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ARCHITECTURE

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I ARCHITECTURE
INAL REPORT No. 3

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GERMAN UNDERGROUND INSTALLATIONS

PART THREE OF THREE
VARIOUS
INSTALLATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST

Report prepared by

U.S. JOINT INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.

This report is issued with the warning that, if the subject matter should be protected
by British and/or U.S. Patents or Patent applications, this publication cannot be held to
give any protection against action for infringement.

BRITISH INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE

.LONDON—H.M.

S.O. Code No. 51 -

OF
Your attention is drawn to the existence of B.I.O.S. Information Section,
37, Bryanston . Square, London, W.1., to which enquiries about German
Technical Processes, etc., covered in B.I.O.S. Reports, and requests for
German Technical Information otherwise available in the U.K., can be sent.
 GERMAN UNDERGROUND INSTALLATIONS

PART THREE
OF

"VARIOUS INSTALLATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST'

CIOS SECTION

INTELLIGENCE DIVISION

OFFICE, CHIEF ENGINEER, TSFET

APO 887

SEPTEMBER 1945
Architectural
Library ciOS SECTION
Intelligence Division
, TSFET(itear)
A?0 88?

v. 1945

The large scale movement of German military and civilian

elements to underground installations in an attempt to minimize
the effectiveness of Allied airpower, became a very important
phase of the overall German war effort. It was considered ex
tremely worth while for this Section to devote a portion of its
investigative effort to these underground structures since they
did materially affect the course of the war and with more ade
quate advance planning by the Germans could have caused a prolong
ation of their ability to wage war effectively. Other services
have been preparing detailed analysis of German production there
fore this report is restricted to studies of the actual physical
structures and their utilities and protective features with pro
duction investigations being limited to a determination of the
adequacy, capabilities and effectiveness of the overall design.
Engineer intelligence at army or higher staff levels were already
engaged with investigation of underground fortifications, there
fore fortifications have not been emphasized in the preparation
of this report.
Information was obtained from every possible authoritative
source, including official plans and reports of German agencies,
interviews with key personnel who were employed in the design
or construction stages and by the personal observation/) of select
ed military and civilian personnel of this section. A total of
three hundred and thirty six (336) German installations were
scheduled for investigation, of which total, one hundred and
eighty two (162) were actually visited. From the total targets
visited one hundred and sixteen (116) installations were selected
for inclusion in this report and are segregated as follows:
Part One - Unique Design and Construction Methods - 12
Part Two - Adaptations of JSxisting Facilities - 57
Part Ihree - Installations of General Interest - 47
Total reported herein 116
- 1-
,< I-J,Y !„.„., lJ>

''•*" A total of 154 targets were not investigated for the following
reasons: Inaeessible (Russian Zone) - 70; Similar to typical
Installations already reported - 59; Miscellaneous administra-
reasons - 25.
The content of Part One, of this report, will be of special
interest to technicians and layman alike by Its poptlar styled
treatment of the few worthwhile new or novel engineering designs
that were produced in Germany during the period of the war. This
part of the report nay possibly be considered as a guide for later
design development within the United States. However, it Bast be
renembered tL_t there exists a wide divergence of style between
German and American economies of design and construction ocassion-
ed by cheap labor and a scarcity of materials in Germany and high
labor costs and an abundance of materials in America. For a more
detailed study of several of the structures contained in this part
of the report, reference should be made to another report prepared
by this Section titled: "Fabrication and Erection of Pre-Cast Con
crete". This reference discusses the patented processes of German
Engineers for the production of reinforced concrete members using
both the steam-heated and unheated form. Professor Dr. Ing. FT.
Dischinger, designer of the large arches used in the Messersehmitt
factories near MUNICH, was interrogated In Berlin. Since Part One
describing these factories was already completed, the information
obtained from Prof. Dischlnger is presented in Appendix F of Part
One.
Intelligence teams of this Section while investigating the
design and construction of Germany's •underground Installations
soon learned that very few involved the use of unique design and
construction methods. For the most part the Germans had simply
remodeled existing mines, caves, beer cellars, railroad tunnels
etc. for the purpose df accomodating factory installations pre
viously housed above ground. Part Two of this report considers
this type of installation and while nothing new from an engineer
ing view point is introduced this part is Important in portraying
what may be accomplished through the application of minor re
visions to existing underground structures, notwithstanding the
well apparent fact that these improvisations did not begin to
equal American standards of production efficiency coupled with
personnel comforts, they did produce a large quantity of war
munitions.
Part Three contains a miscellaneous group of installations
of general Interest some of which were introduced principally
because of their usage - i.e. Hitler's Retreat at Berchteagaden;
Hans Bormann and S. S. National Headquarters at Pullach (near
Munich).
-2-
 The area oi' Germany and Austria may be divided into several
geological provinces ana the geologists of this Section have con
sidered the possible influences that geologic information had in
location, layout ana design of the various installations, ffioile
this theory is not followed all inclusively, there is a definite
indication that underground installations in Germany were in
fluenced to a considerable extent by their geologic enviroment.
This problem is aiscussed in Appendix I to Part Three with an
accompanying chart ana map.

In the preparation of this report many detailed technical

drawings were studied out were not included with the report due
to tneir bulk. For those individuals desiring to make a more
detailed study of any of tnsse installations than the appendices
will allow a listing is provided in the last Appendix of each
section ol the report for all drawings not attached to the report.
These additional drawings nave been filed with the Office of the
Chief of ihgineers, Washington, D. C. and are available there for
inspection.

This report was compiled, edited and produced by officers and

enlisted personnel of this Section, operating under directives of
the War Department and the Chief of lingineers, Washington, D. C.
The Section while in the European Theater of Operations has been
under the ad-ninistrative direction of Major General C. R. ~oore,
Chief Engineer ana Colonel H. Milwit, Chief, Intelligence Division,
Office of the Chief Engineer, European Theater of Operations.

GEORGE A. MEIDLIAG
Lt. Colonel, C.E.
Chief, CIOS Section

Efforts are being made to obtain from America copies of all

documents, drawings, etc, mentioned in this report but not
reproduced, in which event they will, in due course, be
available for inspection at the Documents Unit of the German
Division, Board of Trade, Lansdowne House, Berkeley Square, W.1

- 3 -
 GERMAN UNDERGROUND INSTALLATIONS
PART THRTB
"VARIOUS INSTALLATIOHS OF GENERAL INTEREST"
IHDEX

EASE
GENERAL - - — l
SECTION I - HEADQUARTERS AND RESIDENCES
A. - Bunker Hagen and Haaa Bormann 1-1
B. - Berchtesgadeo - - - l_6
SECTION II - POWER PLANTS
A. - Mannheim Power Plant - - H-l
B. - Versuchsplatz - - H-J
section ;g - aBBBBg
A. - Concordia Bergbau, A. G. - - IH-l
B. - Pappenbusch HI-2
C. - Rosenblimt-jaelle Coal-Mine IH-2
D. - Stinnes Office III-3
E. - Befehlsstollen,AM, Polizei (AMT) HI-5
F. - Marien Plata IH-4
G. - Kronprlnz, A.G. HI-4
H. - Pfander - III -5
I. - Sachae Plant III-5
SECTION IV - MUNITIONS PLANTS
A. - EIBIA Factory IV-1
B. - EIBIA G.a.b.H. IV-8
C. - Heeres Munitionsansxalt I?-5
D. - Fabrik Clausthal IV-4
E. - Allandorf Bomb Loading Plant IV-5
F. - Lufthaupt Munition Austalt l»-6
G. - Krupp Munitions Plant IV-6
H. - Anminition Dump - - - - IV-7
I. - Krunmel I?-7
SECTION, V - Offi PFPOIg
A. - Lufttank Lager Osthof bei Dulmen V-i
B. -WIFO T-8
C. - Cuxhaven T-g
D. - Hordholz ▼-©•
E. - Achim-Baden V-8
F. - Farge V-S
G. - Kiel-Monkeburg --_- T-6
H. - Flemhude See V-6
I. - Hitzacker V-6
(a)
SECTION 7 - OIL DEPOTS ( CONTINUED)
J. - Blegkede 7-6
S. - Schaferdamm .....-.......__.__... v.6
L. - Loccun Eidar ---.---.--------- 7-7
H. - B.u.V. Plant V-7
SECTION VI - TUNNELS
A. - Dornier - Maybach - Zahnrad Werke --------- VI-1
B. - Rheinische Westfalisch Kalktrerke VI-5
C. - Junkers Flugzeug Hotonrerke - - - VI-6
D. - Rhenania - Ossef, A. G. -------------- 71-7
E. - Siemens Schuckart Werke, A. G. - - - 71-8
F. - Teinerstrasse Hospital 71-9
G. - Allgaier Werke 71-10
SECTION VII - COMMUNICATIONS CENTERS
A. - Radio and Radio Telephone Station 7II-1
B. - Telephone and Telegraph Exchange 7H-1
SECTION VIII - FORTIFICATIONS
A. - Kugelstand - Standing Ball 7JCII-1
B. - 7ersuchsplatz - Strong Point - - vLLl-4
C. - 7ersuchsplatz - Pill Boxes 7IH-4
APPENDIX A - Exhibits for Section I-A.
APPENDU B - Exhibits for Section I-B.
APPENDIX C - Exhibits for Section II.
APPENDIX D - Exhibits for Section m.
APPENDIX E - Eriiibits for Section 17.
APPENDIX F - Exhibits for Section 7.
APPENDIX G - Exhibits for Section 71. .
APPENDIX H - Exhibits for Section THE.
APPENDIX I - Geology and Miscellaneous.

(b)
 GM6RAL
1. Arrangement and Preaentation; Part three comprises the follow
ing eight sections:
Section I - Headquarters and Residences
" II - Power Plants
" III - Shelters
» IV - Munitions Plants
u V - Oil Depots
" VI - Tunnels
" VII - Communications Centers
" VIII - Fortifications
Each of these eight sections is a complete unit within it
self. For convenience in locating A particular section, adjacent
sections have been separated by a single sheet of colored paper.
The material included herein has been obtained from various
evaluation reports oomptledlb? different members of the underground
investigations team. Except for minor editing it is presented in its
original form in an effort to presents the intended meaning of the re
porting investigator.
2. Scope i Part three covers several fields not reported in Part
One, "Unique Design and -Constract ion Methods'' and Part Two, "Adapta
tions of Existing Facilities". 47 installations are reported herein
out of possibly a hundred or more which were originally scheduled for
investigation. It is believed that a representative cross section of
the various types of underground installations is presented.
3. Results of Investigations > Where the German Government deemed
the effort warranted no expense was spared to obtain substantial under
ground structures. Design, construction and camouflage were of the
highest standard. On the other hand, the same type of structure, some
times left to local enterprise, became a make-shift arrangement. In
some types of structures, such as munition plants and oil depots a
standard pattern was developed and quite invariably followed. Geo
logical considerations were always considered and type of structures
followed similar pattern in similar geologic districts.
In the case of power plants and communications centers it
seems the Germans made only a start in the full development of under
ground structures to house these activities. We do find a trend in
their thinking of this subject in the few late examples shown.
(a) Designs; The design methods and standards used in planning
these installations were quite similar tb those used in similar work
in the United States, except that drawings were not well detailed or
complete. In the case of certain types of structures, where the Govern-
- 1 -
ment had ordered many similar plants, standardisation was very evident.
Local designs varied with the importance or the structure and
the abilities of the local engineers, architects and contractors.
(b) Site Selection; In selecting sites for the various in
stallations, German engineers paid careful attention to geologic in
fluence, natural overhead cover, concealment and transportation
facilities. The availability of labor was secondary as slave labor
could always be imported.
(c) Construction Features; In the few places where construct
ion methods were still evidenced it was noted that much hand labor was
used amd equipment and contractor organisation below American stand
ards existed.
(d) Utilities; In the reports on the 47 installations in
Part Three a wide range of provisions for utilities will be noted.
The extent of the utilities lay-out depended on the importance of
the structure and the time it was built.
Certain structures had elaborate facilities for water,
sewage, lights, power, gas-proofing and ventilation. These struct
ures usually had standby power and various manually-operated, devices
in case of total power failure. At the other end of the picture are
poorly lighted and improvised facilities found in quite a few cases.
(e) Camouflage; In this department the German excels.
Whether concealing totally-underground structures or partially-under
ground structures and entrances, exits, smokestacks, ventilation
ducts, etc he displayed his unquestioned zeal for this activity.
Pull use was made of natural cover and installations invariably
blended into the surrounding countryside. It should be especially
noted that most of the munitions plants and oil depots were butied
in dense forest.
(4) Conclusions; German underground structures are located in
natural camouflage areas and much thought and energy goes into this
phase; design and construction are usually adequate; standardisation
and almost 1QO£ use of underground structures are noted in certain
types of structures; geologic consideration is always taken into
account in type of structure used and some start, at least, had b««n
made to put all kinds of activities underground.
(5) Reoo«n«nrt»tions> It is r«comm«nded that all underground
installations covered by this report, and likewise any similar in
stallations, be completely destroyed by demolition to insure their
unavailability for further use.
- 2 -
 SECTION I
PAftT THREE

SECTION I - HoATERS & RESIDENCES

PAGE
A - Bunker Hagen & Hans Bormann
1. General Description of Target - ------- - --- 1
2. Purpose of Report ------------------ 1
S. Names of Investigators - ---- - ------ - - - - 1
4. Sources of Information -------- -- ------ 1
5. Geological Consideration --- --- -------- - £
6. Construction -- ------------------- 2
7. Ventilation -------- - ------------ 2
8. Utilities ---------------------- 4
9. Camouflage ---- ---- - ------- ------ 5
10. Equipment Evacuated ---------------- - 5
Appendix A
Exhibit 1 - General Plan; Bunker Hagen and Haus Bormann.
Exhibit 2 - Plan; Bunker Hagen.
Exhibit 3 - Floor Plan, Sec I & II; Bunker Hagen.
Exhibit 4 - Floor Plan, Sec III & IV; Bunker Hagen.
Exhibit 5 - Elevation; Sec III & IV; Bunker Hagen.
Exhibit 6 - Plan and Cross-Section, Sec IV; Bunker Hagen.
Exhibit 7 - Details of gas-proof door; Bunker Hagen.
Exhibit 8 - Superceded plan of part of underground struc
ture directly under Haus Bormann.
Exhibit 9 - Plan, Schutzraum B; Hans Bormann.
Exhibit 10 - Entrance to Schutzraum B; Haus Bormann.
Exhibit 11 - Elevations. Schutzraum B; Haus Bormann.
List of Exhibits (12 (A) to 56 (A)) filed with OCE, Wash
ington, D. C.
A list of these exhibits is given in Appendix A for ready
reference.
PAGE

1. General Description of Target ---- ------ - - 6

(a) Eagle's Nest, Elevator and Roads.
(b) Air Raid Shelters
S. Purpose of Report ----------------- _ 6
S. Names of Investigators ---------------- 6
4* Interested Agencies ------------- -- . . 7
5. Participating Firms and Persons Interrogated ----- 7
(a)
 PAGE
6. Description of Shelter Construction ...... g
General . . 3
ii(d Topographic Surrey and Tunnel Design
(o Tunnel Boring
Lining of Tunnels
(1) Design ..
...... 9
8
9
9
(2) Materials 9
(5) Method of Construction ......... g
(e) Utilities 10
(1) Electric Power 10
(2) Water Supply and Sewerage 11
(5) Heating and Ventilating 11
(4) Telephone System 11
7. Proposed Projects .......... u
8. Summary U
Appendix B
Exhibit 1 - Overall Hap of OBERSALZBERG, Scale 1:10,000.
Exhibit 2 - Map of OBERSALZBERG Showing Tunnel Locations,
Scale 1:5,000.
Exhibit 5 - Map of OBERSALZBERG Showing Tunnel Locations,
Scale 1:1,000.
Exhibit 4 - Layout Map of the Berghof (Hitler's) Shelter.
ExMbit 5 - Cross Section Plan of Entrance Tunnels with
Utility Tunnels.
Exhibit 6 - Cross Section Plan of Typical Room.
List of Exhibits (7 (B) to 122 (B)) filed with OCE, Wash
ington, D. C.
.A list of these exhibits is given in Appendix B for ready
reference.

