Dot Matrix LED Display:

 Dot matrix LED display contains the group of LEDs as a two dimensional array.
 They can display different types of characters or a group of characters. Dot matrix display
is manufactured in various dimensions.
 Arrangement of LEDs in the matrix pattern is made in either of the two ways: Row
anode-column cathode or Row cathode-column anode.
 By using this dot matrix display we can reduce the number of pins required for
controlling all the LEDs.
 A dot matrix is a two dimensional array of dots used to represent characters, symbols and
messages. Dot matrix is used in displays. It is a display device used to display
information on many devices like machines, clocks, railway departure indicators etc.
 An LED dot matrix consists of an array of LED’s which are connected such that the
anode of each LED are connected together in the same column and the cathode of each
LED are connected together in the same row or vice versa.
 An LED dot matrix display can also come with multiple LEDs of varying colors behind
each dot in the matrix like red, green, blue etc.
Sixteen-segment display
 A sixteen-segment display (SISD) is a type of display based on 16 segments that can be
turned on or off according to the graphic pattern to be produced.
 It is an extension of the more common seven-segment display, adding four diagonal and
two vertical segments and splitting the three horizontal segments in half.
N-Channel Test

 Using an ohmmeter set to the R 100 scale, measure the resistance between the drain and
the source; then reverse the ohmmeter leads and take another reading. Both readings
should be equal (in the100- to 10,000-ohm range), regardless of the meter lead polarity.

 Connect the positive meter lead to the gate. Using the negative lead, measure the
resistance between the gate and the drain; then measure the resistance between the gate
and the source. Both readings should indicate a low resistance and be approximately the
same.

 Disconnect the positive lead from the gate and connect the negative lead to the gate.
Using the positive lead, measure the resistance between the gate to the drain; then
measure the resistance between the gate and the source. Both readings should show
infinity.

P-Channel TestUsing an ohmmeter set to the R 100 scale, measure the resistance between the
drain and thesource; then reverse the ohmmeter leads and take another reading. Both readings
should be the same (100to 10,000 ohms), regardless of meter lead polarity. Next, connect the
positive meter lead to the gate.Using the negative lead, measure the resistance between the gate
and the drain; then measure it betweenthe gate and the source. Both readings should show
infinity. Disconnect the positive lead from the gateand connect the negative lead to the gate.
Using the positive lead, measure the resistance between the gateand the drain; then measure it
between the gate and the source. Both readings should indicate a lowresistance and be
approximately equal.
test MOSFET transistors with digital multimeter

 The MOSFET usually have 3 terminals: Gate, Drain and Source.

 The Gate terminal has a similar function to the base of bipolar NPN and PNP transistors,
controlling the amount of current flowing through the transistor.

 The Drain and the Source are defined depending on the direction of charge carriers: the
electron or the hole.

 If the MOS channel is P-type (excess of holes), the source must be connected to the
positive terminal of the circuit, an analogy to "holes source".

 If the channel is type N (excess of electrons), the source must be connected to the
negative terminal of the circuit, an analogy to "electrons source".

 The Drain is the terminal's left. The current in a MOSFET runs between Source and
Drain. The gate current is typically very small (approaching zero for DC signals).

Testing MOS type N

N-Channel Test

 Set the multimeter to the "diode", then connect the leads as shown in
figure 3.
 If the transistor is OK, the meter reading will be between 0.3V and 0.6V. These
values can change depending on the transistor caractheristics. This value
corresponds to the conduct voltage of the transistor intrinssec diode. If the
transistor Drain and Source are short circuited the Meter reads a very low
voltage, close to 0V. If the Drain Source channel is broken, the reading will be the
same when the multimeter leads are disconnected.

 Reverse the multimeter leads, as shown in figure 4.

 First, discharge Gate terminal touching it in Source terminal. This is necessary to
turn off the transistor. After connect meter leads as shown in figure 4.

 If the transistor is OK the Meter shows maximum reading (1----). If the transistor
Drain and Source are shorted, the Meter reads a very low voltage, close to 0V.
Chapter: 3 Special Purpose Diode and Transistors

AC Analysis of BJT Circuits and small signal Amplifier

Field Effect Transistors (FET) and its Biasing