BUDDHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR

Session: Jul-Dec 2015

Department of Civil Engineering
Subject Title: SYNOPSIS
GROUP NO : 4

PROJECT DOMAIN : Geotechnical/Structure

PROJECT TITLE : Earthquake Resistant Building

PROJECT GUIDE : Ritu Kumari

GROUP DETAIL
Sr. Roll No. Student Name Contact No. Mail ID

No

1 1252500019 Amrish Kumar 9554254056 eramrish19@gmail.com

2 1252500006 Adarsh Sharma 9936449694 1996eradarsh@gmail.com

3 1252500015 Akshay Kumar 9936422373 akshaykumarc300@gmail.com

4 1252500020 Aniruddh kumar 9839353960

5 1252500052 Km. Babita 8756719538 babita.kumari1401@gmail.com

Signature of Guide: Signature of Coordinator

 BUDDHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR
Session: Jul-Dec 2015
Department of CIVIL Engineering
Subject Title: Synopsis Report

GROUP NO. : 4
PROJECT DOMAIN : Geotechnical/Structure
PROJECT TITLE : Earthquake Resistant Building

PROJECT GUIDE : Rit Kumari

PROJECT Mr. Ankit Gupta
Coordinator:

Sr.No Roll No. Student Name Contact No. Mail ID

1 1252500019 Amrish Kumar 9554254056 eramrish19@gmail.com

2 1252500006 Adarsh Sharma 9936449694 1996eradarsh@gmail.com

3 1252500015 Akshay Kumar 9936422373 akshaykumarc300@gmail.com

4 1252500020 Aniruddh kumar 9839353960

5 1252500052 Km. Babita 8756719538 babita.kumari1401@gmail.com

 Project Report

Sr. No Date Progress Report Guide (Sign)

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4
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What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden release of energy due to shifts in the earth’s plates
that has been stored in the rocks beneath the earth’s surface which causes a
trembling or shaking of the ground. The energy that is released from the
ruptured rock travels in waves which are known as seismic waves.

Technically earthquake may be defined as

“Vibrations in induced in the earth’s crust due to internal or external causes
that virtually shake up a part of the crust and all the structures and living &
non-living things existing on it”
These vibrations often induced in the ground actual moments (accelerations)
which are generally of short duration, rarely exceeding one minute. They are
greatly variable in intensity, magnitude and direction.

What is Earthquake Engineering?

Earthquake engineers are concerned with creating earthquakes resistant
designs and construction techniques to build of all kinds of bridges, roads and
buildings.
Earthquake engineers are faced with many uncertainties and must be smart in
their decisions in developing safe solutions to challenging problems. They rely
on state-of-the-art technology, materials science, laboratory testing and field
monitoring.

Classifications of earthquakes.
Based on depth of focus:- It is further classified into three parts are as-
1-Shallow earthquake:- Depth of focus lies anywhere up to 60 km below the
surface. A great majority of earthquake in the past had been of this type.
2-Intermedit earthquake:- It originate between 60&300 km below the surface.
These are rare in occurrence but there effect are felt over large areas.
3-Deep earthquake:-It originated between 300&700 km and very rare
phenomena.
Based on magnitude:-Sometimes earthquakes are grouped into five classes.
Class Magnitude
A 7.8 and above
B 7.0 – 7.7
C 6.0 – 7.0
D 5.3 – 6.0
E Less than 5.3

Based on the origin:-It further classified into two groups.

1-Tectonic earthquakes:-Which are caused due to faulting or relative
displacements of block of the crust of the earth along rupture planes. Most
commonly the major earthquakes are of tectonic origin.
2-Non tectonic earthquakes:-Which owe their origin to cause distinctly
differently from faulting such as volcanic-eruptions, atomic explosions or due
to landslides.

Terminology
Seismic waves:- It is of two types-
1:-Body waves:-It further classified into two types
A:-Primary waves (P):-These are the fastest waves and are longitudinal in
character that is the particle vibrate in the direction of propagation.
B:-Secondary waves (S):-These waves are transverse in character like the light
waves that is particle vibrate at right angle to the direction of propagation.

2:-Surface waves:- It further classified into two types

A:-Rayleigh waves:-In which the displacement of particles is of a complex
nature, partly being in the direction of propagation and party at right angle to
it.
3:-Love waves:-In which the displacement of the particle is horizontal that is in
the direction of propagation.
Magnitude:-It is the term expressing the rating of an earthquake on the basis
of amplitude of seismic waves. This method is discovered by CHARLES F,
RICHTER in 1935. Subsequently the scale was improved upon and is presently
used at internationally for describing the size of an earthquake. It is also called
Richter Magnitude.
Mathematically can be expressed by-
M=log A - log B
Where A=amplitude of observed earthquake & B=amplitude of standard
earthquake.

Liquefaction:- Liquefaction is a type of ground failure in which water saturated

sediment turns from a solid to a liquid as a result of shaking, often caused by
an earthquake or even a volcanic eruption. In order for the liquefaction to
occur the sand grains must be fine grain sand that are not closely packed
together nor must it be held but some sort of cohesion. The intense shaking
causes the strength of the soil to become weak and the sand and water begin
to flow.