(b)
A. HONKER HAGEH and IIAUS BORUANN
1. General Description of Target. At PULLACH, southern suburb
of MUNICH, the Germans constructed three elaborate underground bun
kers in 1945 and 1944. This Nazi stronghold (see Exhibit l(A» con
sists of a comnunity center of 50 houses, including a large house
for Bormann, Secretary of the Nazi Party. Across the street from
Haus Bormann is an S. S. barracks area for several hundred soldiers
and a camouflaged railroad siding. In the barracks area a complete
underground communications center of 40 rooms was installed (see Ex
hibits 2r4(A)) . Underneath Haus Bormann there is an luxurious two
level underground shelter of about 50 rooms. (see Exhibits 8-ll(A)).
A similar installation is also found beneath the community's kinder
garten* These three installations represent a fair picture of the
latest German technique in underground community construction* The
structures are elaborately finished and are complete in all details*
Looting had taken place prior to this investigation. Signal equip-
men had been smashed but nil utilities, such as standby power, ven
tilation, heating, water supply and sewage were intact. Structures
were equipped rith bedrooms, lounges, kitchens, storerooms and
offices. Well stocked they would have provided a safe place to stay
indefinitely.
2, Purpose of Report. The purpose of this report is to brief
ly describe each of the underground structures, determine what in
fluence geology had on layout, report on provisions made for venti
lation, gas-proofing, drainage and utilities and to show as far as
possible structural design and layout.
5. Hames of Investigators. This installation r/as inspected
21-25 May 1945 by the following Intelligence Team, OCE, ETOUSA.
Lt. Col. G. A. Heidling
Major I. T. Malmstrom
Major H. P. Evans
Captain W. V. Webb
2nd Lt. D. I. Hovsepian
Mr. R. P. Fischer, Expert Consultant, Geology.
Mr. E. T. Simonson, Expert Consultant. Ventilation.
This report has been prepared by Major Malmstrom. The section on
geology has been written by Mr. Fischer and the section on venti
lation by Mr. Simonson.
4. Sources of in/oniatiPB- The contractor on this work, L.
Moll of MUNICH, had an office on the site. Many plans were found in
this office and some In the underground structures. Unfortunately
looting had destroyed many drawings «T*^ papers*
I -1
 5. Geological Consideration. PULLACH like the surrounding area,
is on a flat alluvial plane (Bavarian plateau) . From an excavation
near the finished underground installations it is evident that river-
deposited sand and gravel extends to a depth of at least twenty (20)
feet below the present surface, and it probably extends as deep or
deeper than the finished underground installations. It seems obvious
that geology did not influence the selection of the site but it did
influence the type i.e., bunker in cut and backf113 .
6. Construction. All these structures were built in open cut
and backfill was placed around and over the structure to the old gro
und level in most cases. In a few places where the structure protrud
ed above natural ground level the structure had been mounded over
with earth. The finished appearance of these structures was excellent.
Most of the ceilings and most walls were wood paneled. Furniture,
fixtures and equipment were modern and first class. The portion of
the installation that reached the greatest depth and thereby assumed
the best over head protection was beneath Haus Bormann and the Kinder
garten.
7. Vgntilatioja. Haus Bormann incorporates In its structure an
underground ventilation plant for the supply of fresh air to the under
ground living quarters during, both, air raids and gas attacks. It
is relatively, a smaller Installation than that located at Bunker
Hagen, however, its principals of design are similar to those located
at Bunker Hagen. As a result the installation at Bunker Hagen will
be described and this description will be typical for both installa
tions.
Bunker Hagen is served by an air conditioning system which sup
plies fresh and conditioned air to the underground communications
center at all times. The method employed for the distribution of
the air is described belowt
Fresh air for ventilation purposes was obtained through
concrete air shafts at three separate points each having a
cross sectional area of approximately one square foot. Sepa-
ate hl-pressure fans draw the air from each intake In quanti
ties of approximately £000 CFH. This air is delivered through
filters to the spaces to be conditioned through hi-pressure
lines of snail sizes at a constant velocity of approximately
5000 ft/oin. This high velocity reduced the size of the air
duets and conserved space.
Each room was conditioned by air Introduced at the ceil
ings through ducts which extended around the circumference of
the room. These ducts were of constant size and depended upon
high static pressure drop through the grilles for equal air
distribution at all points. The grilles are three inches high
I -£
and there is limited opening on each side of the room which open
ings are adjustable in size for balancing the air quanitity of
the system. Ornamental wooden grilles, also three Inches high
extending completely around the room and blended nicely with
the paneling.
A common exhaust system exhausted the stale air from the
floor of each separate room.
In addition to the above supply and exhaust system all of
the fresh air can be introduced to the system at a single point
where it is mixed with a part of the exhaust air from the coomon
return, described above. This mixture can then be reoirculated
through the conditioned areas. However, before the mixture is
recirculated it is passed through an air conditioning unit which
contains cooling coils and heating elements* Tris system is
used whenever cooling or heating of the spaces is required, or when
a gas attack is in progress. In the event of a gas attack only
a small quantity of fresh air is introduced and this air is cir
culated through chemical tanks for purification. Also during a
gas attack one hundred percent of the air, fresh and recirculated
air is passed through reactivation tanks before treatment by the
air conditioning unit. It is believed that these reactivation
tanks contain activated charcoal or some similar agent.
In the normal operation of this plant when an air raid or
gas attack is not In progress two methods of operation are used.
When neither cooling or heating is required 100£ fresh air is
Introduced through several small fan systems* When cooling or
heating is required all of the fresh air is Introduced at a sin
gle point through the air conditioning unit where it is cooled
or heated as required and distributed to the conditioned areas.
In the event of such operation the fresh air quantity is reduced
to approximately 2056 of the total quantity of air circulated;
thus reducing the amount of cooling or heating required. This
Is a very good arrangement for as the human occupancy is very
low only a small quantity or percentage of fresh air is required,
however, full fresh air was used when conditions permitted.
In this Instance ground water is used for cooling purposes
this, taking advantage of Geraanys natural resource, ground
water at 40 - 47O Fahr.
Electrical strip heaters are employed for heating as the
amount of heating required is relatively small due to the high

1-5
 Internal heat generated by the communications system.
The above description is applicable to both systems, but in the
installation at Hans Bormarm no air conditioning unit was used. The
air unit was eliminated at this installation due to the fact that
there is no mechanical or electrical heat load and hence cooling
was not required as the human occupancy load was also very low. The
climate is such in Munich that simple ventilation is sufficient for
human comfort unless some unusual mechanical or electrical load eo&-
ists.
One very important feature of this system is that a slight posi
tive air pressure can be maintained in the conditioned areas at all
times by positively introducing a slightly greater air quantity than
that exhausted. As a result any air leakage is from the conditioned
areas to the atmosphere. This is important in gas proofing.
In conclusion it can be said that:
a. The air distribution is typical and employs no new
features.
b. The gas proofing is handled in a straight forward
manner using chemicals for gas removal similar to
the manner employed in the United States in certain
industrial processes such as the chemical Industry,
the gas production field.
o. The use of high pressure duct systems is good and
conserves space vrhich would be taken up by larger
ducts if low pressure systems were used. In this
connection the air handling unit TOS a push through
unit, on the high pressure side of the fan. This
necessitates the use of a cast iron unit and gasket-
ed inspection doors. A standard air unit, sheet
metal construction etc., could have been employed
if the unit was placed on the low pressure side - a
pull-through unit.
8. Uti^t^flfl. Haus Bormann had duplicate standby diesel elec
tric generating plants, duplicate electrically driven automatic sump
pumps for dewatering, several bedrooms, a telephone room, kitchens
and bathrooms. A good water supply system was still working and
sewage tied into the existing system for the community.
Bunker Hagen had a standby diesel electric power room 25' below
ground level, with a large diesel-electric set therein, switchboard
1-4
and circuit breakers. In other rooms were oil tanks, 2 oil filled
transformers and sump pumps. Three air purifyers were installed where
by air could be cooled, heated, filtered and also filtered for gas.
These gas-ait; »k systems operated either electrically or manually
and could be cut into the ventilation system when needed. All tele
phone rooms were sound-proofed. All operating personnel at this sig-
nal center could live comfortably for long periods in the living quar
ters.
The kindergarten whose floor level was 16 feet below natural
ground, had an entrance at either end of the surface structure. Vent
ilation was similar to Haus Bormann with ducts leading to each room.
Present were living quarters, storage rooms, lavatory, medical room
and gas decontaminating room. One diesel-electric generating set was
installed for standby power. Gas filters which could be operated either
electrically or manually were present and duplicate sump pumps were
installed.
All three underground structures were equipped with heavy steel
gas proof doors at all entrances and exits. (See Exhibit No. 7) .
9. Camouflage. This entire underground installation was effec
tively camouflaged by the following means:
(1) Host structures were under existing buildings and parts
not under a surface structure were covered over by earth and seed
ed with grass and shrubs which blended with surrounding landscape.
(2) No new activity was apparent after completion of con
struction as it was part of community center and barracks. No
new roads were used and new entrances to Bunker Hagen were imper
ceptible from the air.
(3) Passing through the barracks area was a railroad siding.
The siding was camouflaged by installing it at edge of forest.
In addition artificial portable camouflage consisting of trees
and folage was placed on siding or train tops as trains departed
or arrived. This area showed no bomb damage.
10. Bquiniqent .9vaeuflted* A typical gas filter was sent to Fort
Belvoir, Engineer Board.
11. Drawings filed with OCE and not Attached Hereto As
Exhibits 12 to 36, additional detail drawings for the above installat
ion, are on file in the Office, Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C*
A list of these exhibits is given in Appendix A for ready reference.

1-5
B. BERCHTESGADEN.

1. General Description of Target. The primary target consisted

of the underground works at Hitler's Retreat in the Bavarian Alps at
OBERSALZBERG on the Kehlstein Mountain in the vicinity of BERCHTES
GADEN (WZ962065).
(a) . The Eagle's Nest. Elevator and Roads. Most of the work
was done in 1338 though later improvements were made. The Hest
itself, which is located on top of the Kehlstein Mountain, is a
brick building with a reinforced concrete roof. The building is
not reinforced against bombing. It is quite modern, air-condi
tioned, with heating units in the ventilating system and an all-
electric kitchen. The Nest can be reached by a narrow foot path
leading from the par'dng lot or by an elevator which has its
outlet in the interior of the building. The elevator is reached
by a tunnel lined with red marble and extending 120 meters from
the parking lot into the mountain. Elevator difficulties were
frequently encountered because of moisture penetrating the power
cables. Heavy double bronze doors close the tunnel. Another
tunnel was cut into the mountain to house a transformer station
and standby diesal generator.
(b) . Air Raid.Shelters. Work was begun in June 1945 on an
elaborate system of tunnels to provide air raid shelter for all
personnel at Obersalzberg. These tunnels were to provide both
living and working quarters. The only tunnels completed were
those for Hitler, Martin Bornann, Goring and Goring' s adjutant*
The tunnels are gas proofed and have right angle turns through
out with interior pill boxes at each turn. Little use was made
of the completed tunnels except for Goring' s and Bormann's fami
lies who occupied the quarters during the last few months of the
war*
2. Purpose of Repor^,. The purpose of this report is to describe
briefly the construction methods and materials used to construct an
elaborate underground, comfortable, bomb proof and gas proof living
and working quarters.
8. flames of Investigators. This target was originally investi
gated on the 16th of June 1945 by:
Mac Silvert, Captain, Intelligence Division, OCE
Diokran Hovsepian, 2nd Lt.. Intelligence Division, OCX
xt was again visited on 5-11 July 1945 by the team consisting oft
James L. Paton, Lt. Col., Intelligence Division, OCX
Anthony Gelardi, Captain, Intelligence Division, OCX

1-6
 4. lafr^flfod Agencies. This report baa been prepared primarily
for the Information and use of the Office, Chief of Engineers, Washing
ton, D. C., and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
5.

