01 Introduction

Lecture 01
Introduction to Transportation
Introduction to Transportation
System
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Shrestha
L01 EG611CE Transportation Engg. Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha 1
T
Transportation
i
• The process of conveying goods or people from one
place to other through
p g different ways
y such as road,,
air, railway, water, pipeline etc.
• The physical movement of goods/people
T
Transportation Engineering
i E i i
• Planning, analysis, design, operation and
management
g of transport
p facilities for safe,,
comfortable, convenient and environmentally
compatible movement of goods/people
• Generally refer to analysis, design , operation and

management of transportation system
Transportation System
Transportation System
• Transportation system may be defined as

consistingg of the fixed facilities,, the flow entities
and the control system that people and goods use
to overcome the friction of geographical space
efficiently in order to participate in a timely in
some desired activity (Papacosta, 1987)
P
Purpose of Transportation System
fT i S
• To overcome friction of space i.e.

i e accessibility of
spaces
• To fulfill demand of mobility
C
Components of Transportation System
t fT t ti S t
• Fixed facilities (Infrastructures)
• Flow entities (Modes)
• Control system
Fixed facilities
Fixed facilities
• Theyy are the p
physical
y components
p ((Infrastructures))
of the system that are fixed in space
• It constitutes the network of links and nodes of the

transportation system
Fixed Facilities
Fixed Facilities
For example,
• Links – roadway, railway track, pipe lines, airway
• Nodes ‐ intersections, interchanges, transit

terminals, bus stops, harbors, and airports,
Flow Entities
Flow Entities
• The units that traverse the fixed facilities.
• For examples: people, vehicles, container

units railroad cars,
units, cars and so on.
on
• In
I the
th case off a road
d system,
t th flow
the fl entities
titi are a
wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from
pedestrian and bicycles to large tractor‐trailer
tractor trailer
Flow Entities
Flow Entities
• People
P l
• Automobiles (Motorcycles, Car, Microbus, Bus)
• Truck
• Tractor Trailers
• Locomotives (Railway)
• Airplanes
• Ship
Control System
Control System
• Vehicular
V hi l controll ‐ technological
h l i l way in i which
hi h
individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities
• Flow control ‐ the means that permit the efficient

and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the
reduction of conflicts between vehicles
Constraints of Transportation System
1) Topography
• Features such as mountains and valleys have
strongly influenced the structure of networks, the
cost and feasibilityy of transportation
p projects.
p j
• Absolute barrier ‐ geographical feature that

entirely prevent a movement. e.g. Ocean
• Relative barriers impose additional costs and

delays
2)) Hydrology
y gy
• The properties, distribution and circulation of water
play an important role
• Availability of navigable channels through
rivers, lakes and shallow seas.
• Barriers such as narrows, rapids (steep gradient), or
land breaks, require heavy investments in canals or
dredging.
• Conversely waterways serve as barriers to land
transportation
3) Climate.
• Its major components include temperature, temperature
wind and precipitation with their impacts on
transportation modes and infrastructure
• Snow, heavy rainfall, ice or fog etc hazardous
• the
th speed d off wind
i d can affect
ff t travel
t l time
ti andd costs
t
of air transport
• Also,
Al i fl
influencing
i construction
t ti andd maintenance
i t
costs.
I
Importance of Transportation
fT i
1) Social importance
• Formation of settlements
Formation of settlements
• Size and pattern of settlements
• Growth of urban centers
Growth of urban centers
• Facilitate access to healthcare, welfare, and
cultural or artistic events
cultural or artistic events
I
fT i
2) Political Importance
• Administration of various political units
Administration of various political units
• Political reasons such as national accessibility or
j
job creation
• Transfer of messages and information
I
fT i
3) Economic importance
• industry in its own right
• factor in shaping economic activities
• an economic factor in the production of goods and services
• extends the range of sources of supply of goods
• Contributes to value‐added of economic activities, facilitates
economies of scale
I
fT i
4) Environmental importance
• Speeds and vehicle density resulted in a high
exposure to accidents
exposure to accidents.
• Air and water quality, noise pollution
Ai d t lit i ll ti
• Increased energy consumption
I
fT i
5) Historical Importance
• the rise of civilizations
the rise of civilizations
• e.g. China (silkroad)
Transport Network
Transport Network
• Network is the framework of routes within a
system of locations, identified as nodes.
• A route is a single link between two nodes

