Volume II, Section 3B‐6 

SECTION 3B : TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR

GENERATING EQUIPMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
 

6  CONTROL, MEASURING, AND PROTECTIVE RELAYING

EQUIPMENT  1 
6.1  GENERAL ......................................................................................................................... 1 

6.2  PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY ....................................................................................... 1 

6.3  PROTECTION DEVICES ........................................................................................................ 2 

6.4  INDICATION AND CONTROL FACILITIES ................................................................ 5 

6.5  WORK TESTS ................................................................................................................. 9 

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 Volume II, Section 3B‐6 

SECTION 3B

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERATING

EQUIPMENTS

6 CONTROL, MEASURING, AND PROTECTIVE RELAYING

EQUIPMENT

6.1 GENERAL

The equipment provided under this Section of the Contract shall include all protection,
alarm and control devices as indicated in the Schedules, Drawings and Specification and
shall include all equipment provided loose from the turbine and generator manufacturers
as well as all contact multiplying relays required for the complete protection, indication and
control of the turbine/generator sets and the 20 kV generator transformer.

6.2 PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY

(1) Generator Transformer Protection

Overcurrent relay will provide overcurrent protection for the 20 kV/6300 V generator
transformers.
Each generator transformer shall be provided with earth fault protection facilities.
(2) Generator Protection
Each generator is cabled directly to its associated 20 kV/6300 V transformer. The
Generator is synchronized to the 20 kV system at the 20 kV side of step up Transformer
via the unit 20 kV circuit breaker. All generator and turbine trips, either electrical or
mechanical, also the transformer earth fault protection shall trip the unit 20 kV circuit
breaker.
Synchronizing of the generator to the 20kV system shall be accomplished from the
synchronizing facilities on the control panel.
All protection equipment, measuring devices and associated transducers as well as all
loose supply equipment from the turbine/generator manufacturers shall be included in the
generator panel and displayed by flag relays.
All other protection equipment in and around the generator/turbine shall be separated
indicated by flag relays mounted on the generator (unit} control panel.

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Generally all machine protection shall be divided into two classes, electrical trips that
cause immediate opening of the circuit breaker and normal trips that cause a normal shut
down of the turbine generator set.

6.3 PROTECTION DEVICES 

(1) General
The application, performance and testing of protective devices shall be in -accordance
with IEC 255 or equivalent national standard.
Protection equipment shall be designed and applied to provide maximum discrimination
between faulty and healthy circuits. All protection equipment shall remain inoperative
during transient phenomena which may occur during switching or other disturbances to
other parts of the system.
Current transformers, which shall all have 5A secondary windings, shall be located so as
to include the associated circuit breaker within the protected zone and shall be located
generally as indicated on schematic drawings.
Relays shall be of approved types complying with IEC 255 or equal, shall have approved
characteristics and be flush mounted in dust and moisture proof cases with preferably
withdrawable type enclosures to IEC 68.
Relays shall be arranged so that adjustments, testing and replacement can be affected
with the minimum of time and labor. Relays of the hand reset type shall be capable of
being reset without opening the case.
Relay contacts shall be suitable for making and breaking the maximum currents which
they may be required to control in normal service but where contacts of the protective
relays are unable to deal directly with the tripping currents, approved auxiliary contactors,
relays or auxiliary switches shall be provided. Separate contact shall make firmly without
bounce and the whole of the relay mechanisms shall be unaffected by vibration or
external magnetic fields.
Relays where appropriate shall be provided with flag indicators, phase coloured where
applicable. Flag indicators shall be of the hand reset pattern and shall be capable of being
reset without opening the case. Where two or more phase elements are included in one
case separate indicators shall be provided for each element.
Relays which rely for their operation on an external d.c. supply shall utilize for this purpose
the trip supply of the associated circuit breaker. This supply shall be monitored and an
alarm provided in the event of failure.
Relays with provision for manual operation from outside the case, other than for resetting,
will not be accepted and time delay relays shall not be of the dashpot type.
Relays, whether mounted on panels or not, shall be provided with clearly inscribed labels
describing their application and rating in addition to the general purpose labels.