(a)
Arge (Arbeitsgemeinsehaft)
Philip Holsnan, AG, Munich - 5 Grander Strasse.
Heldt and Franks, AG, Munich - 57 Isnaninger Strasse
* Heinz Norris, Assistant Supv. Engineer on Project.
(b) Eagle* 8 Nest.
Firma Hochtiaf, Munich - 37 Pettenkofer Straese.
* Frederick. Rose, Chief Engineer.
(c) Elevator Sh^ft. ^ptr'tno'f ^*^riTiel and Approach Roadi
Polenski and lollner, Munich - 8 Martins Strasse.
* Hans Weber, Supv. Engineer on Project.
(d)
Karl Flohr, Berlin.
(•) TQpoizraiDhi.Q ^tfTffT8 ""^ TuiBlJL P^
R. Gerhardt, Dipl. Engineer, 4 Dunant Strasse, Munich.
* Hans Freioer, Dipl. Engineer (Qerhardt's Partner).
* Max Hartaann, Dipl. Engineer, 7 SOhloss Plats,
Berohtesgaden.
(f)
Polensld. and Zollner, 8 Martiua Strasse, Munich.
* Karl Bachmann, Director of Firm.
* Hans Fahnoller, Chief Engineer.
* Hans Weber, Supv. Engineer on Project.
Leonhard Moll, 129/131 Lindvamstrasse, Munich.
* Herman John, Director of Finn.
* Kurt Fabel, Supr. Engineer on frojeot.
Arge (Arbeitsgemeinschaft) .
* Heinz Morris, Assistant Supv. Engineer on Project.
(g) Cement Supply.
Dyekerhoff and Sohae.
Amoneberg bei Beibrich/a Rhein.
(h)
* Richard Sauer, 2 Park Strasse, Munich.
1-7
 (i) Water Supply and Sewage P^iflftflaftV
TJrban and Zwanziger, 18 Richard Wagner Straese, Munich.
* Franz Kopf, Chief Draftsman.
Albert Siegert, Engineer, 19 Agatharieder Strasse, Munich.
(j) He.»yttog yd Ventilating.
Adolph Gerke, 2 Koningen Straase, Munich.
Deiring, Kempton.
* Karl Vomatein, Heating Engineer, Oberau Supv. Engineer
on installation also supv. Engineer for Gerke on
Design.
(k)
Siemens and Schuckert, Munich (Branch Office) .
(l)
* Herr Stengel, State Works Building Engineer (now
Burgemeister of Unter Jettenberg) .
* Frederich Petriecek, State Works Building Engineer
(Assistant to Stengel).
8* Description of Shelter
(a) General Description. The shelters consist of tunnels
with side rooms cut into the KEHLSTEIN Mountain. The geological
formation encountered was a series of MESOZOIC limestone beds
with a minor amount of shale and sandstone. The beds have been
deformed by folding, fracturing and faulting. On the basis of
the investigation it seems definite that the geologic conditions
were not considered as a detail in planning the mderground in
stallation although it was known that most of the installation
would be in limestone where faults or shale were encountered.
The original plans were modified to provide adequate support
where needed. The tunnels as completed are all of a similar type,
lined with water-proofed concrete and containing all utilities
necessary for providing living quarters and Headquarters for Hitler,
his principal subordinates, and operating personnel* The com
pleted shelters were g*e~proof*d and all other projected shelters
were planned similarly. Wainacoating and paneling were install
ed only in the shelters provided for Hitler and his immediate
subordinates.
(b) Topographic Surveys and Ttyy^l Design. The firm of
R. Gerhart, Munich, for a number of years has been carrying on
a topographic survey of the OBERSALZBERG area. The firm also
was hired to do the survey work and design for «il the air
raid shelters in the same area. Much of the work was sub-let
to Max Hartaann, Dipl. Ingen., Berchtesgaden. The work in-
1-8
eluded adjustments of grade and design necessary in joining
and protecting tunnels against any serious rock faults or
fractures.
(c) Tunnel Boring. Typical rock tunneling operations
were followed throughout the entire project. No slave labor
was used, most of the workers were from Austria. Air drills
were used for blast holes with ventilating ducts installed to
carry out the dust and powder fumes after blasting. Mechanical
loaders were used to load the rock on mine cars, which were
pushed by hand on level and slight down grade slopes and pulled
by electric powered winches on up grades. Wood shoring was used
where necessary. Electric lighting was installed. Tunneling
progressed at the rate of four to five meters per day at each
heading. Considerable seepage was encountered but it created
no problem. as it was ditched down to the entrance of the tun
nels which were driven in an upgrade.
(d) ^'IflVlfC of Tu?g\e,l-
(1) Desman. The tunnels and rooms were designed as
shown in the attached cross-sections. The tunnels consist
of the mflln tunnel over a utility tunnel which contains
all the pipes, cables, wiring, machinery etc., necessary
for the installation. The rooms have no under tunnels.
The use of reinforcing steel was Umited to the arch ring
of the first 25 meters of tunnelling from the entrances,
to sharp angles in the tunnels, flat decks or ceilings
and in guard room walls. Host of the steel used was from
16 to 18 mm. round bars at 20 cm. longitudinal spacing
and 40 to 50 cm. lateral spacing. The arched effect and
thickness of the utility tunnel was considered sufficient
to resist expected floor loads in the main tunnel above.
The standard design used throughout was concrete brought
to a line, a layer of perforated brick to intercept seep
age, and a rubberold membrane with another layer of brick
and final plastering.
(2) Materials. Three types of cement were used,
Portland Cement, Hochwertig (high early strength) cement
and "8" cement which was quick setting. Concrete made
with "6" cement settled in 24 hours, Hochwertig in two
days and Portland cement in four days* The type of ce
ment used was determined by the importance of the person
for whom the use of the tunnel was intended. The tunnels
for Hitler and Boraann were constructed using "B" cement)
the tunnels for the workers were constructed using Port
land cement. All concrete was cured for 23 days. Bank
run gravel, was used throughout for concrete aggregate,
1-9
which was screened to exclude everything above 5 cm.
Samples were frequently taken to determine the water
cement ratio. A very dry concrete mix was used. When
aggregate was wetted by the weather it contained
enough water for the mix. Frequent slump and strength
tests of concrete samples were made. A liquid chemi
cal called BETONPLA.ST was added to the concrete mix at
the rate of one-half (^) liter per cubic meter, to make
the concrete impervious to water. The chemical is manu
factured by the SKA, G.ia.b.H., Chenische Fabrik, DUE-
MERSHEIN in BADEH.
(5) Method of Construction. Tunnel lining was car
ried on concurrently with the excavation. The concrete
mix was equivalent to the United States Standard 1*2:5
mix. A sample batch was 200 kg. cement, ISO litres of
water, and 775 kg. of aggregate. This was for a four
bag mixer. The water cement ratio was 0.76. This mix
called for 500 kg. cement per cubic meter of concrete
and was calculated from tests made of the aggregate. A
concrete mixing plant was still In place at the time of
investigation. It contained an electric powered four
bag mixer and was located outside the tunneling. Con
crete was fed into the tunnel through a vertical chute
into mine cars which were pushed to the concreting site.
The system used was to set wooden forms to the perforat
ed brick grade, then the brick ring was laid on the top
of the form, and finally concrete was placed on the top
of the brick, eliminating the use ofmortar to hold the
brick work. Extreme care iras excercised to completely
fill the space between the brick ring and the excavated
tunnel sides and arch. This was necessary because of
the unsafe rock formation in many spots. Concrete was
hand placed necessitating an extremely dry concrete mix.
Concrete pumps were used initially but proved unsatis
factory. The order of pouring concrete was to pour the
utility tunnel then the floor of the main tunnel and
finally the walls and arch of the main tunnel. The same
system was used in pouring the rooms except that under
room floors there were no utility tunnels. In the win-
tor time water and aggregate were heated and precautions
taken to keep the poured concrete from freezing by using
covers and heaters.

(l) ELsctrie power was obtained from the city of

Berchtesgaden through underground power lines to trans
former stations located in various tunnels. The firm of
Richard Sauer, MUNICH did all of the electrical installa-
I - 10
 tion work. The PLATTERHOF SHELTER had one room set aside
for a standby Diesel generator plant which ma to furnish
power, if necessary, for the Hitler, Bornann, Platterhof
and Kasserne tunnels. The plant consisted of two (2)
Siemens-Schruckert generators rated at 400 volts.
(2) Water Supol? and Sewage Disposal System was de
signed by Albert Siegert, Munich and Installed by Urban
and Zwanziger, Munich. The water supply came from a re
servoir high in the mountain and was piped underground
to the installations. The sewage disposal system is a
gravity flow type with separate outlets for each Installa
tion. Sewage was emptied into the stream lying at the
foot of the Kehlstein Mountain. The only water storage
provided underground were two storage tanks set up In the
Diesel Generator room in the Platterhof tunnel, which ware
intended to provide additional cooling for the generators.
Ho plans of the sewage and water systems were available.
(5) fl?aVjjg fflfl ^afl'tiL1fl't1flg' The heating «nfl venti
lating system was designed by the firm of Adolph Gerke,
Munich, and installed by the firm of Deiring, Keapton.
The tunnels are gas proofed using rubber gaskets on the
entrrjice steel doors to complete the seal. The system
is electric powered with dust filters, gas filters, hum
idifiers and heaters.
(4) Telephone System. A very elaborate telephone
switchboard with an emergency battery room was established
in the Bornann tunnel for use by the High Command Headqu
arters . In addition to this set up a separate switch
board with connections to Munich, Berlin, etc., was In
stalled in Hitler's tunnel. The system was installed by
Siemens and Scbruckert, Berlin. No plans were obtainable.
7* Proposed Projects. In addition to the principal tunv-
nel shelters, namely the Berghof (Hitler's), the Vordereck
(Bornann' o), (taring's, Hintereck-Klaushohe, S S Eaaerne, and
Gasthaus-Platterhof, it was planned to construct (l) a two way
highway tunnel connecting all tunnels (2) an underground garage
and service station (3) an underground fire station (4) a sport
platz and (5) a mortuary and cemetery. The latter two were
scheduled for construction above surface.
8. SuCTnary. From the construction point of view there
was nothing outstanding about this project, however, the import
ance of the personnel to be housed and the elaborateness of the
Installation made it worthy of investigation.
I -U
 nith OCE
Exhibits 7 to 122 are additional detail drawings and maps
for the above installation and are on file in the Office of the
Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C. A list of these exhibits
is given in Appendix B for ready reference.

1-12
 APPENDIX A

SECTION I -

A - BOHKER

List of Exhibits (12-56) on file In the Office

of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C.
EXHIBIT
HO TITLE

12 Superceded detail of entrance - Sec I - Bunker Hagen.

15 Plan - Sec I - Over floor details - Bunker Eagen.
14 Plan - Sec I - Under floor details - Bunker Hagen.
15. Elevations - Sec IV - Bunker Eagen.
16 Cross Section - Sec IT - Bunker Eagen.
17 Power Boom - Bunker Eagen.
18 Detail of entrance - Sec I - Bunker Eagen.
19 Cross Section - Sobultzraum B - Bans Bormann.
20 Floor plan - Kindergarten proper (not underground) .
21 Floor plan - Over floor details - Bunker Hagen
22 Floor plan - Tinder floor details - Bunker Hagen.
25 Reinforcing details - Sec HI - Bunker Hagen.
24 Reinforcing details - Bunker Eagen.
25 Reinforcing details - Sec H - Bunker Hagen.
26 Reinforcing details - Bunker Hagen.
27 Reinforcing details - Bunker Hagen
28 Ventilation detail - Bunker Hagen.
29 Sewage system plan.
50 Sewage system elevation.
51 Sewage treatment tank.

1-15
 APPENDIX A

EXHIBIT
HO. TITLE

52 Sump pomps - Banker Hagen.

55 Electrical switch details - Bunker Hagen.

54 Ventilation switch layout - Bunker Hagen.

55 High roltage layout - Bunker Hagen.

56 Telephone directory - Bunker Hagen.

1-14
 APPENDIX B

SBCTIOH I - PART THREE

B -

List of Exhibits (7 to 122) on file In the Office

of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

TITLE
7 Overall Plan of OBERSALZBERG - KEHLSTEIN, Scale M 1*5,000,
Beads and Streets.
8 Contour map of Parking Area In Vicinity of Eagle* s lest.
Plans of Elevator Kngrance Tunnel, Elevator Shaft.
Machine Boom, Waiting Boom etc., (Exhibit Nos. 9-18).
9 Ventilating Machinery.
10 Ventilating System.
11 Cross Section Plan and Floor Plan of Waiting Room.
12 Cross Section of Elevator Shaft.
15 Floor Plan end Cross Section of Standby Generator Room.
14 Contour Hap of Area surrounding the Location of the Eagle's
Nest.
15 Trlangulation Plan of Parking Area.
16 Trlangulation Plan of Parking Area, Entrance Tunnel, Wait-
Ing Boom, Elevator Shaft, and Machine Boon.
17 Machine Boon.
18 Machine Boon.

19 Surface Plan of OBERSALZBERG showing Location of Building

and Tunnel System.
20 Map of OBERSALZBERG showing Part of Tunnel System.
21 Platterhof Shelter.
1-15
 APPENDIX B

TITLE
22 to 31 Triangulation Data (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 11).
55 to 55 Profile Data (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 5) .
56 to 55 The Berghof Shelter (Hitler' B) Design Data (Sheets Ho. 1
to Ho. 18) .
54 to 75 Boroann's Shelter Design Data (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 22).
76 to 89 S3 Kasserne Shelter Design Data (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 14).
90 to 92 Goring' e Shelter Design Data (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 5).
95 to 109 Miscellaneous Designs (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 17).
•
13JD to US Ttnmel Cross Sections (Sheets Ho. 1 to Ho. 4).
114 Concrete Specifications - German Reich.
115 Siere Curves, Concrete Tests etc.
116 Sample of Rubberoid Membrane used to water-proof Interior
of Tunnel.
117 Cross Section of Proposed Underground Garage Tunnel.
118 Cross Section of Proposed Underground Road Tunnel.
119 Cross Section of Proposed Underground Fire Department Tun
nel.
120 Proposed Sport Plate.
121 Proposed Cemetery and Mortuary.
122 File Box Containing Contour Map of OBERSALZBERG, Shoving
Bull dings, Roads, Power Line, etc*

1-16
 SECTION II

PARC THREE

SECTION II - FCW5R PLANTS

Page
General 1
A - Mannhdin Power Plant 1
E - Versuchaplatz 2

Appendix C
Exhibit 1 - Thoto - Mannheim Fower Plant
2 - Layout of Underground Unit - ifennheim
3 - General plan underground unit - Mannheia
4 - General plan - Mannheim Power Plant
 Pew underground power plants were found. Difficulties in
placing lagge structures underground and the problem of effect
ively hiding the smokestack and fuel entrances or bunkers gen
erally discouraged the attempt. However a start had been made
and many small power stations were incorporated in underground
structures.

During 1938-39 a 40,000 KVA high pressure condensing power

plant was built under the direction of the Grosskraftswerk Mann
heim in MANIIHEBl, Germany. It was designed and built by Grfin
and Bilfinger, Akademie Strasse 6-8, MARNHEBI. It is not wholly
underground, but is almost wholly hidden under the coal in the
ZOOSXZS* oLthe ^J^ent above ground main electric
round plant is the most
requires less

The generator in the underground plant is a Brown Boverie

a^o?iSArtAktiengesellschaft» "ANNHE1M, and delivers 40,000 KV1
at 41,700 volts. In line, on one shaft, is the high pressure
turbine (100 to 20 atmospheres), low pressure turbine (20 atm
to miniaum), generator, houae generator (3125 KVA), main exciter
•W«t0r- Efficient oP^tion produces

n-i
protected to level of flood- level of Rhine (15 year records) and
good sized seepage and drainage pumps are provided. Under the
cost operating conditions; this underground plant uses 3300 cal/
KVA; normally it was operated at 3500-3600 cal/KVA as against
4300 cal/ilVA for the main aoove-ground plant.
Appendix C
Exhibits: No. 1 Photo of coal storage yard and main plant.
No. 2 Schematic layout of underground unit.
No. 3 General plan and sections of underground unit.
No. 4 General plan of entire plant.

B - Verauchsplatt
Recently constructed at H1LLERSLEBEN, Germany a small stan
dard dies el power plant including 2-150 gallon storage tanks.
The building housing this plant extends about 10' above
ground and 20' below ground with an overall plan site of 30' by
35' . It is divided into 3 rooms and was built of reinforced con-
crete-with exterior walls approximately 8* thick.
Ventilation was by the natural circulation of air, with 8"
pipe ventilators in the roof. No provisions were noted for gas
proofing, drainage or sanitary facilities.
The ground line against the structure had been raised and
sodded, and the exposed concrete was painted, to make the whole
resemble a small hill.

II - 2
 SECTION III
PART THREE

sBCTioH m - gaaaaa

PAGE

General — - — ---—-—- ...... - - 1

A - Concordia Bergbau, A. G. - - ....... l
B - Pappenbuaoh ... . 2
C . BosenKLaaandella Coal Mine . 2
0 - Stinnes Office S
E - Befeblsstollen A M Polisei (AH) S
P - Marien Plata 4
6 - Kronprinz, A. G. . - - ... 4
H - Pfinder 5
1 - Saehae Plant 5
Appendix D
Exhibit 1 - General Plan - Concordia.
Exhibit 2 . Plan and Sections - Concordia.
Exhibit 5 - Profiles - Concordia.
Exhibit 4 - General Plan - Bosenblnaendelle .
Exhibit 5 . General Plan - Stinnes Office Shelter.
Exhibit 6 - General Plan - Marian Plats.
 QftfliRftL . .

Representative samples of the hundreds of German air raid shelt

ers are descrioed herein. Investigation proved that shelter construct
ion improved as the war progressed and bombing increased. However, no
standard seemed to have been established and local specifications were
followed. ' The best shelters were built for high Nazi officials.
Government agencies followed with large and well-equipped protective
installations. Shelters ODserved ran trie range from those with »n
utilities, deluding stanaby facilities and gas-proofing to those with
no conveniences and a single electric light bulb.

A - Concordia Bergbau A.G.