• tangible routes such as roads and rails,
• less tangible routes such as air and sea corridors.
Network Topology
Network Topology
• The arrangement of nodes and links, particularly their
locations and the nature of their connections.
• Mesh networks ‐ at least two nodes with two or more links

between them
• Hub‐and‐spoke ‐ peripheral nodes are connected to a central

node; the hub
• Linear networks ‐ only one link between each node pairs

• Tree networks. Networks that are converging to one node from a
hierarchy of other nodes
Network Topology
Network Topology
Network typology (classifications)

Source: The Geography of Transport
Types of physical spaces

Types of physical spaces
• Clearly defined and delimited ‐ The space can be
identified on a map. E.g. road, canal and railway
networks.
networks
• Vaguely
Va el defined and delimited ‐ TheTh space off
these networks may be shared with other modes
E g air and maritime networks
E.g.
• Without
With t definition.
d fi iti Th space has
The h no tangible
t ibl
meaning. Examples are radio, television, wifi and
cellular networks,
networks
Transportation Modes
• Transport modes are the means by which people
and freight
g achieve mobility. y
• Three basic types, depending on over what surface
theyy travel
• land (road, rail and pipelines)
• water (shipping), and air.
Road Transportation
• High accessibility to almost all potential destinations,
• Direct service with very low door‐to‐door travel times,
times
• Moderate Speeds and capacities.
• Capital
C it l costt for
f physical
h i l facilities
f iliti isi also
l moderate
d t
• Vehicles are small and readily available at a low cost
• However operating cost tends to be higher.
• Environmental impacts are high
Road Network in Nepal
Road Network in Nepal
Rail Transportation
• the railway system provides moderate speeds and levels of
accessibility
• unreliable door‐to‐door service, Accessibility is only limited
to railway stations
to railway stations.
• Heavy capital investment in both physical facilities and flow
Heavy capital investment in both ph sical facilities and flo
entities
• Very effective (handy) for transportation of a lot of goods
g
through land
Rail Transportation
Rail Transportation
Kathmandu‐Pokhara
Kathmandu Pokhara electric
electric
railway (164.4 km), which will have
27 tunnels, 53 bridges and 12
stations
Kathmandu‐Kerung (121 km) and
Baireni‐Kerung
i i ( 9 k )
(119.1 km) to
connect Nepal and China.
Lumbini – Kurintar (152‐km) long

with six tunnels, 16 bridges and
eight stations.
g
East West Railway (945.2 km), 334
Bridges, Mechi to Mahakali
Bridges, Mechi to Mahakali
Air Transportation
• High speed and less time consumption
• Accessibility is limited but is of less importance as greater

lengths of trips are made
• Capital investment as well as operating and maintenance

cost for both fixed and flow entities are higher than other
modes.
• Environmental impacts are significant, air and noise

pollution of commercial aviation
Air Transportation
Ai T
Air Transportation
i
Regional International
Intercontinental
Water Transportation
• Water transportation
p provides low speed
p p and
relatively low accessibility, but extremely high
Capacities.
• The capital cost of vehicles, especially ships are very

high but operating cost is low for a large distance.
• Environmental effects are relatively low but the

chances of water pollution due to leakage of oil and
petroleum products are high.
PipeLine Transportation
• The transport of daily use products and wastes to
the desired location encompass pipeline
• very low speed, but the high capacity constant flow
y p g p y
and involves a large amount of working storage.
• Environmental impacts are generally low.
• The longest gas pipeline links Alberta to Sarnia
((Canada),
), which is 2,911
, km in length.
g
• The longest oil pipeline is the Transiberian,