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To minimize the effect of electrolysis, relay coils operating on d.c. shall be so connected
that the coils are not continuously energized from the positive pole of the battery.
In addition, all relays shall include all suppression circuitry required to ensure that
maloperation does not occur due to normal switching transients on the substation d.c.
supply.
Protection relays shall be of the electromechanical types that have been well proven in
service for at least 10 years.
(2) Static Relays
Electromechanical relays are preferred, however, static relays or relays employing solid
state techniques will be considered. In addition to complying with the requirements of Sub-
Section 6.3, Clause 6.3 (1) the following information shall be supplied.
(i) Evidence of satisfactory in-service experience and component reliability.
(ii) Full details stating how maloperation or component damage due to transient voltage
is eliminated with particular reference to spike voltages originating via current
transformers, cables, d.c. supply and other sources.
Relays with separate internal batteries shall be unacceptable.
(3) Test Facilities
Test facilities shall be provided for the complete on site testing of each relay. This shall
include test plugs and sockets or links as appropriate for secondary injection into the
relay. Provision shall be made for open circuiting all voltage transformer and alarm and
trip connections and for short circuiting all current transformer connections.
Test facilities shall be provided for each current and voltage transformer secondary circuit
so as to give access for testing of protection relays and associated circuits. The facilities
shall comprise test terminals of approved type for front of panel mounting with provision
for automatic short circuiting of current transformer secondary circuit by means of a switch
or by movement of links from their normal operation position. Alternatively the same ' may
be accomplished by use of test sockets and plugs.
Each current circuit shall be earthed through a removable link at one point only. Links
shall be provided for isolation of protection trip circuits.
(4) Flag and Tripping Relays
All alarm and trip conditions shall be indicated by flag relays. Each relay shall be fully
labeled and complete with resetting features. Relays shall be resettable from outside their
enclosure.
Tripping relays may be provided for commoning the shunt trip contacts of the flag relays if
the contact rating of the flag relays should not be sufficient for the circuit breakers
provided. As previously stated the protection equipment for the generator shall be
segregated into two sections, electrical to trip the circuit breaker and normal to trip the
breaker when the guide vane opening has been reduced to its speed no load condition.

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(5) Auxiliary and Contact Multiplying Relays

All relays shall be provided with sufficient contacts for its proposed protection schemes
but shall have a minimum of 1 spare changeover contact.
The contacts shall be rated at 500 VA with maxima of 660 volts and 5 amps.
Auxiliary or contact multiplying relays shall be provided as required to provide all
necessary control, synchronizing indication and protection functions as required.
(6) Protection Supply Segregation
All protection switching or control shall be made from the 110V DC battery supply.
Supplies shall be assessed and miniature circuit breakers or fuses adequately rated for
the particular application.
(7) Synchronizing Facilities and Dead Bus Relays
(a) Check Synchronizing Relay
This device is required to compare voltage, frequency and phase relationships of two
supplies across a circuit breaker prior to closure of that breaker, and permit closure
only if certain preset conditions are met.
The relays required under this Contract shall generally block closure of the circuit
breaker under the following conditions:
i) Voltage less than a preselected value, ranging between 80 and 90% of the
calibrated value. The range setting shall be continuously variable within these
limits.
ii) Phase difference greater than a preselected value, ranging between 0 and ± 45°.
The range setting shall be continuously variable within these limits.
iii) Percentage frequency difference greater than a preset value, ranging from 0.02
to 0.1%. The range setting shall be continuously adjustable within these limits.
Voltage relays, connected to measure line to line voltage shall be provided to allow,
closure of the circuit breakers into a dead line or dead busbar. These relays shall only
permit closure of the breaker if the line or busbar voltage is below 30% nominal.
(b) Synchroscope
Phase to phase measuring synchroscopes shall be provided to show the phase
relationship of the incoming and running supplies. This unit shall be of the
electromagnetic type. The synchroscope and synchronizer incoming, and running
voltage terminals will be selected to the appropriate bus by the synchronizer plug
selection.
(8) Overcurrent and Earth Fault Inverse Time Protection
The protection device shall generally comply with the requirements of Sub-Section 6.3,
Clause (1) and (2) and shall have similar performance the protection relay described
below.