Shelters built in 75-100 year old slag piles adjacent to the Con
cordia Coal Jine at OBLKHAUSEN, GERidANY. Slag piles are overgrown
with vegetation and provide the shelters with 200' of cover. Shelt
ers were Duilt in l943-44 by Concordia Bergbau A.G. originally as
underground offices, telephone exchange, etc. After converting them
to use as a public air raid shelter capable of accomodating 15,000
people a police station and kitchen and hospital facilities were
included.

Shelters consisted of two or more longitudinal tunnels with cross

tunnels and rooms. Tunnels were elliptical in shape, up to 118' by
56' in cross section. There were two principal shelters, one with a
floor area of 24,000 sq ft., and the other with 36,000 sq ft. There
was also a third, though much smaller, shelter.

Excavation was entirely by hand, with an average daily progress of

20 . Tunnels were shored with timber, but removed when lining. Lpning,
in general, was l8" of brick, stone masonry or concrete. No waterproof
ing was used in the concreted* portions; these were reasonably dry.
Brick and masonry sections were damp, except where membrane waterproof
ing had been used. Some sections were plastered, others lined with
wall boards.

Entrance to the shelters was through offset tunnels at right angles

to the main tunnels and had exterior and interior blast walls.

Electric power normally came from the mine, but standby diesel
driven generators were installed in the shelters.

Water was from the mine supply, out wells were driven in the
shelters and an emergency tank was installed in the slag piles. The
sewerage system was connected to the mine system.

Ventilation was providtu by exhausting foul air through shafts to

the top of the slag piles and pulling in fresh air through other
shafts. All shafts were offset. Boilers, kitchens and diesel
hausts had similar shafts.
Ill - l
B - Pappenouscn Air Raid Shelter
A .municipal air raid shelter built by the city of fclEiLHEIM in
1942-43 to accoiiiodate 5000 persons. It consists of a main tunnel
with side tunnels and rooms. Main tunnel is 1640' long and 15' x
12' in elliptical cross section, and is in a rocK hill witn u3' of
cover. It has two entrances, offset, and two' sets of olast-proof
steel doors. Occasional sections ol' the tunnel are lined with
concrete or brick ap to 16" thick; for the most part the floor of
th« tunnel was the natural rock. This facility was extremely damp.
Shelter was not gas proofed. Ventilation was oy the natural
circulation of air. Entrances were at different elevations, and,
in addition, several air shafts had oeen cut througn to the top of
the hill.
Water and electrical energy came from the city lines. A small
diesel driven generator was provided for emergency use. The sewer-
age system was tied in to a city sewer by gravity flow.
C - Rosenblumendella Coal Uina
An uncompleted shelter started in 1943 and located in MOLKEIU/RUHR.
Built by Qewerkshaft iiathias Stinnes and designed to house the offices
and telepnone central for the Stinnes mines in the KOLHEIli area and to
shelter 2500 persons (though 5000 persons have been accomodated during
air raids).
Shelter is built in a heavy clay soil under 50" of cover. Heavy
sheeting and shoring was required. Shelter is of the parallel tunnel
type with cross tunnels. In section they averaged 8' x 10' and were
lined with plain concrete 16" to 20" thick. Roofs are arched. With
each 3' of forward progress the sheeting was removed and the concrete
lining placed using a 1:2 mix against wood forms.
Water and electric power came from the mine lines. A diesel
driven standby generator was installed. Sewage was pumped to the
mine system.
A first aid station and kitchen were included. Kitchen had 8-60
gallon coal fired cookers and normally cooked for a mine crew of 1430
men. Diesel engines and kitchen ranges exhausted through shafts to
the surface.
Ventilation was by forced orai't, with ffesh air sucked in one
shaft and the foul air blown out another. Shelter was gas proofed
with gas-proof gaskets on all doors and 8 Filler filters on the air
intake. These are a charcoal type filter having a capacity of 70 cu
ft per minute and equipped for both manual and motor operation, and
are made by Anton Filler of OSTERODE/HARZ.
Ill - 2
 All air and exhaust shafts were offset. Shelter had three entrances
and one emergency exit through onset tunnels having at least 2 right
angles and 2 sets of steel doors.
D - Stinnes Office
An underground office and air raid shelter built in the rock of the
Kahlenberg, with access by a flight of stairs from the basement of the
Stinnes house, Bismarkthurm, MuLHEIH/RUHR.
The excavation of the shelter started in Sept. 1943 and took 12
months. It was cut out of solid rock by pneumatic drills and blasting.
Cover over the shelter is from 40' to 50' .
Shelter consists of two parallel tunnels and six cross tunnels.
Three of the cross tunnels were used for the Stinnes Offices, and the
remainder as an air raid shelter. Tunnels were lined with 6" of un-
reinforced concrete and 1" of cement plaster. Two offset entrances
were protected oy two sets of steel blast doors.
Ventilation was by exhaust fans, with the exhaust and sir intake
shafts extended to the top of the hill. Structure was not gas proofed;
filters were on hand but had not been installed.
All utilities had oeen installed and were connected to the city
lines. Shelter had an auxiliary generator. Hot air heat was provided
from a surface boiler house.
Bombs had fallen within 20 yards without damage to the shelter.
E - Befehlsstollen Am Polizeiamt
Built in 1943 by the Organization Todt in MBlJHEIU, GHttlANY, this
shelter housed the municipal police offices, a Wehrmacht office, an
0. T. office, and as a public shelter capable of sheltering 5000 per
sons.
It is built in gravelly nil and of reinforced concrete. Walls
and roof are 16" thick. Roof is covered with. 40* of earth. The
shelter has four entrances, all offset; one is through the police
station and the others from the streets.
Personnel shelter and offices consist of three parallel tunnels
approximately 230' long, and seven cross tunnels. In section tunnels
are elliptical and vary from 10' x 8' to ?' x 8' .
Ventilation is oy forced draft. Shelter is gas proofed by gaskets
on doors and Draeger filters on air intake.
Electric, water and sewage systems are connected to the city lines.
Shelter has an auxiliary generator and pumped wells.
Ill - 3
F - Marien Plats Air Raid Shelter
A public air raid shelter built by the city of ifOlHEIM, GHJkANY in
1942 containing 6500 sq ft to accomodate 294 persons.
It is built in sandy soil of reinforced concrete; floor is 3' thick,
taterior walls and roof 5', and partition walls lj' thick. Five feet
of earth cover the structure. Two entrances serve the shelter, both
offset and each with two sets of steel doors. The interior is sub
divided into" 35 small rooms.
Shelter has latrines, with the sewage pumped into the city system
for disposal. City water is piped in. In addition, wells are located
in the structure for emergency use. Electricity for lighting is pro
vided by lines to the city power; standby power is by a diesel driven
generator.
Rooms are heated by a domestic type coke fired steam boiler, with
the stack extending atpve the surface.
Gas proofing was accomplished by stripping the doors with felt and
rubber gasKets. Suction fans bring fresh air in through ^arkheim Fabrik
Rheinwerk gas filters. Fans are equipped with cranks for manual oper
ation in event of power failure.
Ventilating system was designed for 3 Air changes per hour at 18 en
ft of air per man per hour.
G - Kronprin* A. G.
Kronprinz A.G. is a steel tube and sheet plant located in OHLIGS
near the WUEPER RIVER. During the war they made shell caainge, then
wheel rima and beds. Plant employed 2500 peppla. Plant buildings
were all above ground. No underground storage was located. There
were numerous air raid shelters.
Air raid shelters had a total capacity of 2000 persons and a total
floor area of 1500 sq meters. Shelter* were of two typ«a,
Type I, of which fears were two, were tunnels 167' long x 7* diam.
Tunnel was in sandy soil. Concrete of walls and roof was 8" thick,
with 3* of soil cover on the roof. Ground above roof was piled to a
height of 3 fsst with steel bars and billets. These shelters had no
utilities except electric light. Power was supplied from the plant.
They were not gas proofed. Entrance was through offset tunnsls.
Type II, of which there were ten, were rooms built under existing
buildings as cellars-. The roofs and walls were of concrete 12" thick.
They were subdivided into small rooms by briok partition wall*.
Ill -4
Several had latrines, first aid ana emergency operating rooms. None
had stand-by generators. Operating rooms were equipped with storage
battery operated lamps. Light , water and sewage systems were connect
ed to the plant systems. Ventilation was forced draft, air was clown
in by blowers, exhaust was through vertical shafts. All doors were
gas proofed and air intakes were equipped with Draeger filters.
H - Pfander
Two tunnel entrances, connected by a curved cross tunnel, located
at the foot of FF&JDER FOUNTAIN at BRHJENZ, AUSTRIA.
Tunnels were excavated by drilling and blasting, with the spoil
being hand loaded to small dump cars and transported to a waste pile.
No shoring was used or found necessary; the sandstone surfaces showed
no signs of spalling, even though the circulating air had dried them.
Tunnels were unlined.
I - Sachse Plant
Located at K2&PTEN, GiRilANY an air raid shelter for 65 persons is
in a small tunnel 20* long and in two 14' x 14' x 12" rooms. Three
vertical concrete lined shafts 2^' x 1' provide the ventilation.
No unusual construction methods were noted.

Ill - 5
 SECTIOH IV
PART THREE

SECTION IV - MPNITIONS PLANTS

DOES

PAGE
General - - 1
A - Elbia Factory - LTEBENATJ 1
B - Elbia G.ra.b.H. - BOULITZ 2
C - Heeras Munitioneauatalt ----------------- 5
D - Fabflk Clausthal - - ----.----.----'--•- 4
E - Allendorf Bomb Loading Plant 5
F - Lufthaupt Munition Austalt 6
Q - Krupp Munitions Plant - - - - . 6
H - Ammunition Dump --------------------- 7
I - Krumnel Munitions Plant ----------------- 7
Appendix E
Exhibit 1 - Lageplan - Fabrlk Kronmel (I)
 GENERAL

The following descriptions are made as a result of invest igat ions

of selected German Ordnance plants to determine the extent of under
ground structures for storage of explosives. This section concerns
only structures wholly or partially below natural ground level. A
limited number were located and as a general rule the Germans
followed the practice of storing explosives in buildings at near
grwond level and WErniwiart them by protective soils or other
materials. Likewise, similar methods were used in construction of
manufacturing buildings.
A - Eibia Factory - LIEBENAU (J\«V mfft . SKRKANY

An ammunition powder manufacturing plant located in the Eiclt-

hofer Heide (woods) at LIEHENAU, Germany and wavering 10 square
miles. The plant consists of approximately 390 dispersed build
ings; of these 14 are underground, 30 half under and half over,
64 are 3/4 underground and 18 are 1/3 underground.

Construction, by Wolff & Co of BOMLITZ under the direction

of Architect Wilhelm Fricke of HANNOVER (represented by Fredrieh
Huper of SARN1NGHAUSEN bei STEHJBEHG, chief engineer and general
superintendent), began in Sept 1939 and was completed in Dee
1944, A force of 5000 workers were on the job during some phases
of the construction (1942-43), mostly slaves.

Production of powder began in May 1941 and stopped 4 April

1945. During the last months the output was 1000 tons per
month.

All of the above ground buildings, including those partially

submerged, are of reinforced concrete construction with flat roofs
covered with approximately 2' of earth planted to local growth.
Walls and roofs ran from 9" - 18* in thickness. It is under
stood that these buildings were designed to withstand a 2000
pound bomb.

The "underground" buildings, for manufacture of nitroglycerence,

am not really entirely underground in the full sense of the word
in that, though the roof line was approximately 3' below the ground
line, one side was exposed. This was accomplished by not back
filling against that one side upon completion of the structure,
but leaving the bank, or that side of the original cut on a 1 to 1
slope. Furthermore, the exposed side of the building was of wooden
construction while the balance was of reinforced concrete 15" thick:
the one side was purrosely made of wood and left exoosed so that,
in the event of an internal blast, the force of the' blast would
be expended out that side. These buildings varied in size and

IV-1
depth, from 16'-60' wide by 20'-60' long and W-oO' deep. The
14 underground buildings were built in 2 dispersed groups of 7 each,
with each grotro of 7 connected to each other by tunnels square
in cross section (about 8'x8') of 12* reinforced concrete. The
only outstanding feature of the tunnels were its right angle turns
(to act as a daaper should an internal blast occur). All of the
underground work, including the tunnels, was done by the open cut
method.
Electric power was supplied by 2 coal-burnir g power plants,
each 'with 3 turbines and 2500 KW at 5000 volts stepped down at
transformer stations to 500, 380/220 volts. A third power
house had not been completed. The power plants were of reinforced
concrete extending about 80' under the ground lint, falls were
from 3 '-5' thick, and the roof about 2.5'. A railway 1'lne ran over
the roof; this was used by railway cars bringing coal to the plant
which was dumped into hoppers (of reinforced concrete) which set
over the boilers. Outside of the hopper openings the roof was
covered with earth and planted.
All buildings were individually ventilated, some by the nat
ural circulation of air and some by fans.

B - Blbia G.m.b.H.,
This munitions manufacturing plant Is Ideated at BOMLITZ,
Germany. The plant occupies an area of approximately 2 square
miles, consists of almost 300 buildings and is very Iwell
designed and camouflaged. It is located la a woods, mostly
pine, near the town of Bomlita 38 miles ESS of BREMEN. Nearly
all buildings observed had been built in oat and fill sandy soil.
The floor of the buildings were uroally below natural ground level
several feet. T'he extra spoil from excavations waa piled up along
side of building around which no trees ware cut down. With the
aid of ftlab roofs overhanging the building, sodded and planted
with grass and small pine trees, the buildings were effectively
hidden. Construction was excellent and the plant would be a
permanent installation. The plant was complete in itself with
office, power plants, water pumping, filtration and treatment
plants. The power house observed was buried in a side hill and would
suffer only from a direct bomb hit - t&is is true of all buildings.
Power househad been use ing coal but switched to oil in March 1945
as coal transportation to plant failed. 3 - 3570 KVA generators
were installed, but turbines would only handle 2700 KW apiece.
In the bomb shelters of the rest houses were gas-proof doors,
gas filtrations units and decontamination supplies. Dr Specher,
who accompanied writer on inspection stated that 80jS of labor
employed (10-12,000 in 3 shifts) wan foreign. Standard munition
17-2
plant practices were in effect, special diets, adequate showers etc.,
The dispersal factor usually employed in location of munitions
plant building furthered the camouflage plan and the provisions
for protection of workment during "blows", fires or explosions
was adequate for bombing. This plant is controlled by the Wolff
organization and was reported to produde 20/6 of Germany's pro-
pellant powder. The U. S. Naval Technical Mission in Europe has
had a large team inspecting this plant. It is assumed that other
American agencies, Ordnance, etc. will file reports on this plant.
15 km away to the North is the testing laboratories. Deception,
camouflage and protection against anything but direct bomb hits
were accomplished here at little extra cost.

C - Heeres Munitionsanstalt
This is a large ordnance storage depot and loading plant lo
cated at WULFEN fiber HERVEST-DORSTEN, Germany. It was built in
1938 by the Hherkreiskommando and was operated by the Waffenamt.
The depot covers a heavily wooded area of l^square miles.
Soil is sandy. Standard gauge railroad sidings and 20' wide
macadam roads traverse the area. All types of ammunition was handl
ed here. A marshalling yard was adjacent to the depot.