Transiberian
extending over 9,344 km from the Russian Arctic
oilfields in eastern Siberia
• Proposed ‐ The pipeline is estimated to cost Rs
1.60 billion excluding the cost of land acquisition.
39
L01 EG611CE Transportation Engg. Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha
S
Secondary mode
d d
• Ropeways
• Conveyor belt
Conveyor belt
• Canals
Ropeway
• Special types of carriers are suspended from, or

simply attached to, an overhead rope
• Efficient way of crossing hills
• Economical
• Pollution free
B l C
Belt Conveyor & Canals
&C l
• Belt supported on rollers provides steady
movement of the material
• Conveyor is operated through power
Canals
• Irrigation Canal
• Canal Transportation
Canal Transportation
C
Comparison
i
Roads Rail Air pipe flow Water

limited to
hi h
very high, li it d b
limited by A
Accessibility is
ibilit i limited by
li it d b
few routes
Ubiquity direct access large low due to availability of
and access
to a road investment high cost waterways
points
speed are
limited by speed and low speed,
highest but low speed,
human capacity can very high
Mobility capacity per
capacity per high
high
factors and be higher than capacity per
vehicle is capacity
speed limits roads vehicle
limited
hi h l
very high, low generally
ll
cost, low high, use
Efficiency Not high generally high fairly low
energy use, of low cost
safety varies energy
Intermodal Transportation
• The
Th movements off passengers or freight
f i h from
f one mode
d off
transport to another between an O‐D
• A logistically linked system using two or more transport
modes with a single rate
• Modes are havingg common handlingg characteristics
I
Intermodal
d l Transportation
C
• Point to Point Model

A
B
Rail
Rail
Road
Road
D Road
I
Intermodal
d l Transportation
C
Road
• Intermodal
A
B
Rail
Road
D
C di i
Conditions for Intermodal
f I d l
• The nature and quantity
nature and quantity of the transported cargo ‐suitable
of the transported cargo suitable
for intermediate and finished goods
• The sequence of transportation modes being used ‐

organized as a sequence of modes
• The origins and destinations – suitable when distance

greater than 500 km
• The value of the cargo ‐ intermediate cargo values
• The frequency of shipments – continuous shipment

I
Intermodal Transportation
d lT i
• Example
The line
line‐haul
haul economies of rail may be exploited for
long distances, with the efficiencies of trucks
providingg local p
p pick up
p and deliveryy
F
C
Truck
A
Rail
D T k
Truck
L01 EG611CE Transportation Engg. Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha E 50
Transmodal Transportation
• Movements of passengers or freight within the
same mode of transport.
• E.G.
E G Ship to dockside to ship
• The purpose is to insure continuity within the same
modal
d l network
t k
Passenger vs freight Transportation
• Most transport modes have developed to handle
both freight and passenger traffic except bus and
pipe
i
• E.G. Airlines where freight is transported in the
cargo holds
h ld off passenger aircraft.
i f
Passenger Model
Passenger Model
Advantage of Joint Operation
• High capital costs can be amortized more easily

with
ith a diverse
di revenue stream
t
• Maintenance costs can be spread over a wider

base
• The same modes or traction sources can be used

for both freight and passengers
Di d
Disadvantage of Joint Operation
fJ i O i
• Locations of demand rarely match
• Frequency of demand is different
• Timing of service (e.g. mostly day for passenger)
• Traffic balance – on a daily basis passenger flows
tend to be in equilibrium.
Di d
Disadvantage of Joint Operation
fJ i O i
• Reliability – passenger demands reliable service
• Sharing routes favors passenger traffic
• Different operational speeds –
p p passengers demand
p g
faster service.
• Security screening measures for passengers and
freight require totally different procedures.
g q y p
Growing Divergence
Growing Divergence
• Passenger
g travel and cargo g separated
p in maritime
transportation
• Most rail systems still operate passenger and
freight (priority to passengers)
• Freight transport has tended to lose out because
of the emphasis on passengers.
• Freight and passenger vehicles still share the
roads. The growth of freight traffic is increasing
road
• Congestion and in many cities restrictions are in
place on truck dimensions,, weights
p g and time of
entry
Growing Divergence
Growing Divergence
• Freight and passengers are most integrated in air
transport
• Growth of all‐freight airlines and the freight‐only

