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optimisation of texturisation
through control of rheological
and textural parameters
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p1)
PLAN
Main steps
• protein melting (plasticising) : within the extruder
• material texturization (fibration) : along the die
Flow in extruder and die during texturization
Control of texturization through control of rheological behaviour
• (shear) viscosity
• elasticity
• visoelasticity
• elongational viscosity
Correlation between on-line and off-line assessment of rheological and
textural parameters
Perspectives
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p2)
PLAN
Main steps
• protein melting (plasticising) : within the extruder
• material texturization (fibration) : along the die
Flow in extruder and die during texturization
Control of texturization through control of rheological behaviour
• (shear) viscosity
• elasticity
• visoelasticity
• elongational viscosity
Correlation between on-line and off-line assessment of rheological and
textural parameters
Perspectives
Sterilization
preparation of sterile vegetables purées, meat-vegetables mixes
Chemical reaction (enzymic or acid hydrolysis)
starch or proteins modification for preparation of glucose syrups,
fermentation substrates, flavor preparations
Texturization
Gelation/fibration
gelation and fiber formation using vegetable proteins (soya, gluten)
restructuration of mince, surimi, mechnically deboned meats (with
binders)
texturization and fiber formation with fish muscle proteins
Emulsification/gelation : « microcoagulation » of dairy proteins
processed cheeses
cheese analogs
fat substitutes
casein coagulation
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p3a)
MACRO AND MICRO STRUCTURES
OF FIBROUS EXTRUDED PRODUCTS
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p3b)
TYPICAL EXTRUSION LINE
FOR PRODUCT FIBRATION
Feeding device
Gear pump
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p3c)
PLAN
Main steps
• protein melting (plasticising) : within the extruder
• material texturization (fibration) : along the die
Flow in extruder and die during texturization
Control of texturization through control of rheological behaviour
• (shear) viscosity
• elasticity
• visoelasticity
• elongational viscosity
Correlation between on-line and off-line assessment of rheological and
textural parameters
Perspectives
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p4)
PLAN
Main steps
• protein melting (plasticising) : within the extruder
• material texturization (fibration) : along the die
Flow in extruder and die during texturization
Control of texturization through control of rheological behaviour
• (shear) viscosity
• elasticity
• visoelasticity
• elongational viscosity
Correlation between on-line and off-line assessment of rheological and
textural parameters
Perspectives
Rectangular die
Circular die
Annular die
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p5)
FLOW PATTERN IN EXTRUDER AND DIE
(Bhattacharya and Padmanabhan, 1992)
Intermediary
region
(relaxation)
Metering zone Entrance Viscometric flow Exit
region region region
P
DPentry
DPshear flow
DPexit
die axis
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p6)
FLOW PROFILES THROUGH DIES
Effect of cooling
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p7)
EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS ON FLOW,
TROUBLESHOOTING
m=1
m<1
m << 1
Troubleshooting
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p8)
PLAN
Main steps
• protein melting (plasticising) : within the extruder
• material texturization (fibration) : along the die
Flow in extruder and die during texturization
Control of texturization through control of rheological behaviour
• (shear) viscosity
• elasticity
• visoelasticity
• elongational viscosity
Correlation between on-line and off-line assessment of rheological and
textural parameters
Perspectives
s2,2
s2,1
s1,2
s2,3
s3,2
s1,1
s1,3
2 s3,1
s3,3
1
3
N2 < 0, N2 << N1
Normal stress
s1,1
s2,2
s3,3
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p9)
sT
SHEAR VISCOSITY
F dl
S dx
v
sT Bingham plastic
F
sT = shear stress (N.m-2 = Pa)
S
hs
dl
v= shear velocity (m.s-1) s T,o Newtonian
dt Dilatent
Yield (shear thickening)
.
g=
dv
shear rate (s-1) stress
dx
sT Pseudoplastic
hs = . shear viscosity (Pa.s)
g (shear thinning)
.
g
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p10)
VISCOSITY : LAWS OF BEHAVIOUR
Newtonian h = constant
with : m’ = c1 T + c2 MC + c3 MC.T
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p11)
IN-LINE MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY
Qv
DL
P (Mac Master and al., 1987)
DP
Apparent Real
Shear stress at wall shear rate at wall shear rate at wall Viscosity
. .
sw gw, a gw, r h
4 Qv 4 Qv 3m + 1 sw
R DP .
R 2 DL p R3 p R3 4m gw, r
W
h DP 1 6 Qv 6 Qv 2m + 1 sw
.
h 2 DL h W h2 W h2 3m gw, r
1+
W
Log K
.
Log gw, a
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p12)
IN-LINE RHEOMETERS
WITH CONTROLLED FEEDRATE
Gear pump
Piston keys
Rheometer
Derivation
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p13)
DISPLAY OF ELASTICITY :
Weissenberg effect, Barus effect
Weissenberg effect sN
increase with
.
increasing g
sT
fdie fextrudate
sN
(sN)
sT
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p14)
IN-LINE MEASUREMENT OF ELASTICITY :
EXIT PRESSURE METHOD
(Padmanabhan and Bhattacharya, 1991)
related to extensional
viscosity
DPentrance proportional to
P elasticity
DPexit
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p15)
IN-LINE MEASUREMENT OF ELASTICITY
HOLE PRESSURE METHOD
( Baird, 1976 ; Padmanabhan and Bhattacharya, 1992 ; Bhattacharya M. and
Padmanabhan M., 1992, Malkus and al., 1992 ; Bouvier and Gelus, 1994)
sN
flush-mounted
transducers
P1 P2 P3
Qv
transducer at the
bottom of the hole
P4
P
P1
DP1,3 (shear viscosity)
P2
P3
Dphole (elasticity)
P4
L
N1 = s1,1 - s2,2 = he e
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p16)
DYNAMIC DETERMINATION
OF VISCOELASTICITY (1)
(Ross-Murphy, 1988)
Imposed
oscillatory Measured stress s = f(t)
strain g = f(t)
t t
p d=0
d=
2
t
p
0<d<
2
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p17)
DYNAMIC DETERMINATION
OF VISCOELASTICITY (2)
s0 s0
G’’ G’ = cos d
G’’ = sin d = tg d g0
g0 G’
log scale
G’ G’’ or tg d
Temperature
Transition
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p18)
ELONGATIONAL VISCOSITY
he (Trouton
hs modulus)
Type of extensional flow
Newtonian Non-newtonian
fluid fluid
Uniaxial extension
3 >> 3
ex : spinning of fibers
Planar extension
4 >> 4
Biaxial extension
6 >> 6
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p19)
ELONGATIONAL vs. SHEAR VISCOSITY
Newtonian Non-newtonian
h h fluid
fluid
he
he
hs
hs
. .
g
g
he he
= constante constante
hs hs .
[= f(g)]
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p20)
PLAN
Main steps
• protein melting (plasticising) : within the extruder
• material texturization (fibration) : along the die
Flow in extruder and die during texturization
Control of texturization through control of rheological behaviour
• (shear) viscosity
• elasticity
• visoelasticity
• elongational viscosity
Correlation between on-line and off-line assessment of rheological and
textural parameters
Perspectives
Breaker plates
D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p21)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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3173.
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of Food and Science Technology, Hui Y.H. Ed., Willey Interscience, New York, pp 800-814.
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extrusion cooking from entrance pressure drop method. J. Food Sci., 59(1), pp 221-226, 230
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D. Bounie, E. Van Hecke : High moisture extrusion - Sydney, dec. 2nd 97 (p22)