Eighty igloo type magazines, 30 surface shelters, loading

buildings, administration and utility buildings and barracks
are dispersed throughout the area.
Igloos were built of lightly reinforced concrete with walls
and roof 15" thick. The walls were strengthened by buttresses
24" wide by A' thick at the base. The inside of the walls were
waterproofed by 2 layers of tarred felt and faced with cinder
blocks. The arched roof slabs were faced with 2" straw concrete
slabs. TrrtooB were built in 2 sizes, a 3-bay structure 75'x30'x
10', and a 1-bay structure 25'x30'xlO'. The 3-bay structures
had 24" square columns to support the roofs. All had concrete
floors, 2 vent stacks, vapor proof lighting fixtures and switches,
and two sets of double steel doors. Sides and roof were covered
with £ to 10 feet of earth planted to local growth. Blast walls
protected the camouflage net covered doors. Seven igloos had
been demolished by direct hits; anything other than a direct hit
did little or no damage. Several bomb craters were within 15
yards of undamaged igloos.

IV-3
 Surface shelters were of brick faced with stucco, built in a
large variety of sizes. One typw had a flat 8" concrete roof
covered with planted earth. The other type had a pitched tile
roof and was not camouflaged.
Electric power was obtained from the local grid at 10,000
v*lts. This was stepped down to 6000 volts, and then to 380/220
volts. A 125 K7A steam driven generator served as a standby.
Boiler house, now totally demolished, had 2 coal fired boilers
operating at 100 poftnds pressure, and capable of generating 1-J-
tons of steam per hour. These were used for heating and process
steam.

Water came from the DORSTEN city supply. The depot sewage
system was tied in to the DORSTEN lines.
Static water wells in the aninations area were used for fire
protection. In the shops and barracks area a hydrant system was used.
Seven wells, each producing 106 cu ft per hour, were pumned by
deep well pujipa to a central sump having a capacity of 1060 cu
?™ J?o™ this SUDP the water was pumped to the fire lines with
100 Ibs per sq inch pressure maintained in the lines.

D -
A TUT and shell loading plant located in CLADSTHAL ATTENAOROAD,
Germany covering and area 3300 feet long by 2950 feet wide. There
are approximate^ 600 buildings, all of reinforced concrete and
Jriek construction; some are partially below ground with the abov»
ground portion covered by heavy earth embankments.
, °?nBtructlon w started in 1935 and was substantially completed
in 1936, and expanded to 1939. Construction was done by the Reichs'
Flanungsbftro located at SEESTHACT bei HAMBURG. The plant was built
2k?* liJ^lJ1?,* "P*5"^* 3000 metric tons per month. In
addition 250,000 Holzmines and 200^900 15 cm shells wre loaded
per opnth.
Frits Gasppers, foraar managing director of the plant, was
interviewed. Gaspners came to the plant in 1939 from Dynamit A.G.

17-4
 The TNT process equipment is in operating condition. Plant
operation was stopped in the middle of a run. There are completely
equipped machine shops. The machine tools are modern and in ex
cellent condition.
The plant has its own electric generating station, ^he generators
are steam turbine driven. Normally the plant station supplied all
power required. Plant has a tie feeder from the local high tension
grid. Plant has two boiler houses that supply process ant power
steam. Boiler houses are dispersed. T»tal boiler capacity is
48 metric tons of steam per hour. Boilers generate at a pressure
of 600 and 300 lbs per sq. in.

Water is supplied by the reservoirs that supply the Clansthai

area.

Process waste water is descharged into two poods. There is

no treatment. This has created some trouble as process water has
found its way into the local water supply and serious corrosion
has resulted.

.There are no quarters at the plant. Labor was drawn from the
adjoining villages and camps. 2500 persons were employed, of whoa
1250 were prisoners.

Considerable repairs had been effected since the air raid on

the plant, hence it was difficult to Judge the extent of the damage.

Plant was well camouflaged, both by natural tree growth and

artificial means. False concrete roofs were largely utilised.
These roofs were covered with soil and planted* ill buildings
were provided with rings for camouflage nets.

I - Allendorf Bomb Loading PL«^

▲ total of 380 dispersed buildings, covering 1.6 sq miles,

located at ALLENDORF, Germany. Approximately 300 buildings ware used
for the manufacture of TNT and acpd, for the loading of bombs, and
for Utilities. The 80 buildings not in use were held in reserve.

Of the 380 buildings 15 are semi-underground, their tops

being approximately level with the ground Urn . They were used
for storage of TNT (capacity of each, 30 tons) and their inside
dpmensions are 20' wide by 33' long and 15" high. Walls and
ceilings are of concrete about one foot thick, with the roofs
covered with 2' of earth planted to local growth. Constructions
started in 1938.

IV-5
 The production capacity, per. month, of the plant isi
-

5000 tons TNT

450 tons Nitric Acid
8000 tons Sulphuric Acid
6000 tons Oleum
150 tons Sodium Sulphate
Included in the layout are 2 steam operated power houses with
output capacities of 3200 KVA and 10,000 KVA. In addition there
are 5 standby diesel power plants (1 8 800 KVA and 4 « 250 KVA).
Water source consists of 32 deep jrells (approximately 450 '
deep) with a capacity of 13,000,000 gallons per day which supplied
not only the plant but also all nearby camps and towns.

P - Lufthauot Munitions Anstalt

AA shell loading and storage depot located in the woods south
of BOHK, Germany along the railroad from DULMEN to DORTMUND.
Depot was built in 1936 and includes 100 dispersed storage
bunkers of the igloo type measuring 75' x 50' x 12 '. They are
built of 8" concrete walls and roof, reinforced with wire mesh
and covered with earth.
In addition to the igloos there are 35 storage buildings,
a shell loading building, two barracks, administration and
utilities buildings. All are above ground and no unusual design
or construction features were noted.
Water for the plant was pumped from wells. Process water
and sewage, after chemical and filtration treatment, was returned
to the DORTMUND, CANAL.
Electric power was obtained from the local grid. An auxiliary
generator was stationed at the plant.
Fire protection was provided by static water wells and hydrants
fed by fire lines. Pressure was maintained by pumps.
Q - KTUPP Munitions Plant - ESCHENTRUTH, QrrmTi
This typical German munitions works is located about 10 miles
East of KASSEL. It is large and well camouflaged. The Buildings
are generally placed partially below usual ground suface with
earth moundings and have irregularly flat roofs covered with earth,
shrubs and small coniferous trees. There are two large water tanks

17-6
on top of an existing hill where cut and fill type construction
has been applied. The power house is semi-underground, but like
all structures of the plant, is vulnerable to a direct bomb hit.
The most recent construction showed that a reinforced concrete
roof approximately J% ft thick was used. The effectiveness of
the camouflage may be indicated by the fact that this plant was
not bombed.

H - AMBBttigJ P<fflp - NTmtHtmG

Seperate shelters of concrete bunker type were located at

NUERBURG and near HENGEROHR. Some bunkers were provided with
manually operated ventilation equipment, ^he bunkers were cam
ouflaged with earth and shrubs. One bunker among those at
NUERBURG had an observation tower. Those with ventilation pumps
were gasproofed.

I - Munitions Plant - KRUMMEL

Interrogation of the director of the plant, Dr. James W.

Neale (his father was English) discloses that this was oldest
explosive plant in world (7), was founded in 1865 and consists
of from 800 to 1000 buildings (See Exhibit l for Overall Plan}.
Many reports from other agencies, Navy, Army Ordnance, etc. will
be made on this plant. No purely underground structures exist
except a power plant. The semi-underground character of many
buildings springs from safety and ordnance factors. These build
ings were built in deep forest, in cut and fill type of construc
tion and present no unusual design. Much care was taken to camou
flage whole installation (See report on B, Bomlitz). One power
plant of U on premises had been constructed in natural dike along
river - standard construction - built in excavation (open cut)
and sides and top backfilled.

17-7
 SECTION Y
PART THREE

SECTION V - OIL DEPOTS

PAGE
General m 1
A - Lufttank Lager Orthof bei Dolmen 1
B-WIFO 2
C - Cuxhaven --- - --- 2
D - Hordhola 3
E - Achla-Baden 5
F - Farge - 5
0 - Kiel Monkeburg - - - 5
H - Fleohude See ----------------------- 6
1 - Hitzacker 6
J - Blockade 6
K - Schaferdamm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' 6
L - Locoum Eldar 7
M - B.U.V. Plant, Allach 7
Appendix F
Exhibit 1 - Typical German Underground Oil Storage Tank.
Exhibit 2 - Detail of Seal for Typical German Underground
Oil Storage Tank.
Exhibit 5 - Ollager Nordholz, General Plan.
Exhibit 4 - Aonla-Baden, General Plan.
Exhibit 5 - Hit saoker, General Plan.
Exhibit 8 - Gross Section Plan of Tank Installation at
Hitsacker.
Exhibit 7 - Bleckede, Alternate Underground Oil Storage
Tank (German)*
 GENERAL

This section includes reports on a few of the many German under

ground fuel storage depots. The German Government started construct
ion of underground oil storage tanks long before the onset of the war.
In fact, some o* the tanks investigated were constructed as early as
l914.
«
Installations are all very similar except for size of storage tanks,
types of connecting tunnels, and pumps.

The natural ground surface was disturb ea as little as possible.

Immediately alter construction, pine trees were planted ovety surface
areas. As a result camouflage was excellent. disturbed

Uany tanks were converted from oil and gasoline storage to various
other storages such as communication supplies, marine supplies, paints,
etc.

Very few of these installations were ever bombed.

A - Lufttank Lager Osthof bei Dulmen, Germany.

Installation is located in woods at the SE edge of DdliEN, GERMANY

on the railroad from D&LMEN to DORTUUND. It is a dispersed installation
covering approximately 20 acres and was built between 1935 and 1939.

Gasoline was brought here from a refinery at GELSENBERG by tank

cars. High octane aviation gas was made by adding chemicals and was
stored underground, and from this storage was pumped to a tank car fill
stand at the railroad siding. There were also 5 truck fill stands for
motor vehicle gasoline.

The high octane gas storage consisted of seven tanks of 12,000

gallon capacity. These, together with pumps and accessories, were in
an underground structure approximately 98' x 33' x l3' . The roof was
of reinforced concrete 10' thick and was covered with 23 ' of earth.
Ventilation was provided thru two shafts with suction and exhaust fans.
Two direct hits by light bombs had not damaged the structure or equip
ment.
In addition there were l0 aoove ground dispersed storage tanks,
each of 155,000 gallon capacity. They were cylindrical vertical tanks,
faced with brick, and set inside concrete dykes.

A boiler plant for heating, in a heavy reinforced concrete building,

was partially underground. Boilers were coke fired, vertical, fire
tuoe boilers, with a working pressure of l20 lbs per sq in.

She generator house was similar in construction to the high octane

storage house. In addition there was also a semi-underground water pump
house and telephone exchange.
V - l
 Camouflage was by dispersion in the woods and by nets.

Fire protection was provided by a foam system, with the foam

eolation being piped from a central generating house to each tank and
building. The system did not operate on a thermostatic control, but
by manually operated remote control push button switches.

B - Wifo. KTUTI.I.TNG. Germany

Construction started in Oct l934 on a 26,000,000 gallon gasoline

and oil storage at KRATTJ.TNG, GERHANT. Tanks used were 33' in diam
eter and each had a capacity of 875,000 gallons.

For protection against 500 pound bombs it was thought sufficient

to encase each tank with 3' of reinforced concrete, covered with 20"
of coarse rock (between 2" and 4"j and 20" of gravel. Tanks were
dispersed in groups of l0 with l65' between each tank, and 800' to
1000' between groups.

In 1938 it was felt necessary to provide protection against 1000

pound bombs, and this was done by blocks of five l,000,000 gallon
tanks, 33' In diameter, encased in 30" of unreinforced concrete, and
then covered with 20' of gravel. These blocks were to be dispersed
with a minimum distance of 3300' between blocks.

For protection against 2000 pound bombs it was believed that the
same grouping of 5 - l,000,000 gallon tanks, encased in 30" of unrein
forced concrete, could be used after placing an additional protective
cover of 6.6' of doubly reinforced concrete and the whole covered with
13' of gravely.

In each design the tanks were erected using riveted connections.

After erection, l£ atmospheres of compressed air was pumped into each
tank and the exterior washed down with a soap solution to detect leaks.
Upon completion of testing the interiors were sand blasted clean and
then given two l mm coats of sand cement or gunite, after which it
was painted with a fast hardening compound known as "Fluart".

Tanks were set on a l:200 slope with a water sump provided at one
end.

Each tank of the 10-tank groups was provided with one 17,250 gallon
per hour pump. In each 5-tank group one 58,000 gallon per hdur pump
Installed.

C - Cnxhaven (amerika Haven)