planes
• The
Th divergence
di i noticed
is i d since
i the
h growingi
importance of charter and "low‐cost” carriers.
N
Non motorized transport system
i d
• Walking
• Bicycle
• Tricycle
• Rikshaw
Rik h
• Animal cart
M d C
Mode Competition
ii
• Modes can compete or complement each other in
terms of cost,, speed,
p , reliability,
y, frequency,
q y, safety,
y,
comfort,
• Depends primarily upon the distance traveled, the

quantities that have to be shipped and the value of
the goods.
Mode Competition
d
50 km
1500 km
500 – 75
Mode Competition
d
• For passenger services over short distances, Road is

preferred over rail has difficultyy in meetingg the
p
competition of road transport over short distances
and aircraft for longer trips
Transportation system issues and challenges
Transportation system issues and challenges
1. Managing congestion
2.. Improving safety
p o g sa ety
3. Providing equal access
4
4. Protecting the environment
Protecting the environment
5. Incorporating new technology
6
6. S
Securing financial resources
i fi i l
7. Developing adequate institutional
arrangements
1. Traffic Congestion
• When traffic flow increase more than 90% of

capacity
p y
• Major problem of urban roads especially at

intersections and interchanges
• Small number of airports are congested due to

inadequate terminal facilities,
facilities
• Passenger
P congestion
i ini railway
il
Beijing MRT Passenger Congestion
Beijing, MRT Passenger Congestion Vietnam (source: englishvietnamnet.vn)
Vietnam (source: englishvietnamnet.vn)
Shibuya Intersection Congestion
Solution:
• Expanding facilities or addition of new facilities
Expanding facilities or addition of new facilities
(supply)
• Intelligent traffic control (e.g. coordination of
signal)
i l)
• Better urban land use planning
Solution:
• Demand management
Demand management
• Preferential parking for car‐pool
• Economic incentives –
Economic incenti es congestion pricing
congestion pricing
• Priority for high‐occupancy‐vehicle (HOV)
• Challenge: combination of supply (expand key links)
&d
& demand management measures (traffic
d t (t ffi
management)
2. Improving Traffic Safety
Source ((WHO,, 2013))
Source (WHO, 2013)
• Traffic accident is most visible in highways
• Decreasing of fatality rate in developed countries
• Traffic accident problem in developing countries
increasing
2. Traffic Safetyy
• Improved highway design and maintenance
• Improved vehicle design
• Driver education and law enforcement activities
3. Equality of Access
• To provide adequate access to the transportation

system for all sorts of people
(Poor, elderly, handicapped)
• The elderly and the physically handicapped

• Cannot operate automobiles
• Barriers to the use of public transportation
• The poor
• Can’t afford to own automobiles
• Mass‐transit system normally trying to compete

with auto – put more incentives to choice riders
rather than captive riders
3 Equality of Access
• All public transportation systems must be fully
accessible to both wheelchair users and
p
pedestrians
• Installation of wheelchair lifts on public transit
vehicles
• Provision of curb cuts and wheelchair ramps at
intersections of streets with sidewalks
• Provision of wheelchair access by means of
ramps or elevators at facilities such as airports
and rail transit stations
• Low floor buses
Curb Cut Wheel Chair Lift (Source: Wikipedia)
Wheel Chair Ramp (Source: pinterest)
Low Floor Bus, Japan
• Challenges
• Design and financing of accessibility features
(ex. Modifications of mass transit vehicles and
mass transit stations to accommodate wheel
chairs)
• Sometimes conflicts with safety standards
4. Environmental Protection
• Site‐specific impacts: relocation of residents and

business due to construction,
construction noise,
noise wildlife,
wildlife water
quality, visual impacts, temporary impacts during
construction
• System‐level impacts: air quality, energy
System‐level impacts: air quality energy
consumption, land use
• Transportation‐related energy consumption