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Over current elements shall be supplied with adjustable settings for both operating current
and time, the design of the relay being such that the adjustment can be carried out on
load. The range of current setting adjustment for phase faults shall be 50 to 200 percent of
rated full load with tappings at 25 percent intervals and the time setting adjustment shall
be 0 to 3 seconds at 10 times the setting current.
Inverse time earth fault elements shall comply with the foregoing but shall have a range of
setting from 10 to 40 percent with tappings at a maximum of 10 percent intervals.
All overcurrent and earth fault relays shall be fitted with high set instantaneous elements
adjustable in the range of 50 to 200 percent of 5A nominal.
(9) Overvoltage Relays
Instantaneous overvoltage relays and their associated timers shall be provided for each
generator protection system. The relays shall be 2 pole types supplied from the 110V
secondaries of the generator potential transformers.
Pick up setting and time delay of time relays shall be :
110 to 140% of nominal voltage and 0-10 sec adjustable time.
Both voltage and time delays shall be adjustable over or including the ranges specified.
(10) Earth Fault Relays
Instantaneous earth fault relays together with time delay relays shall be supplied. The
relays shall be suitable for operation with a current transformer with 5A secondary. The
range of settings shall be 10-40%. The time delay relays shall be adjustable from 0-3 sec.
(11) Power Relay
Alarm for small power generation shall be provided by power relay on the generator
circuit. The relay shall be suitable for detection of generating output of 20 - 40 % rated.
(12) Spares and Special Tools
The Contractor shall provide the following spares and any special tools required for the
maintenance of the equipment offered.
 Two only test plugs or means of testing the relays offered.
 Two spare auxiliary relays of each type
 Two spare flag relays of each type.
 Two sets or any special maintenance tools or relay extraction tools.

6.4 INDICATION AND CONTROL FACILITIES

(1) General
It is required that all control and indication facilities provided under this Contract shall be
as simple yet as comprehensive as possible. The Contractor shall make every effort to
achieve those aims.

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The stations are to be run manually, and the arrangement of the controls should be
selected to ease operator use.
All controls, indication and tripping equipment associated with the turbines and generators
shall be contained within the generator control panel.
(2) Meters and Instrument
All indicating instruments shall be of flush mounted back connected, dustrproof and heavy
duty switchboard type. Each indicating meter and instrument shall have a removable
cover, either transparent or with a transparent window. Each meter and instrument shall
be suitable for operation with the instrument transformers under both normal and short
circuit conditions.
Scale plates shall have a permanent white circular or rectangular finish with black pointer
or markings. The scale ranges shall be determined from current transformers and voltage
transformer ratio.
The wattmeter and watt-hour meters for the generator and 20 kV line circuits shall be of 2
element, 3 phase, 3 wire type those for the station service circuits shall be of 3 element, 3
phase, 4 wire type.
Each wattmeter and watt-hour meters shall be fitted with a reverse running stop. All
indicating instruments shall be approximately 110 mm square enclosures and shall be
provided with clearly readable long scale, approximately 2.40 degrees. The maximum
error shall be not more than one and a half (1.5) percent of full scale range.
Shunts for use with D.C. ammeter with calibrated shunt leads of required length shall be
provided by the Contractor.
The following meters and any associated transducers shall be provided on control panels.
 kWattmeter
 kVarmeter
 ammeter : for each phase
 Voltmeter complete with three phase selector switch scaled 0-6300 V (Generator
Voltage).
 Voltmeter complete with three phase selection switch scaled 0-25 kV line.
 Frequency meter reading 45,50,55 HZ, electromagnetic type
 Hour run meter reading up to 9999 hours run, non reset table.
 Kilowatt hour meter
(3) Alarm Flag Relays
All alarm conditions shall be indicated by flag relays and shall be of the same style as
supplied for Sub-Section 6.3, Clause (4) of this specification. Alarm and trip indicators
where contained in the same enclosure shall be segregated to ease operator
understanding.