an installation at CUXHaVEN, GERHANI complete for handling and

storing oil. There are 6 tanks, two of which have a capacity of 3,200,
000 gallons and the remaining four a capacity of 2,600,000 gallons.
in tanks are underground and are connected by tunnels.
V -2
 This installation is tied in to the oil storage at NOADHA1Z by two
12" diameter pipe lines, 1\ miles in length, housed in a tunnel.
iji underground pump house contains the following machinery:
2 electrically driven duplex reciprocating pumps, each having
a capacity of 68,000 gallsons per hour at a pressure of 280 pounds per
sq in at a speed of 30 RPii.
2 steam driven duplex reciprocating pumps, each with the same
characteristics as the electrically driven pumps.
1 electrically driven centrifugal pump with a capacity of 6600
gallons per hour at a pressure of 85 pounds per sq in at a speed of
1200 RPil.
Exhibits: No. 1 Typical German Underground Oil Storage Tank.
No. 2 Detail of deal.
D - Ilordholz
An underground oil storage installation at NQuDHOLZ, GifliiANY in an
advanced stage of completion, consisting of 36 circular steel tanks of
riveted construction, and placed to standard German practice.
Twelve of the tanks are of 2,600,000 gallon capacities, and the
others are of 5,200,000 gallon capacities.
This installation is connected to the oil storage facility at CUX-
HAVEfo by two 12" pipe lines, 7J. miles long, housed in a tunnel. See
Exhibit: No. 3 (F) General "Layout.
E - Achim-Baden
Located in BADiiiN near HAMBURG, GLhiiANY this underground oil storage
installation commenced in 1916 and ceased at the end of World War I.
Construction recommenced in 1935 and the present degree of completion
is as shown on exhibit 4 (?) •
A - There are 34 tanks all underground. Tanks 1, 2, 3> 4, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 & 24,, are square tanks 115' by 115'
by 23' high, and each has a capacity of 10,000 tons. Their construct
ion is as follows:
Tanks 1, 4, 7, 8, 9 & 10, have concrete walls, oil side lined
with tiles. Tanks 2, 3, 11, 13, 23 & 24, have concrete walls, oil
side lined with sheet iron.
Tanks 19, 20, 21 & 22, have concrete walls, oil side lined
with oil resisting paint. It is said that the above varied construction
was adopted during the last war due to shortage of materials.
V - 3
 Tanks 5> 6, 12, 14, 25, thru 34, are circular, of steel riveted
construction, 105' diam Dy 25' high. Tanks 15, 16, 1? & 18 are cir
cular of steel riveted construction 108" diara by 43' high.
All circular tanks have each a capacity of 1QOOO tons.
A system of underground tunnels housing the oil and heating
steam pipe lines, interconnects all tanks, and to filling ranges on the
Riv^r Weser and railway at south and north respectively.
The pumping stations are as shown on plan and are all under
ground, excepting the station by the RIVER WEStfi which is above ground.
All pumping stations are interconnected by a double pipe line each
pip« 10" diain, excepting the Jeser station which is connected to tne
installation by a double pipe line each pipe 14" diam. The pumping
machinery in each station is as follows. Pump House 1.: 4 electri
cally driven centrifugal pumps, each capacity 250 tons/hour, pressure
6 Kg/squ cm. speed 1000 rpra. 1 in No electrically driven duplex re
ciprocating pump, capacity 250 tons/nour, pressure 6 Kg/squ. cm. speed
600 rpci.
Pump House 2.: 1 in NO. electrically driven centrifugal pump, capacity
250 tons/hour, pressure 85/f/sq in, speed 1000 rpm.
1 in i»o. electrically driven duplex reciprocating pump
capacity 250/tons/hour, pressure 85^/sq in. Speed 600 rpji.
Pump House 3*: 1 in No. duplex reciprocating pump electrically driven,
capacity 250 tons/hour, pressure 8^/aq in, 'speed 600
rpm.
pump House 4.: 2 in No. duplex recriprocatin^ pumps electrically driven,
capacity 250 tons/nour, pressure 35nf/sq in, speed 600
rpm.
?ump House J.: 2 in No. duplex recriprocating pumps electrically driven,
capacity 250 tons/ hour, pressure 85#/sq in, speed 600
rpm.
Pump House at the river ',.'eser:
2 in No. duplex reciprocating pumps electrically driven,
capacity 250 tons/hour, pressure llOfrVsq in, speed 600
rpm.
2 in No. centrifugal pumps electrically driven, capacity
250 tons/hour, pressure HQr/sq in, speed 600 rpm.
- Oil can be pumped to and from the storage tanks from a railway
siding, and to and from a harbour on tne Weser as snown on plan. The
railway siding is housed in a large camouflaged ouilding. At the sid
ing there is an oil fuel filling range with 20 points. The range is
connected to the oil storage installation by 2 pipes each 10" in diam.
This siding can normally handle each day, two 30-truck trains
each truck holding 20 tons of oil. The harbour oy the WESJR, has 2
jetties with 2 pipes each 14" diam. connecting to the oil storage in
stallations. This harbour normally handles 700 ton barges with a
draught not exceeding 7 .2'
V - 4
4
 The railway method of transport is complete ana ready for use, but
the river method could not be used at present due to the Y/ESIR bridges
being blown.
There are no pipe lines connecting to the nearby seaports, the
above being the only method of transporting the oil.
- There are 2 boiler houses. One in the railway shed housing 1
coal fired Yarrow type water tuoe boiler, and the other at the east side
of the installation housing 2 coal fired Lancashire type boilers. These
boilers are used for supplying heating steam to the oil tanks and to
the railway oil wagon at the siding.
- In 1942 the area was developed as a lub. oil storage depot. The
west part of the railway shed has been equipped for handling lub. oil.
At the siding there are 6 vertical cylindrical tanks each of
5 ton capacity, used when filling drums. There are also 5 horizontal
cylindrical storage tanks each of 100 tons capacity and 4 horizontal
cylindrical storage tanks each of 40 tons capacity.
A section in the railway shed is equipped for repairing and
cleaning 40 gallon oil drum**
Items 35 to 50 on the plan are preposed siteSjfor additional
storage tanks. The installation as far as completed i.e. machinery,
tanks, tunnels and pipes were in good condition.
F - Farge
An underground ail storage installation at F<tKG£, GSG1AI.T, consist
ing of -34 cylindrical steel tanks of riveted connections. Tanks are
108' in diameter by 25' high and are installed underground to standard
German practice (see exhibits to CUiHAVEN installations). A system
of tunnels, housing oil and heating (steam) pipe lines, interconnects
•11 the tanks.
The installation is in all stage of construction, tne first ones
built being used for storing signal equipment.
G - Kiel/Monkeburg
A badly bombed underground oil storage installation at Kia, GSBHANT.
All surface buildings but the transformer station were wrecked, and
three circular tanks and the remnants of a rectangular concrete tank
which had reveived direct hits.
Circular tanks are of riveted steel construction 108' in diameter
by 25' high.
For installation of typical German underground oil storage tank
see exhibits to CUXHAV3N installation.
V- 5
H - Flemhude See
A medium sized underground oil storage installation Juet W of &HL,
GERiiANT. Tanks are installed to standard German practice (see exhibits
to CUXHAVEK). Along the Kiel Canal are two pumping stations for this
Installation built in cut then backfilled and covered with earth.
At the time of the inspection several of the tanks were being used
for the storage of motors, radio tubes, etc.
I - Hit«acker
Between 1936 and 1938 an underground benzine and oil facility WM
constructed at HITZACKER, GSSUUH consisting of 106 tanks with a total
storage capacity of 40,000,000 gallons.
Tanks are of steel, cylindrical, and with riveted joints, 33' in
diameter by 180' long. They are placed in the ground in a horizontal
position, with each tank having its own pump room, access to which is
gained via a hatch at the surface. There are no interconnecting
tunnels. See exhibits i No. 5 (F) General Layout of Tanks and No. 6
(F) Typical Section of Tank.

Between 1914 and 1944 *n underground oil installation was built at

BLSCrfZDE, GEBMANI. Tanks are dispersed over a 2300* x 6560' area and
are divided into 6 groups t
Group 1-4 tanks, bunt in 1914-1918
Group II - 6 " " 1914-1918
Group III - 4 " " 1933-1939
Group IV - 6 " " 1933-1939
Group V - 6 * * 1939-1944
Group VI - 6 " " 1933-1939
Total - 32 tanks. Total storage capacity Is 346,000 tons.
An interconnecting tunnel system houses all the oil and heating
(steam) pipe lines.
The tanks are cylindrical, riveted, of steel, 108* diameter and 2
high. See exhibit: No 7 (?) Plan and Section of Tank Installation.
K - Sehafardaam. 2\ miles south of NIB1BUBQ. QgBIANT.
This target consists of 57 underground storage tanks 30 for high
octane gas and 2? for aeroplane engine oil located 2£ miles south of
NiXs&URO, GBRUAKT. The 30 for the gas are 33* In diameter and 164'
long (capacity of each 1,000,000 gallons) and the 2? for the oil are
16' in diameter and 65' long (capacity of each 97,500 gallons }.
V-6
 The tanks were each set in the ground, in open cuts, and have a 2'
reinforced concrete wall built around their sides and ends and over
them. Against this concrete sand was placed to a depth of 1.5* at the
top, then backfilled and covered with earth from the original excava
tion and planted to local growth.
Each tank has its own pumping station and mechanical ventilation
housed in a reinforced concrete room built adjacent to, and in contact
with, the tank concrete housing.
L - Loccum Eidar. 2 miles west of LOCCUM. Germany.
Underground storage facilities begun in 1939 two miles W of LOCCUM,
GERMANY for the storage and control of diesel oil and methyl alcohol.
Running through the site, which covers approximately 1.50 sq miles, are
two railroad tracks. The oil tanks are located North and the methyl
alcohol tanks south of the tracks.
The oil tanks, 16 in number, are approximately 20' in diameter and
30' high, each with a capacity of 67,500 gallons. They are set in the
earth with their tops level with the ground line, on reinforced con
crete bases 18" thick and 30' in diameter (5' projection beyond the
tank). Surrounding each tank with an inside diameter of about 24', is
a 9" reinforced concrete wall. Each tank, with a 3' headroom allowance,
is covered on top with a 1" mild steel plate (used as a form and left in
place) and 12" reinforced concrete. Each tank has it's own control room,
built adjacent to the tank concrete shell. Against and over the complete
structure the material which had been excavated at the site and stock
piled closeby was replaced and planted to local growth, leaving only an
entrance way to the control room. The fill is approximately 10' deep
on top. Each tank has a 12" vent pipe from hhe tank through the fill.
In addition a mechanical ventilating system was included with each
ventilating unit, housed in a non-bomb proof building, serving 4 tanks.
The 18 methyl alcohol storage tanks are enamel lined, 9' ni^b by
30' long and 15' wide (30,000 gallons); set in the ground, backfilled
with a 5! plus or minus earth cover planted to local growth. Each
tank had an air vent but no mechanical ventilation.
Four surface tanks, contents unknown, were each enclosed with a 2'
thick concrete wall and 18" roof with a 3 ' parapet along its circum
ference. On the roof slab, withing the parapet, sandy loam from the
site was placed and planted. These tanks were approximately 10' high
and 20' in diameter (22,500 gallons).
M - B.u.Yi flflrrti iVfAP"! GERMANY.
1 large B.u.V. plant, making airplane engines, is located on the
west side of the MUNICH-DACHAU road, in AILACH, Just south of K1RLS-
KDJ>.
V - 7
 Gasoline was needed for motor testing. It was brought to the plant
in tank trucks and stored in underground tanks. Capacity is estimated
at 200,000 gals. Two pump houses are there to pump gas from tanks to
truck fill stands.

Installation is typical of German underground storage tanks.

These tanks were originally installed in l939 and subsequently

larged.

7- tf
 SMTTQM VT -

General
A - j/ornier - Maybach - ZaJinrad Werke

1. General description of target 1

2. Uames of investigators 2
• 3* Interested agencies 2
4< Participating firms and Persons Interrogated 2
5. Geology 3
6. Description of Construction 3
(a) General
(b) Ventilation 4
(c) n'ater and Sewerage
Appendix G
Exhibit 1 - Construction Schedule and Progress
Chart.
" 2 - Tunnel Plan Showing Progress of
Construction.
B - Rneinische tfeatfalisch Kalkwerke
1. General description of target 5
2. Names of investigators 5
3. Interested agencies 5
4. Participating firms and Persons Interrogated 5
5. Description of Construction 6
(a) General
(b) Ventilation
(c) Camouflage
(d) Power
C - Junkers Flugzeug v. itotorwerke A.G.
1. General description of target 6
2. Names of investigators 7
3. Interested agencies 7
4. Description of Construction 7
(a) General
Power
Ventilation
Sewage Disposal
(a)
D - Rhenania - OSSEF. A.G.
1. General description of target 7
2. Names of investigators 7
3. Interested agencies 7
4- Participating firm 6
5- Description of Construction 8
'S - Siemena-Schuckert iTerke. A.G.
1. General description of target 8
2. Names of investigators 8
3. Interested agencies 8
4. Participating firm and Persona Interrogated 9
5. Description of Construction 8
la) General
(b) Power
wy
(c) Ventilation
(d) Miscellaneous
(1) Sewage
(2) Heat
(3) Kitchen
Appendix G ^

Exhibit 3 - Tunnel plan

f - Teinerstrasse Hospital
1. General description of target 9
2. Names of investigators 9
3. Interested agencies 9
4. Participating firm and Person Interrogated 10
5. Description of Construction 10
(a) General
(b) Water Supply and Sewage
(c) Power
(d) Ventilation
(e) Kitchen
(f) Heat
Appendix G.
Exhibit 4 - Tunnel plan
G - Allgaier Werke
1. General description 10
2. Names of investigators H
(b)
 The investigations of the tunnels described in this section _.
reeled nothing unique in design or construction methods used by the
Germans. However, the following is discussed to give a picture of the
hardships encountered and to what means the Germans had to subject
themselves to keep war industries gopng in spite of the heavy bom
bardment from Allied Air Forces. Attention is invited to paragraphs
26 to 57, fartTwo "Adaptations of Existing Facilities", which are de
voted to tunnels.

Tunnels were constructed or in the process of construction to

house new manufacturing plants to replace those already damaged or
completely destroyed, and, to house those plants that were subject
to aerial bombardment.

The locations of the tunnels were governed by the geology of

the sites and their proximity to transportation and utility systems.

Tunnels were equipped with such utilities as electric power,

water supply, sewerage, ventilation, in aome cases heating, and is
the case of a hospital gas proofing.

A. Doraler - MftTNfih - fofllffltrt - wTv«i SBBUXSBL mtosmgi

1. General Description of Target. The plant is housed in tun

nels dug into the mountain bordering the shores of Lake Constance in
the town of UBBRLHODI a/Lake Constance, Germany. (Hap Coordinate
JAB/XOQ). The plant was originally scheduled to house the evacuated
factories of DOKNIER, MAXBACH, and ZAEMRAD. However, ZABHRAD was not
able to move in, and DORNIER took over the space assigned to the for
mer.
Total construction time was calculated at eight months. However,
factory production was started at the end of three months, at which
time the first tunnels were completed.

Exhibit No. 1, Appendix "G", includes the construction schedules

and progress chart for each of the tunnels.

The sections, "IP, "Z" and "P" refer to the tunnel areas assign
ed to the firms of Maybach, Zafanrad and Dornier respectively. An esti
mate of the underground floor area contemplated gives a figure of
about 645,800 sq. ft. If the proposed construction had been completed
en time, further penetration into the mountain had been planned.

VI - 1
 Exhibit No 2, Appendix "G" is building engineer Arnuef Pflets-
chinger's sketch of the tunnels - those finished and those in the pro
cess of construction. At the present time, all plans are in the hands
of the "T" section of the First French Army.
2. Names of Investigators. Target was initially investigated on
25 May 1945 by:
1. I. Webb - Captain - Int Div - OCE
Mr. R. P. Fischer - Civilian - Int Div - OCE
Geological
Consultant
This visit was primarily a geological investigation. The results of
this visit are incorporated in paragraph 5 of this report* It was
again investigated by the team of:
H. P. Evans - Major - Int Div - OCE
D. I. Hovsepian - 2nd Lt. - Int Div - OCE
5. Interested, Agencies. This report has been prepared primarily
for the information and use of the Office of the Chief of Engineers ,
Washington, D. C. and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
4. Participating Firms and Persons Interrogated. The code name
for the works was "HAGNESIT", and was so referred to officially. Con
struction was under the direct supervision of Organization Todt, which
had organized seven contractors into a loosely-knit working party)
SIEMENS BAH UNION being the supervisory group immediately below Organi
zation Todt. The contractors were as' follows:
NAME ADDRESS
• 1. Senger & Landinger WALZHUD
2* Putzer DORTMUND
5. Wahler MUHCHEN
4. Willi Setz
5. Otto Meyer BADEN-BADEN
6. Krieg and Goll BAD ISCHL (AUSTRIA)
7. Stichtman WUPPERTAL
The following persons were interrogated:
Building Engineer - Arnuef Pfletsohinger
Siemens Bauunion
Uberlingen, Austria.
Designing Engineer - Franz J. Strasser
and Architect (Now living on outskirts of
Uberlingen) .
VI - 2
 5. Geology. The galleries are cut into a flat-lying bed of soft,
massive sandstone.

The present beach of Lake Constance Is narrow and rises steeply

about twenty (20) feet to a flat three hundred to five hundred (500 to
500) feet wide, which Is probably an old beach out in rock at a time
when the lake surface stood at a higher level. The highway and rail
road are on this flat. The portals are out with their floors only
slightly above the level of this flat, and they are at the base of a
vertical or rounded cliff-face that is about seventy (70) feet high.

The sandstone is massive and nearly uniform in composition. Being

soft it is easily mined and the underground openings can be readily
dressed to the exact dimensions desired. Even though the sandstone is
soft, it apparently stands well after the ground is opened, for in one
of the finished galleries it was noted that only a thin layer of gunite
was used to coat the walls. At two (2) different places in the under
ground workings visited, the ground was apparently bad, and at each
place for a length of fifty (50) feet or so the back had to be support
ed by vertical stulls and lagging - ordinary mining methods were used.
At one of these places, at what appears to have bean a working face
of one of the drifts at the time construction stopped, a considerable
flow of water was encountered; the water entering the workings through
narrow but open vertical fissures. Elsewhere the workings are essenti
ally dry; probably there is enough shaly material with the sandstone to
make it reasonably watertight.

6. pescriptlon of Construction.

