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In this work the development of the activities proposed for unit 2 step 3 is consigned:
to understand the behavior of the waves in open and closed media, for this we carry
out the investigation of several basic concepts such as refraction and total reflection of
an electromagnetic wave, the different types of propagation media that the waves have,
the polarization of a wave and practical exercises where the coefficient of reflection and
transmission of a wave is calculated, the reflected and transmitted power and finally
Snell's law is used to calculate the trajectory Total wave.
c. TEM electromagnetic transverse mode: the component of both the electric and
magnetic fields in the propagation direction is zero. 𝐸̂𝑧± = 0 𝑦 𝐻
̂𝑧± = 0
Hybrid mode, are those that do have component in the direction of propagation in both
the electric and magnetic fields
(Blog Guide of electromagnetic waves, s.f.)
Functioning:
In rectangular waveguides the fundamental mode is 𝑇𝐸1,0 yand in circular waveguides
it is 𝑇𝐸1,1 the bandwidth of a waveguide is limited by the appearance of higher modes,
in a rectangular guide is 𝑇𝐸2,0
The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is the path described by the electric field
vector component in its propagation, so as to maintain orthogonality with respect to
the magnetic field vector component.
There are different types of polarization:
Linear: In this case the trajectory of the electric field is linear. In turn, the linear
polarization can be:
Horizontal: This occurs when the vector component of the electric field of the wave is
Vertical: This occurs when the vector component of the electric field of the wave is
perpendicular to the earth's surface.
Circular: In this case the electric field vector component advances by rotating on the
propagation axis.
Figure 4 Wave polarization taken from:
https://ikastaroak.ulhi.net/edu/es/IEA/ICTV/ICTV02/es_IEA_ICTV02_Contenidos/website_22_polarizacin_de_la_onda_electromagntica.html
When it occurs, this phenomenon is known as total reflection, because for angles of
incidence greater than the limit angle, the ray It does not refract, producing only the
phenomenon of reflection.
The most common reflection utility is in the manufacture of planar, or flat, mirrors.
For an observer, the image of an object reflected in a mirror seems to originate
somewhere behind the surface of the mirror. The image will appear in the measure
behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. The size of the reflected image will also
be equal to the size of the actual object. Because the eye places the image at a point
where the rays of light converge when it extends beyond the plane of the mirror, the
image is not real and is known as a virtual image. (Woodwell, (2016))
When the light passes from a denser medium with refractive index n1, another less
dense medium, with refractive index n2, the incident beam of light is refracted in such
a way that it is not able to cross the surface between both media fully reflecting and
being completely confined he has luminous in the optically denser medium through
which it spreads.
the index of refraction can also be defined as the ratio of the wavelength of light in a
vacuum in relation to the wavelength of light in a medium
Refraction plays an important role in the design of lenses for glasses, telescopes and
microscopes. Transparent materials of a certain index of refraction, such as glass or
plastic, are used to cause the rays of light to converge or diverge to form an image of
some object. Normally, the lenses are disc-shaped, with two curved surfaces or on a
flat surface and the other curve. The curved part of a lens can be concave or convex.
All the rays that pass through a lens are refracted, with the exception of the rays that
pass through the central point, which is called the optical center. Divergent lenses
create virtual images that are upright and smaller than the actual object. A converging
lens causes the light rays to converge on the main focus, which is behind the lens. The
image size will depend on the distance of the object in relation to the focal length of
the lens and the amount of lens curvature. (Woodwell, (2016))
5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Snell's law constitutes the proposal of geometric optics for the calculation of angles of
reflection and refraction of light. Snell's first law, also known as the law of reflection,
simply states that the angle of incidence of lightning is equal to the angle of reflection,
measuring both angles with respect to the normal of the surface.
Based on Snell's second law, also known as the law of refraction, tells us that:
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 = −𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 ,
where 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are the refractive indexes of the media (1) and (2), respectively, the
deduction from the previous equation can be seen in the appendix (A.1). Now we have
to
𝑐
𝑛=
𝑣
Where:
𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 (3 × 108𝑚 / 𝑠)
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Then the previous equation is as follows
𝑐 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 ,
𝑣1 𝑣2
Therefore, in order for equality to be met, the phase velocity must be met, υ2 must
be negative
(PDF INADE, s.f.)
Snell's law is an important part of optics, which is the study of light and other forms of
radiation. An important application of Snell's law is fiber optics, which is the flexible use
of glass fibers to send data and information through light. Light passes through the
fibers and many miles. The light that passes through the fibers can refract.
Understanding refraction and refraction angles through Snell's law allows scientists to
use the right material in fiber optic cables and to use the right type of cables for different
applications.