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If so required group alarms or trips may be indicated on the machine control panel e.g.
excitation alarm, provided that each alarm condition is separately indicated on the
associated equipment to which it relates.
(4) Generator Control and Indication
The Contractor shall provide the necessary controls required for the complete and
successful operation of the equipment offered. A minimum of control switches are to be
provided, allowing however for the operator to fully control the machines for normal or
'black' start up and for normal or emergency shutdown. The following description has
been prepared as a guideline of the controls desired and their suggested function.
 Raise/lower push buttons for speed and load adjustment of the governor provided.
 Raise and lower push buttons for the voltage adjustment of the A.V.R.
 Governor shutdown/start up control switch or push button. This control interlocks with
tripping functions to provide close down of the turbine for any trip function.
 Governor speed no load or starting controls as appropriate.
 Emergency stop push button stopping the turbine, and opening the circuit breakers.
 Indication lamps shall be provided to indicate the status of selected operational
features i.e. guide vanes closed, inlet valve, governor speed motor operative etc.
(5) Loose Equipment - Temperature Monitoring, Speed Monitoring
The Contractor shall install within the generator control panel all equipment provided loose
by other manufacturers that is necessary for the complete and successful operation of the
station, such as temperature monitors and speed monitors.
(6) Auxiliary and Contact Multiplying Relays
Auxiliary or contact multiplying relays shall be provided as required to provide all
necessary control and indication functions. Relays provided shall be identical to those
supplied under Sub-Section 6.3, Clause (5) of this Specification.
(7) Kilowatt Hours Meter
Kilowatt hour integrating meters shall be of the induction disc, 3 phase unbalanced load
type and shall be mounted in robust flush metal cases.
All integrating meters shall be of approved manufacture. Kilowatt hour meter shall be
provided with maximum demand type indicators arranged for half hour resetting. Provision
shall be made for testing the meters without disturbing any permanent wiring.
(8) Weir Water Level Indicator
One head transducer shall be supplied for the measurement of weir water level.
Transducer shall be calibrated to measure over the normal working range of water level at
the weir.
Transducer shall preferably be fitted with a mechanical indicator scaled identically to the
water level meters in powerhouse

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Transducer shall be installed, in a stilling chamber supplied under this Contract and
mounted adjacent to the weir.
(9) Low Head Alarm
A low head alarm unit, indicating on the alarm panel shall be provided. The alarm signal
shall be obtained from a float switch mounted in the penstock intake structure downstream
of the screen.
(10) Automatic Water Level Control
A controller shall be provided to modulate the output of the turbine generator to maintain
optimum head of water during periods when water flow is less than that required for
maximum generator output. The controller shall be initiated by the Low Head Alarm
described in Sub-Section 6.3, Clause (9) and shall consist of a pulsing system which
closes down the guide vanes of the turbine by adjusting the speed setting on the governor
of the synchronous machines.
Close pulses shall be adjustable between 0 - 30 seconds and the time between pulses
shall be adjustable between 0 - 30 minutes.
When the Low Head Alarm is reset by rising water level, the controller shall, after time
delay variable between 0-10 minutes, reset the output of the turbine generators to
maximum by a similar pulsing action.
The water level control system shall be complete with all necessary equipment and
selector switch to disable the control system when automatic operation is not required.
In the stations with two generating sets, the controller shall initially modulate the output of
one generator. When this is at minimum value the output of the generator should then be
modulated.
(11) Mimic
As indicated on the control panel a simplified mimic shall be supplied to show connection
of the turbine generating sets to the 20 kV. This mimic shall be fully annotated as to
feeder names, circuit breaker designations and metering. The mimic shall be constructed
from 10 mm wide copper or brass bars secured to the panel face.
Mimics for 20 kV lines shall be colored red.
(12) Spares and Special Tools
The Contractor shall provide the following spares and any special tools required for the
maintenance of the equipment offered.
 200 % of each type of lamp offered.
 2 discrepancy switches
 2 of each type of switch offered
 One (1) sets of any special extraction tools or maintenance tools.

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6.5 WORK TESTS

Works tests in accordance with the Employer’s General Requirements shall be performed
on all equipment provided. The tests shall include but not be limited to:
(1) Routine tests
(a) Arrangement of Wiring and Equipment
All wiring and equipment shall be checked for arrangement, compliance with the
requirements of the specification and for conformity with the approved drawings.
(b) Insulation of Wiring and Equipment
All wiring and equipment which will become energized in the course of operation shall
be tested for satisfactory insulation of in accordance with IEC 540.
(c) Instrument Transformers
Instrument transformers shall be routine tested to the relevant approved national
standard.
(d) Operation of Ancillary Equipment
All contactors, relays and protective devices shall be checked to establish compliance
with the approved values of setting and tolerance.
(e) Other Tests
Other routine tests on the complete equipment shall be carried out in accordance with
the relevant approved national standard.
(2) Type Tests
All items of electrical equipment shall have been type tested and evidence of this
produced if requested by the Engineer or shall be so tested at the works.
(3) Function Tests
Where items of equipment are connected together to form a functional group, then an
operational test shall be carried out at the Manufacturer's Works on each such group to
demonstrate satisfactory operation. This includes testing all control sequence.
The Contractor shall provide all necessary power supplies of adequate capacity to enable
these tests to be carried out.
(4) Electronic Equipment
Equipment containing semi-conductor devices shall be tested to demonstrate satisfactory
operation and satisfactory continuous energizesation for 100 (one hundred) hours.

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