(a) General. Five tunnels were started, simultaneously,

from the cliff face. Construction methods were typical of those
previously seen, where sandstone geological structure existed.
The usual air hammers were occasionally supplemented by small
blastings. The spoil was loaded on to narrow guage cars by hand,
transported out, and then dumped underwater into Lake Constance.
Ventilation, during construction, -ms accomplished by using one
pipe, and a reversible fan.

Except for the floors, no concrete was placed. The sand

stone had excellent stability and firmness. However, to keep
the stone from drying out, and later spelling off, all tunnels
were "Torkretted" . This consisted of spraying the stone with a
l:l or lx2 sand cement mixture. With the hygroscopic quality
of the sandstone, an effective depth of 1 inch of cement-sand
layer was achieved.

One proposal, made originally, was to use a reinforced cement-

sand facing. Reinforcement was to be set up, conforming to the
tunnel cross section. The bars were to be sprayed with a ltl mix
ture, to a depth of 2 inches. However, the excellent stability of
the sandstone, together with the shortage of steel and cement, con—
VT - 5
trHalted to the use of the "Torkrette" method.
Work and. railway tunnels were all of the same arch cross
section; 25 feet wide (at the base), 18 feet high and a four-
inch concrete floor. The distance between center lines of the
tunnels was 72 feet. This distance was considered adequate for
soil stability and bomb-proofing.
The smaller tnimels had an arch cross section of 11.4 feet
height, 18 feet width and a 4 inch concrete floor. One princi
ple was adhered to strictly. All excavations in the larger tun
nels, in the immediate vicinity of crossing points, were comple
ted before penetration by the smaller tunnels were executed.
During most of the construction work, no shoring had been
necessary. In one place a cave-in of serious proportions had
ocoured. There, elaborate shoring had been set up.
The quality of the stone was excellent, up to about 1,000
feet of penetration. There, a very faulty strata of sandstone
was encountered. The demarcation line is roughly outlined by
the terminating points of the red lines in exhibit "2*. Ex
cessive amounts of ground water were encountered, and shoring
was absolutely required. Farther excavation was immediately
stopped; and the forward ends of the tunnels were sealed with
brick walls along the cross tunnel (la). These walls were set
up to permit the operation of the tunnels as single units in
the ventilation plan; and to exclude dust and dirt from any
later excavation work.
(b) Ventilation. Details on ventilation were not avail
able at the time of Investigation. However, the architect and
building engineer gave a general description.
The tunnel arch itself was to be used as the fresh air
circulating conduit, and a 15*7 inch pipe line as the exhaust
air conduit. A common shaft housed the fresh air intake abaft;
the exhaust air shaft; the boiler room nhlmany; and an escape
passage for working personnel. The overall dimensions of the
shaft wex« to be 9.2 feet by 9.5 feet in cross section, and the
various sections were to be partitioned off by means of insul
ating board.
Both the fresh and exhaust air systems were to be •quipped
with fan*. No more than one central ventilation station had been
planned. However, booster fans were to be located in the lines
of the exhaust system.
71-4
 Air conditioning had originally bean planned; bat In any
case, no unusual method had been contemplated. The basis for
design was on standard need of individuals working, plus an
estimated amount for the production problems.

- Ho gas proofing had been contemplated.

(c) Water and Sewerage. Ground water was negligible ln

the first 1.000 feet of penetration. Beyond 1,000 feet, the
seepage from the side walls and from above was excessive. The
tunnels were then given a slight upgrade during excavation;
and side ditches scooped out to carry off the accumulated water
to where natural drainage would take care of it all. However,
the system was absolutely inadequate, since huge pools of water
were constantly encountered, especially in the further reaches
of the tunnels. According to information received, this ex
cessive ground water had not been forseen.

The sewage was conducted through pipes to a treatment

plant on the outside. The effluent was discharged into Lake
Constance, and the digested solids used on local farms.

B. Rhainiaaha - Westfa,Hflflh» - WarcirlWi TO^AL TIBER RODIHG-

BAUSEH. Germany.

1. General Description of Target. Construction had begun for

th Installation of an underground coal hydro genation plant. This
plant was to utilize the equipment from the Union Krafstoff at
WESSELING, Germany. Plant was to have a capacity of 500 tons per
day. This project, known as "Schwalbe I" was top secret and very
little details are known and plans were not available.

2. Hames of InvaaUffltorfl.

C. F. McQuiston - Major - Int Div - 0CE

R. K. Burns - 2nd Lt. - Int Div - 0CE

3. Untareated Agencies. This report has been prepared pri

marily for the Information and use of the Office of the Chief of
Engineers, Washington, D. C. and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir,
Virginia.

4. Participating Firna and Persons Interrogated. Work was be

ing done under the German Ministry for War Production by Organisation
Todt and Gelsenkirchener A. G. The following person was interrogated:
F. G. Glass, Director of Rheinische Westfalische Kalkwerke.
VI - 5
 5. Description of Conatractiop.

(a) General. Work was begun In August l944. Approximately

9,000 men were wnployed, most of whom were "slaves".

Construction was being carried on in the face of a limestone

hill adjacent to the cement plant of the Bheinische Westfalische
Kalkwerke in the town of HflNNETAL UBER RODINGHAUSHI, Germany.
At the time of investigation work had been initiated on twenty
(20) tunnels which were being dug into the face of a hill.
These tunnels are 100 to 120 meters long; 6 meters wide at the
base and 6 meters high. A second series of smaller tunnels had
been started directly over the first tunnels. In addition ver
tical shafts were under construction. Additional rooms and
cross connecting tunnels were proposed. Three circular pits, 12
meters in diameter and 20 meters deep had been dug in the open
in front of the face of the hill. Their probable use is unknown.

Main tunnels had an overburden of 70 to 80 meters. Excava

tion was done by pneumatic drills. Average dally task was approxi
mately l8 feet. Rock was full of faults and there was evidence
of numerous caveins and slides. No shoring was need except where
faults occurred.

(b) Ventilation. Ventilation for workers was provided by

means of suction lines to exhaust the dust.

(c) Camouflage. No effort had been made to camouflage

the work, although screens had been erected along the adjacent
railroad track to hide it from view of passing trains.

(d) fower. Substations and some electric wiring had been

installed. Power was obtained from the local 15,000 volt grid.
Power was stepped down at a main substation to 6,000 volts and
stepped down further by means of individual substations to
4007231 volts. No other utilities had been installed.

C. Junkers, Qaqaag v. Mbtorwerke. A. G.f LANGEHbTKJil P Germany.

1. General Description. A bombproof plane fuselage assembly

plant was set up in a tunnel system driven into a limestone hill
located near LANGENSTEd, German, 4 miles South West of HALBERSTADT,
Germany. Tunnel operations began in 1943 with continuous expan
sion being carried on since that time. As rapidly as additional
rooms were completed, the equipment for expanding plant production
was moved in. There was no evidence of any damage from aerial bom
bardment.

VI -6
 2. Names of Investigators.
James L. Paton - Lt. Col. - Int Div - OCR - CIOS
Mac Silvert - Captain - Int Div - OCE - CIOS
Joseph Kanhi - 2nd Lt. - Int Div - OCE - CIOS
3. Interested Agencies. This report has been prepared primarily
for the information and use of the Office of the Chief of Engineers,
Washington, D. C. and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
4. Description of
(a) General* The tunnels, semi-eliptical, 25 feet by 25
feet, are driven . through a water-tight hard limestone with shor
ing used only where faults occurred. Host of tunnel work was
carried on by hand labor, mostly "slaves".
(b) Electric Power was brought to site from an outside
source and was stepped down to required voltage by means of sub
stations installed on the site.
(c) Ventilation system was a standard suction type which
was installed in the completed tunnels. There was no means for
gas proofing the plant.
(d) Sewage disposal was a gravity flow type.

D* H ~ Osaef A. G. . OSTERODS./&ARZ.
1. General Description of Target. The installation was to con
sist of 13 tunnels bored in a gypsum hill, in the town of OSTERODE/
HARZ, Germany. Eight of the tunnels had been rounded out to a length
of approximately 100 meters long. The tunnels were shaped in a semi-
eliptical arch, 6 meters wide at the base aid 5 meters high. All
supervising personnel and files were evacuated prior to occupation
of the area by allied troops. Local residents knew nothing of the
proposed final extent of the installation or its purpose. No work
other than partial excavation and spoil disposal had been completed.
2* Names of Inveati gators.
James L. Paton - Lt.Col. - Int Div - OCE - CIOS
Charles F. HcQuiston - Major - Int Div - OCE - CIOS
Anthony Gelardi - Captain - Int Div - OCE - CIOS
3. Interested Agencies. This report has been prepared for the
information and use of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washing
ton, D. C., and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
VI - 7
 4. ParticipfrUnfl Flra- Work was begun in early 1945 and was
supervised by Organization Todt.
5. Description of Construction. Diesel engines with large
duap ears were used to remove the spoil which was used to level off
the area adjoining the entrances to the tunnels. Both electric and
coapressed drills were used in the construction. 1 temporary suction
system was installed to remove exhaust gases and dust. It was evident
that construction was carried on for 24 hours a day. Slave labor
•used except for the supervisory personnel.

B. Si^BMP* p - PtiHtttfWT't We
1. Qflp.flrii1! Description of Target* This is an underground
machine shop and air raid shelter for the Siemen' s-Scbuckert plant,
located in MDDMEIM/RUHR, Germany. Construction was started in 1944.
Turbines were once manufactured here, but at the time of investiga
tion all equipment had been evacuated.
2. Names of Investigators.
Charles F. HcQuiston - Major - Int Div - OCB-CIOS
R. K. Burns - 2nd Lt. - Int Div - OCE-SIOS
5. Interested Agencies. This report has been prepared for the
information and use of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washing-
•ton, D. C., and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

4. Pflrti\cipat'*T'lfi f^u and Person Interrogated. Siemens-Sciiuc-

kerb provided own labor and supervision to construct the plant. Dok-
tor Kottgen, Managing Director of the plant was interrogated.
5. Description of Construction.
(a) General. Tunnels were dug in soil that is gravel
bearing sand at a depth of 10 meters to the roof of the tunnel.
Tunnels are elliptical shape, 20 feet at the base, 15 feet high
and 1,000 feet long, including branch tunnels and rooms off the
mnin tunnel. Tunnels are lined throughout with 18 inches of
plain concrete mixed at the ratio 1:2. A rich mix was used for
waterproofing and quick setting. During construction and in
completed tunnels ground water seepage was drained into sumps
and pumped to the surface.
Tunnej had two offset stairways to entrances througfr steel
blast doors and two removable precast slabs set in roof through
which heavy equipment could be handled by crane.

VI - 8
 In construction a vertical shaft was dug and shored with
timber sheet piling. The horizontal tunnels were dug by driving
steel sheet piling horizontally for a distance of one meter.
Steel sheet piling was supported on arched steel beams. These
beams were spaced two feet on centers. When excavation had been
completed to a distance of one meter the sheet paling and beams
were removed and the lining was poured. One meter of tunneling
was excavated and concreted per 24 hours.

(b) Power was supplied from plant supply. There were no

auxilliary sources.

(c) Ventilation. Natural ventilation was relied upon. A

forced-draft system was planned but not yet completed. Suction
ducts 42" X 18" were installed. Large duct was used to allow low
velocity fans to be used so as not to create excessive drafts.

(d) Miscellaneous.

(1) Sewage from latrines was pumped to plant

sewers.

(2) jleat to keep shop dry and warm was supplied

from the heat given off by the motor driven machine
tools.

(S) A kitchen was planned and six (6) 500 litres

capacity cookers were available but not yet installed.

F. Teinerstrasse Hospital. MflLHEIM/talHR. Germany.

1. General Description of Target. This is a ninety (90) bed

underground hospital dug into a rock hill in m9lheIM/kUhk, Germany in
1943. The overburden is approximately eleven (ll) meters.

This is a fully equipped hospital and not a first aid station.

It is equipped with wards, dispensary, operating room, drug and surgi
cal stores, etc.

Adjacent to the hospital are air raid shelters designed to ac

comodate 2,500 people was under construction. Construction was simi
lar to that of the hospital but concrete was left unfinished.

2. Names of Investigators.

Charles F. McQuiston - Major - Int Div - OCE-CIOS

5, Interested Agencies. This report has been prepared for the

Information and use of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington,
D. C, and the Engineer Board, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
VI - 9
 4. PaffcjLei.pat't^pt Flrps aT^ Perso^f TpV?rropated.
Hathlaa Stinnes. Mathlas Stinnee was interrogated.
5* paflqrftjptlon of

(a) general. Hospital consists of two parallel tunnels

approximately 54 asters long and 18 meters apart with 5 cross
neetlng tunnels. Tunnels are from two to three meters wide and
three meters high with semi-circular roof. Tunnels are lined with
50 cm of p1 «<" concrete finished with cement plaster and then
painted.
(b) Water flupplr and Sewerage. City water is brought in.
There are two emergency storage tanks with a total capacity of
2,500 cubic meters. Consumption was designed on a 100 liter per
capita for 150 persons. Sewage flows by gravity to city system.
(c) Power is supplied by the city grid. An emergency dle-
sel generator is installed.
(d) VMvfcila-Mon is a forced draft type. Blowers bring in
fresh air through one shaft and exhaust air is blown out through
other shaft. Hospital is gas proofed. AII doors hare gas proof
gaskets. Ventilation system has five Draeger filters equipped
with both motor drive and manual operated on the inlet. Diesel
engine and kitchen ranges exhaust through shafts to top of hill.
All shafts are offset.
(e) fiiiebfia. Hospital has a kitchen with coal fired
ranges that could feed 150 persons.
(f) Heat was supplied by a hot water heating system. Boiler
house was located on the surface near the entrance.

n Aaer Werke
1. General Description. Organization Todt started excavation
on a series of nmnll underground tunnels in soft red sand stone in bill
above UHINGEN, Germany. It was proposed to move part of the Allgaier
Works Into these tunnels for the manufacture of airplane small parts.
Only about 50 meters tunneling, measuring 2j meters by Z meters, had
been driven. Bo lining had been poured. Ho construction features of
Interest was observed.
2. N^ap of

: S SJ : S : S5
VI -10
 SECTION VII
PABI THREE

SECTION VII - COMitUNlCATIOMS CENTERS

LNDSI

Page
A . Radio and radio telephone station 1
B - Telephone and telegraph exchange 1

A - Radio and Radio-Telephone Station

At KLSINAU, GSRiiAKTisa radio and radio-telephone underground
station of reinforced concrete approximately 100 ft oy 65 ft by 9.7
ft. Wall thicknesses are 22" for exterior and 16" for interior
walls.. The ceiling thickness is 13" of concrete. The installation
is camouflaged perfectly as it is the substructure for one of two
brick snd tile buildings which are typical German architecture.
The suostructure of the other building is of brick and is normally
used for storage rooms and 1'or a heating room. A tunnel connects
the two buildings.
Construction started in tne fall of 1937 -"Uid was finished in the
spring of 1933. This station, as well as other similar ones in the
area, was a part of the Gerrnan Postal Telegraph coming under the
jUOTEbUjtG postal chief. Otto Claeger of JUJilNAu, work supervisor
of the station, was questioned and information received was that
si .liar installations, differing only in size, had been constructed
during the same period at, JARCH&U Bei STflJUci, CHEIHE bei
and GRAVEN1TZ to fora links in the aERLUMUMauiUi network.
Power was brought in from an outside line ana used for all pur
poses in the station except for the radio and radio-telephone which
were ixswerod by a Diesel motor generator.
One room was used for water storage tanks with automatic electric
pumps, rhe water was for all needs at the station. All sewage facil
ities were in the buildings overhead. Quarters for the station
operators and their families were provided in the two buildings.
A Ventilating system was set up in one room. All air was brought
ia through one intake from the outside and processed through gas
filters before being blown to the various rooms. The used air was then
brought back to the ventilating room and reprocessed.
The heating plant in the normal basement provided heat for the
living quarters only; heating in the station was provided by the use
of heaters in the air ducts leading to 'the rooms.
Gas proofing was accomplished by the use of steel doors leading
into the station, each one of which had a rubber gasket for closing
making air-tight. The windows were all of glass block construction
protected by steel shutters 3/4" thick.
B - Telephone ana telegraph exchange - KA^SEL
The Kassel telephone and telegraph exchange was locatea in the
cellar of a stone structure situated approximately in the center of
town. The builaing had oeen reduced to rubble oy bombing but the

VII - 1
cellar remained virtually intact and portions thereof had brsn con
verted Into bomb-proofs by adding «teel doors equipped with rubber
seals. A roof consisting of 3 feet of reinforced concrete had been
half completed to cover the cellar. The concrete was laid on the
ground floor which in some places was & to 10 feet aoove natural
ground level. This structure was a simple example of a minor under
ground expedient. Suitable camouflage was derived from its lo
cation amid buildings wrecked and gutted by bombing.

