voltage V and
Power Factor. So with above if we know active power, initial
power factor and desired power factor, we
Also, As we know we are compensating for
can calculate reactive power var required for
var by adding capacitors and we are not
achieving final power factor.
compensating the active power required,
hence active power (w) remains constant and V Selection of Capacitor voltage for required
va will vary as per var compensation. ‐‐‐‐‐(III.1) reactive power var
using trigonometry , We get,
Capacitors are rated in (Qn) ‐ rated kvar
var = w tan ф ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐(III.2) output at (Vn) rated capacitor voltage.
So here data required is active power P and We know that,
Power factor to calculate var.
Qn = Vn Isin ф …………Capacitor rated power
IV Reactive power var required to achieve
desire power factor Therefore,
Above mathematical expression gives var
Qn ἀ Vn2
required for complete compensation and
achieving unity Power factor. From above
So here if we have (V1) a network voltage,
expression, we can deduce var required for
then what amount of (Q1) reactive power can
certain desired power factor. be delivered by (Qn) rated capacitor which
has (Vn) rated voltage.
As per proportionality,
Q3
S1 Q1
Qn ἀ Vn2
S2
ф1 Q2 Q1 ἀ V12
ф2
w
Therefore,
Q1= Qn x V12/Vn2 ………………..(V.1)
Vice versa,
We know (Q1) which is required reactive
Fig 4 shows, power to be delivered; we can easily select
Qn from eq. (V.1)
Q1= Initial total reactive power var required,
Q2= Final reactive power var required, VI Example
Q3= Reactive power var added to reach final
var, Consider a load of 1000 kW at 0.85 power
ф1 = Initial angle between w & va factor, what is the kvar requirement of load to
ф2 = Final angle between w & va reach Power factor of 0.95, how much kvar
capacitor required of rating at 440V when
network voltage is 415V
=>
Kw= 1000
cos ф1 = Initial PF= 0.85
cos ф2 = Desired PF= 0.95
Q= ?
V1= Network Voltage=415V
Vn= Capacitor rated voltage= 440V
Qn= Capacitor kvar rating
ф1= cos –(ф1) ф2= cos –(ф2)
ф1= 31.78 ° ф1= 18.19 °
Q= Kvar= kw (tan ф1 – tan ф2) ….. (from IV.1)
= 1000 * ( 0.6195‐ 0.3286)
Q = 290.91 Kvar
Now,
From eq. V.1
Qn = Q1 x Vn2 / V12
= 290.91 x 440 2 / 415 2
Qn = 327.02 Kvar