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Complex Impedance
Aims:
To appreciate:
•Use of complex quantities.
•Role of impedance and j.
•Influence of power factor.
•Appreciate operation of low, high and band pass filters
To be able:
•To analyse some basic circuits.
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Lecture 12 2
complex arithmetic
Z1 + Z 2 = ( R1 + R2 ) + j ( X 1 + X 2 )
complex conjugate
j (φ1 +φ2 )
Z1Z 2 = Z1 Z 2 e Z = R − jX = Z e − jφ (complex conjugate)
*
Z1 Z ZZ * = R 2 + X 2
= 1 e j (φ1 −φ2 )
Z2 Z2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
j⎜φ + ⎟ Z j⎜φ − ⎟
jZ = Z e ⎝ 2⎠
= Z e ⎝ 2⎠
j
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Lecture 12 3
1
Phasors as Complex Numbers
Imaginary If we plot phasors on an Argand
diagram we can use complex
number representation:
V
Vsin ωt
V ωt ≡ V (cos ωt + j sin ωt )
ωt
Real
Vcos ωt Which means that we can use the
powerful tools of complex algebra
to manipulate AC quantities.
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Lecture 12 4
Complex AC quantities
In general, all AC quantities are complex numbers containing amplitude and phase:
Voltage V = VRE + jVIM = V e jφ
Current I = I RE + jI IM = I e jφ
Impedance Z = R + jX = Z e jφ
The complex quantities obey all the laws and techniques that we
have derived for DC networks:
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• Ohm’s Law V=IZ
• Impedances in series: Z = Z1+Z1
• Impedances in parallel: Y = Y1+Y2
The physical significance of the real and imaginary parts of current and voltage:
• Real currents and voltages are associated with energy dissipation (power
averaged over one cycle is positive). Measurable
• Imaginary parts are associated with energy storage (power averaged over
one cycle is zero – charging and discharging). Not measurable
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Lecture 12 5
2
Look Back at Inductive Reactance:
dI
I L = I o e jωt and we know that VL = L dt
L
Let
What is VL ?
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Lecture 12 6
What is IC ?
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Lecture 12 8
3
Power in AC Circuits
Power in an AC circuit is given by W=VI V = V0 e jωt
I = I 0 e j (ωt +φ )
W = V0 I 0 e j (2ωt +φ )
This reduces to:
(
W = V0 I 0 cos φ e + j 2ωt + sin φ e − j 2ωt )
Resistive power Reactive power
1
W = V0 I 0 cos φ or W = VRMS I RMS cos φ
2
The cosφ term is called the power factor
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Lecture 12 11
Power Factor:
W = VRMS I RMS cos φ
This tells us that when the current and voltage are π/2 out of phase
(e.g.in a pure L or pure C), the power dissipated is zero.
4
RC Network with Complex Numbers
I
V R VR
C VC
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Lecture 12 13
C
V
R
VR
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Lecture 12 17
5
RCL Network in Series
3. Get the current
R C L
VAe jωt VA j (ωt −φ )
I= = e
Z e jφ Z
1+ ⎜ ⎟
C ⎝ ωCR ⎠
VA
VR
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Lecture 12 20