VII - 2
 SECTIOH VIII

PART THREE

SECTION VIII - FORTIFICATIONS

INDZX

Page
General 1
A - Kugelstand - "Standing Ball" 1
B - Versuchsplatz - Strong Point 4
C - Versuchsplatz - Pill Boxea 4

Appendix H (Kugelstand drawings)

Exhibit 1 - Principal plan
2. - Reinforcement of the Segment
3 - Concrete matrix
4 - Building program
5 - Shipping details
6 - Proposal for Segment Factory
7 - Measuring specifications
 GENERAL
This section is merely a. compilation of miscellaneous portable
and tactical underground structures.
A - Kugelstand - "Standing Ball"
The Ku~elstand, a reinforced concrete sphere, 7 feet in diameter,
precast in six parts and placed below ground for the purpose of housing
troops, is a development of the engineering firm of Dyckerhoff and
Widmann, MUNICH, Germany, iluch of the development work was done by
Dr. Hubert Rusch in the Berlin office during the latter months of 1944.
The Berlin office of this firm has oeen relocated in Munich, iiuch of
the information herein was obtained from Drs. Riedl and Rusch who are
working now in the Munich office of Dyckerhoff & Widmann, 2 Herzog-
Heinrich Strasse. After development by this engineering firm, the
Sermon Army adopted the Kugel stand as standard equipment. Actual
production of Kugelstands did not start until April 1945 just before
the end of the Suropean War.
Kugeletands were precast at about 20 different concrete plants in .
Germany. The only plant definitely located by this team is at Dorn-
oirn, Germany. At Dornbirn, 5 concrete plants each using 20 to 40
workmen were producing Kugelstands. The largest plant at Dornbirn was
producing only 6 Kugelstands per day. Installation of the ^ugelstands
along the Swiss border only amounted to 20 to 30 of these spheres.
There they were used primarily to conceal troops underground. The
basic idea was that aoove ground structures would quickly reveal the
presence and strength of German Troops along the border. To avoid
this the Kugelstands were used to quickly get the troops underground,
especially in locations where the ground water table was close to the
ground surface.
The pillbox, in its ball-like shape, goes back to the studies of
Architect Laible in Stuttgart. The prefabrication process was de
veloped by Dyckerhoff and Widman K.G. The foregoing iiugelstand was
agreed upon by the firm of Dyckerhoff and vVidman under the cooperation
of the research division of the building Section of OT (Todt Organ
ization), and the QKW/coen d. Pi. and Fest/Abt. field fortifications.
DESCRIPTION (See Exhibit No. 1 (H) {translated from the German Booklet)
The Kugelstand serves as a sentry post and a shelter for a group
of 4 men. It is a reinforced concrete ball, 6.9 feet in diameter
(inner) with a neck 14.4 inches high and a 31.2 inch diameter Dinner).
The ball is to be imoedded in the ground, so that the opening will be
7 inches below the ground level. The opening is made with an angle
iron flange, so that machine guna and mortars can be set up. The
thickness of the ball is only 1.6 in. Since the reinforcements are
perpendicular to each other, iron with a diameter of 0.23 in., was
specified to be 3.9 inches apart. To make the Kugelstand accessible
VIII - 1
from the aide, two openings of 31.2 In. diameter can be chiseled out,
opposite from each other. Around the latter openings, inner strength
ening has been specified, through which the structural strength of
the Kugelstand can oe guaranteed. The floor is even and contains an
opening to bail out the sump water. Since the Kugel is waterproof, it
can be set in land that has a high ground water level. The kugel is
floatable, with an empty draft of 2.62 ft. with a 4.1 ft draft, it
has a carrying capacity of 2 tons, and with a 6.9 ft draft, a 4 ton
capacity.
(See Exhibit No. 1 (H)
On the bottom, there is a wooden walk with two sleeping slabs 70.2
z 21.5 inches, one aoove the other. 23.4 inches above this fleer, 2
other similar sections are made, and between the two an elevated wooden
walk on which the sentry stands. Besides this, 4 small recesses are
located under the upper two slabs, so arranged that between them are a
bench and a small brickette oven with a chimney extending up. Outside
of the sentry, 4 men can lie down in comfort, and change around sit
ting and standing. The opening is generally covered.
REQUIRED BUILDING MATERIALS (See Exhibit No. 7 (H)
For 50,000 Kugelstands:
47,160 cubic yards concrete
18,000 tons cement
5,500 tons steel
The weight of a Kugelstand is only 1,700 kg (3740 Ibs). The neces
sary building materials for a Kugelstand are listed in plan 107.
MANUFACTURE (See Exhibits Nos 2 and 3 (H)
The Kugelstand is maae up of 6 equal spherical segments, floors,
ceiling and 4 walls; and made into a ball by concreting together1. The
spherical segments are set up on meridian lines. Each of these seg
ments weighs between 200 and 320 kg (440-700 Ibs) . They will be con
structed on a concrete matrix, whereby one segment a day can be taken
out from one matrix. The matrixes are so arranged that shallow work
can almost be arranged. The work consists of prefabricating the rein
forcement; placing the reinfon&ement on the matrixes (the reinforce
ment is held to the matrix by sliding the looped ends of the rods over
gas pipe, or wood stops); pouring of concrete; and the finishing of
the segment surface by hand. The reinforcement of a segment consists
of two strings of round iron. They are arranged fehat being parallel
to the side of the segment, in a continuous band, the looped ends of
the reinforcements jut out 3-1 in. from the edges. Two 2 inch wide
pieces or concrete jut out on each side of the individual segments
showing the joining joints. The projecting ends of the reinforce
ments overlap, and two segments are strongly bound together with an
nealed brass wire wound around the reinforcements. The ball is held
VIII - 2
together in this manner, all ready to be put together, so that the
joints may be finished off In a simple manner with a sand-cement mix.
The sides of the segments have been provided, by means of the form for
the sides, with a neat groove. To aid in the Joining together of the
segments, a light angle bar has been provided.
For the construction of the call segments, the necessary concrete
matrix is a thin segment, notwithstanding the circular ground plan.
For the Shell of the edge, and the accurate in place resting of the
reinforcement, an iron fence, weighing 25 kg (63 IDS), is provided
with each matrix.
FINISHING (See Exhibits Nos 4 and 6 (H)
The enclosed plan - 104, of the building program takes into con
sideration a starting date of 4 i-'ec 1944 • By the end of the year,
the concrete shells for matrix works will be set up in Bflgenwalde,
Cossebande b. Dresden, Konigshutte, Vienna, Munich-Helm, Wiesbaden-
Erbenheim, Elberheld and Hamburg. Each of the works will have a
force of 40 men, and 30 matrixes, to work with. The daily production
for this setup would be 5 Kugels per day (30 segments) . The contract
for the erection of the next 5,000 matrixes has been granted the firm
Af Dyckerhoff and Widman, by the Building Division of O.T.
The contracts for the segment manufacturing are lor the pooling
group of the O.T. to give out In their district. Raichsminister
Speer specified that Dyckerhoff and Widman were to be commissioned
with the direction of the finishing. The foregoing order for 5,000
matrixes would yield, by each pooling group, a monthly production
of 2,500 Kugelstands. This capacity caa by reached by the middle of
February 1945 • In each group.
In case the foregoing production does not cover needs, a change
can be made in the production of the matrix works: they can produce
more.
The finished Kugelstand is thoroughly coated with a tar base
water proofing compound, at the construction site. Although plans
show heating of forms, not one of the firms had adequate set ups.
After the first few Kugels had been made, the Joining tips on
the edges were eliminated.
TRANSPQP-ATIOK (See Exhibit Ho. 5 (H)
This paragraph refers to transportation of Kugelstands - see
plan 10$.
STHH4GTH OF THE KUGELSTAND;
Tests run by the O.T. show that the Kugelstand will withstand an
explosion, as long as the wave does not enter the ball. The following
VIII - 3
data came from OKH/Wa/A. during the middle of Decembers
a. The Kugelstand holds up under passage of a heavy tank.
b. Withstands aircraft weapons fire up to 30 on.
c. Mortar fire and Artillery fir*.
ADVANTAGES
1. Low weight. Material and work only a small, Insignificant
part of the regional setup.
2. Safe manufacturing in the works setup.
3. Easily transportable.
4. Used where ground water level is high.
5. In comparison to the expense there is great invulnerability
to explosions. Better protection can be had at a greater cost; but,
in this case, not as good protection for so little cost.
6. Not only a combat post, but also a shelter.
B - Versuchsplats Strong Point
This underground strong point at HILLSJSLEBEN, GERMANY was construct
ed .in: 123S-39 as a model for the Siegfried Line and was used in training
ani also for the Baking of training and propaganda films. The group
consists of four gun turrets with steel cupolas and accompanying rooms,
such as a control room, plotting room, living quarters, latrines, stor
age, etc., with inter-connecting corridors. The system is built on
three levels with stairs and elevators. It has all utilities except a
heating plant. A diesel unit on the lowest level was used for power
with a smaller diesel unit set up on an upper level as a stand by
power system. A very elaborate communications system had been in
place but was 50$ dismantled. Standard reinforcsd concrete construct
ion was apparently used throughout. The construction was carried on
in an open cut which was then backfilled. No attempt at gas proofing
the strongpoint had been made.
C - Versuchsplats - Pill Boxes
Two concrete structures apparently intended for pill boxes were
under construction at H1LLERSLESEN, GERMANY. There was no evidence
of use of reinforcing steel with the exception of some projecting roda
similar to our barbed wire anchor pickets (apparently used as tie rods
between concrete pours). An open cut was used for both structures,
each of which extended about 20' below ground. One structure was en
tirely concrete, the other was brick lined. Overall dimensions 30*
x 35* with the portion above ground hemispherical in shape. Exterior
concrete was approximately 6' thick with the interior partition walls
being 2' thick. Three rooms to each structure with steel steps lead
ing from the ground floor of the structures.

VIII - 4
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 APPENDIX I

General geologic influence; The general type of underground irv

stallation is influenced to a considerable extent by the geologic en-
viroment. They are classified according to geologic type as follows:
1) Bunker type, comprising factories and ammunition dumps and oil
storage dumps, wholly or partly underground, for whicn the principal
construction method consisted of a surface excavation, emplacement of
the installation, and partial or complete burial of it; these install
ations are found mostly where the rock at the surface is unconsolidated
gravel or sano or where the soil cover is deep. 2) Mine or tunnel type,
comprising old mines, quarries or caves; railroad and highway tunnels;
and new mine-like or tunnel-like openings; entrance to the installation
is either by a shaft or a portal in a hillside; ordinary mining methods
are used in excavation, and the openings may or may not be supported;
these installations are mostly in hard rock. 3) Miscellaneous, con
sisting of available openings like beer cellars, etc.
Table 1 classifies the underground installations accorcing to the
geologic types and shows the numoer of installations of each type in
each of the several geologic provinces in Germany. The taole is
compiled from all availaole lists of underground installations, and
each installation is classified according to the available information
concerning it. Althougn these lists of underground installations are
known to be incomplete, and even though not enough information is a-
vailable on some of the installations listed to classify them accord
ing to type, the table shows clearly the common type of installation
in each geologic province. It is predicted that most of the install
ations classified as "unknown", and most of the installations that are
not yet recorded on the target lists, will prove to be of the type
shovm to predominate in the particular province in which they occur.
The outlines of the several geologic provinces in Germany are
shown on figure 1 , and the geologic character, of each province is
briefly described below.
The Baltic plains extend from Belgium through northern German to
Russia. Hocks at the surface consist of glacial deposits and Recent
marine ana river sediments, all unconsolidated. These cover fla£-
lying beds of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. The southern boundary of
this province is irregular, witn embayments reaching into the high
lands of older rocks to the south. The geologic enviroment in this
province is particularly favorable for tne construction of the bunker
type of underground installation— 85 percent of tne underground in
stallations identified as to geologic type in this province are of
the bunker type.
The Central highland-Triassic basin province lies between the
Slate Mtn. upland and Rhine graben-Black Forest region on the west
and the Bohemian massif on the east. It consists mainly of nearly
flat-lying Triassic and Jurassic sediments, which have been dis-
- 1 -
turbed in a few places oy relatively small uplifts, such as the Harz
fountains, and by volcanic activity, as in the Vogelsberg. This geo
logic province contains most of the salt and gypsum deposits that have
been mined in Germany. Cf the underground installations that have
been identified as to geologic type, 76 percent are of the mine or
tunnel type.
The Slate Mtn. upland lies between the Ilhine River on the east and
Belgium and Luxembourg on the west. It consists mainly of old, highly
deformed sediments. Most of the underground, installations identified
as to type are in old openings, either railroaa or nighway tunnels or
old minebj the rest appear to be in new mine-like or tunnel-like open
ings.
The Vosges ana Black Forest region consists of old, deformed sed
iments and intrusive igneous rocks; the icnine graoen is a downfaulted
block that is partly filled with young, soft sediments. Not .r.any
underground installations are reported in this geologic province, but
it is predicted that most of the installations in the Vosges and clack
Forest region are of the -nine or tunnel type, and most of those in the
Rhine 6raven are of the bunker type.
The Bavarian plateau extends through southern Germany into Austria.
The rocks at the surface consist of soft sediments of Tertiary age,
covered in part by a thin veneer of unconsolidated sand and gravel of
Quaternary age. Because these rocks are soft, most of the underground
installations are of tne bunker type, as in the Baltic plains province.
In contrast to the heterogeneous material composing the glacial de
posits of the Baltic plains, however, the river-deposited sediments of
the Bavarian plateau are well sorted. This character permits the con
struction of unique installations, such as the semi-underground arches
near Kaufering, where the material excavated was used Tor concrete
aggregate, and the ane-like openings in soft sandstone, as at Uber-
lingen and otner places.
The Alpine province in Austria consists mainly of highly deformed
sediments cf Mesozoic age.. The underground installations are mostly
of the mine type, in thick limestone beds.
The Bohemian massif is a highly deformed complex of sedimentary
and igneous TOCKS. All of the identified underground installations
are in old mines.

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 UNIVERSITY OF MORGAN

3 9015 03169 151