concern
• Magnitude – 50 percent of all energy consumed
(direct + indirect)
• Source of energy – mainly petroleum
• Sharp rise of petroleum price: “energy crises”
Challenges:
• Develop improved vehicle technologies – gasoline‐
gasoline
mileage standards, incentives to improve
technology
• New
N f l that
fuels th t substitute
b tit t for
f petroleum
t l – gasohol,
h l
bio‐diesel, etc., Research, tax incentives
• Vehicle maintenance – vehicle inspections
5. New Technology: ITS User Services
h l S S i
• Travel and transportation management
• Travel demand management
• Public transportation operations
• Electronic payment services
Electronic payment services
• Commercial vehicle operations
• Emergency management
Emergency management
• Advanced vehicle control and safety systems
5.New Technology
• Advanced traffic management and information

systems (ATMIS)
• Advanced traffic management systems (ATMS)
• Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS)
• Advanced
Ad d vehicle
hi l control
t l systems
t (AVCS)
• Adjustment of the transportation system to new

technology is a constant challenge
6. Funding
• Public agencies:
P bli i
• fuel taxes – sometimes not so effective
• Toll financing –
Toll financing for expensive facilities, revenue bonds
for expensive facilities revenue bonds
and repay these bonds from toll
• Private firms: granted franchise to operate for
profit
• They can have access to larger capital sources
• Public agencies acquire right of way and environmental
clearances, and considerable control over toll charges
l d id bl t l t ll h
and traffic operation
6. Funding
Challenges
• Controlling construction and operation costs
• Securing public support for adequate level of user

charge (e.g. fuel tax)
• Maintaining balance between public interest and

profits in privatized facilities
• Creating regulatory environment in which firms

can compete while maintaining profit
7. Institutional Arrangement
Challenges
• New institutions established to response
deficiencies in existing system
• However, resisted byy established institutions
• Coordination between established institutions
End of Lecture 01
Th k Y
Thank You

01 Introduction

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01 Introduction

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Lecture 01

• The physical movement of goods/people

• Generally refer to analysis, design , operation and

• Transportation system may be defined as

• To overcome friction of space i.e.

• To fulfill demand of mobility

• Fixed facilities (Infrastructures)

• Flow entities (Modes)

• It constitutes the network of links and nodes of the

• Nodes ‐ intersections, interchanges, transit

• The units that traverse the fixed facilities.

• For examples: people, vehicles, container

• Flow control ‐ the means that permit the efficient

• Absolute barrier ‐ geographical feature that

• Relative barriers impose additional costs and

• A route is a single link between two nodes

• Mesh networks ‐ at least two nodes with two or more links

• Hub‐and‐spoke ‐ peripheral nodes are connected to a central

• Linear networks ‐ only one link between each node pairs

Network typology (classifications)

Types of physical spaces

Lumbini – Kurintar (152‐km) long

• Accessibility is limited but is of less importance as greater

• Capital investment as well as operating and maintenance

• Environmental impacts are significant, air and noise

• The capital cost of vehicles, especially ships are very

• Environmental effects are relatively low but the

• The longest oil pipeline is the Transiberian,

• Special types of carriers are suspended from, or

• Conveyor is operated through power

Roads Rail Air pipe flow Water

• Point to Point Model

• The sequence of transportation modes being used ‐

• The origins and destinations – suitable when distance

• The value of the cargo ‐ intermediate cargo values

• The frequency of shipments – continuous shipment

• High capital costs can be amortized more easily

• Maintenance costs can be spread over a wider

• The same modes or traction sources can be used

• Growth of all‐freight airlines and the freight‐only

• Depends primarily upon the distance traveled, the

• For passenger services over short distances, Road is

• When traffic flow increase more than 90% of

• Major problem of urban roads especially at

• Small number of airports are congested due to

Source ((WHO,, 2013))

Source (WHO, 2013)

• To provide adequate access to the transportation

• The elderly and the physically handicapped

• Mass‐transit system normally trying to compete

• Site‐specific impacts: relocation of residents and

• Transportation‐related energy consumption

• Sharp rise of petroleum price: “energy crises”

• Vehicle maintenance – vehicle inspections

• Advanced traffic management and information

• Adjustment of the transportation system to new

• Securing public support for adequate level of user

• Maintaining balance between public interest and

• Creating regulatory environment in which firms

• However, resisted byy established institutions

• Coordination between established institutions

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