Application exercises:
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺.
Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.
Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.
𝐺𝐺 = 9
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 582
Data:
𝑓 = 9 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝜂2 = 178 𝛺
𝑃1− =?
𝑃2+ =?
Coefficient of reflection:
𝜂2 − 𝜂1 582 − 120𝜋
г= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑 < 𝟎°
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 582 + 120𝜋
The transmittance:
𝑇 = 1 − 𝑅 = 1 − 0.0454 = 0.954 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟒%
Data:
𝑃_1 ^ + = 200𝑚𝑊 / 𝑚 ^ 2
(𝜂_1 = 120𝜋 𝛺)
𝜂_2 = 582 𝛺
(𝜂_3 = 120𝜋 𝛺)
In this case, it is necessary to calculate the propagation constants in the wall and use
them to approximate the total calculations, considering the contribution of both media.
As the wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material:
𝜇0 𝜂1 2
𝜂=√ → 𝜖𝑟 = ( )
𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 𝜂2
120𝜋𝛺 2
𝜖𝑟 = ( ) = 0.42
582𝛺
2𝜋 ∗ 9 ∗ 106
𝛽= √0.42 = 0.12215 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
3 ∗ 108
𝜂3 + 𝑗𝜂2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂3 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
Where 𝑥 = 0.10 is obtained from the wall thickness that is 10𝑐𝑚 = 0.10𝑚
Calculando
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = (376.99 + 𝑗4.13)𝛺
Now with the value of the first input impedance we can calculate the first refractive
coefficient
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝛤1 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
(376.99 + 𝑗4.13) − 120𝜋
𝛤1 = = 0.00007 + 𝑗0.0544 = 0.0544
(376.99 + 𝑗4.13) + 120𝜋
transmission coefficient:
𝜏1 = 1 + 𝛤1
𝜏1 = 1 + 0.00007 + 𝑗0.0544
Percentage of power transmitted to the wall:
𝑇1 = 1 − |𝛤1 |2 = 1 − 0.05442
𝑇1 = 1 − 0.002958 = 0.997 → 1
𝑇1 = 100%
This indicates that of the power emitted by the emitter, only 100% is transmitted to
the wall, but
not that this is the power received by the receiver.
The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:
𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1
we replace the values:
𝑅1 = 1 − 1
𝑅1 = 0
𝑅1 = 0%
Calculate the reflected power
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1− | = 0% ∗ 200 = 0 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
the transmitted power
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 1 ∗ 200 = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝛤2 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
(376.99 + 𝑗4.13) − 582
𝛤2 = = −0.2087
(376.99 + 𝑗4.13) + 582
Which results in a transmittance equivalent to:
𝑇2 = 1 − |𝛤2 |2 = 1 − 0.20872
𝑇2 = 0.956
𝑇2 = 95.56%
𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑇2
we replace the values:
𝑅2 = 1 − 0.956
𝑅2 = 0.044
𝑅2 = 4.4%
Calculate the reflected power
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2− | = 4.4% ∗ 200 = 9 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
the transmitted power
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃3+ | = 95.6% ∗ 200 = 191.2𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a product of
both
transmittances:
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝑇𝑡 = 0.956 ∗ 1 = 0.956
In other words, of the power emitted by the transmitter, only 95.56% reaches the
receiver.
𝑑𝐵𝐶
𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(21.93°) =
582𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 582𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(22.03°°)
𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 582𝑚𝑚 ∗ 0.4046
𝒅𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝒎𝒎
2.47
𝜃4 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(22.03°)
1.52
𝜃4 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (1.625 ∗ 0.38)
𝜃4 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0.6175)
𝜽𝟒 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟑°
𝑑𝐶𝐷
𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(37.6°) =
582𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 582𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(38.13°)
𝑑𝐶𝐷 = 582𝑚𝑚 ∗ 0.786
𝒅𝑪𝑫 = 𝟒𝟓𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝒎
It was learned that reflection and refraction of waves are two phenomena that occur
when a wave that propagates in a certain medium meets a separation surface with
another medium. Where the reflection does not change the velocity of wave 𝑣, nor its
frequency 𝑓, nor its wavelength 𝜆. and refraction does not change the frequency of
wave 𝑓, but in doing so its velocity 𝑣, its wavelength λ must also change.
Conclusion 2:
We can also conclude when a wave strikes perpendicular to the border between a
dielectric without losses and a perfect conductor a total reflection of waves occurs in
these conditions the reflected wave becomes a pulsating wave with the same frequency
of the incident wave but which doubles its amplitude and as a result gives two waves
of equal amplitude but that propagate in totally opposite directions
Bibliography