Causes of earthquake
The causes that lead to the origin and propagation of shock waves through the
ground during an earthquake may be tectonic & non tectonic in character.
The tectonic earthquake:- A spreading boundary is where the tectonic plates
are separating. These are places where volcanic activity is at a premium
because the crust is being torn open (as in splitting and cracking, like an egg
breaking open). New crust is forming when molten lava from deep down oozes
out of the cracks where the plates are coming apart.
The non-tectonic earthquake:- In this vibration induced due to volcanic-
eruption , atomic explosion and collapse of ground need no detailed
discussion as these could be easily observed and confirmed. The areas situated
around active volcanoes actually shudder during the forceful eruption of lava
from the volcanoes.
Recording/Determination of an earthquake:- An earthquake is
always a complex geological phenomenon and caused by the following factors-
1-Release of elastic energy
2-Propagation of the seismic waves through the ground
3-Acceleration of the ground
Recording of any one or more of these factors in quantitative terms during a
very brief spell, generally less than one minute.
The following instruments by which we can record of earthquake.
1-Seismicographs:- Since an earthquake generate waves and these waves
disturb the ground. The instrument design to record of earth motion setup by
seismic waves is called a seismograph. The actual record of motion produced
by a seismograph is called seismogram. It may be designed for recording for
both horizontal & vertical ground motion.
2-Travel time record:-It is graphical representation of magnitude of
earthquake.

Earthquake resistance building

These are divided into followings groups-
1-The foundation:-
# Structures built on loose soil or sediments or weak rocks will have to
withstand greater risk compared to those founded on solid bed rock in the
same bed region. This is due to the fact that soil particles undergo a lot of com
action during seismic shocks their by causing settlement.
# The superstructure should be tied up with the foundation by applying
reinforcement.
# Foundation for concrete and masonry buildings should be excavated to the
same level throughout the building.
2-The body:-
# The wall should be resisting lateral forces, as light in weight as possible made
of light weight concrete. Resistant wall should be designed with reinforced
rather than plane concrete.
# Continuity of cross wall should be maintained that different part of building
behave as integral of same structure.
# As in masonry wall key should be properly inserted during each course so
that danger of sliding apast the horizontal joint is minimized. The strongest
mortar (cement,sand & mortar) are used for masonry work in seismic region.
3-The roof:-
# Flat, Rcc roof gives better resistance against shocks compared to the sloping
roofs.
# Even in flat roof , when slates , tiles & corrugated sheets are used to
minimized development of lateral stresses.
# Projection above or beyond the roof level such as chimney, should be
avoided.
4-General:-
# The foundation, superstructure, roof should be tied together so that the
entire structure act as unit during shock.
# Uniform height should be given to the structure.
# Architectural fancies like parapet walls, cantilevers, arches, domes should
be avoided.

How earthquake resistant construction is different?

Since the magnitude of a future earthquake and shaking intensity expected at
a particular site cannot be estimated with a reasonable accuracy, the seismic
forces are difficult to quantify for the purposes of design. Further, the actual
forces that can be generated in the structure during an earthquake are very
large and designing the structure to respond elastically against these forces
make it too expensive.
The earthquake resistant construction and design does not aim to achieve a
structure that will not get damaged in a strong earthquake having low
probability of occurrence; it aims to have a structure that will perform
appropriately and without collapse in the event of such a shaking.
Ductility is the capacity of the structure to undergo deformation beyond yield
without losing much of its load carrying capacity. Higher is the ductility of the
structure; more is the reduction possible in its design seismic force over what
one gets for linear elastic response. Ensuring ductility in a structure is a major
concern in a seismic construction.

What do Structural Engineers do?

Structural engineering's combine their knowledge of science and design
making as they construct better framework for buildings and other structures
to safely resist natural and made-made forces. They are involved in physical
testing, mathematical modelling, computer simulation all of which support
decisions that Aid in the creation and maintenance of safe and economical
structures.

What do Architects do?

Architects design buildings and structures. They advise individuals, property
owners and developers, community groups, local authorities and commercial
organizations on the design and construction of new buildings, the reuse of
existing buildings and the spaces which surround them. Architects work closely
with other members of the construction industry including engineers, builders,
surveyors, local authority planners and building control officers. Much of their
time is spent visiting sites assessing the feasibility of a project, inspecting
building work or managing the construction process. They will also spend time
researching old records and drawings, and testing new ideas and construction
techniques. Society looks to architects to define new and better ways of living
and working, to develop innovative ways of using existing buildings and
creating new ones. Architects can be extremely influential as well as admired
for their imagination and creative skills.

Effect of earthquake on the RCC building:-

In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India.
A typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams and slabs) and
vertical members (columns and walls) and supported by foundations that rest
on the ground. The system consisting of RC columns and connecting beams is
called a RC frame.
The RC frame participates in resisting earthquake forces. Earthquake shaking
generates inertia forces in the building, which are proportional to the building
mass. Since most of the building mass is present at the floor levels, earthquake
induced inertia forces primarily develop at the floor levels. These forces travel
downward through slabs to beams, beams to columns and walls and then to
foundations from where they are dispersed to the ground. As the inertia forces
accumulate downward from the top of the building, the columns and walls at
the lower storey experience higher earthquake induced forces and are
therefore designed to be stronger than the storey above.

Roles of floor slabs and masonry walls:-

Floor slabs are horizontal like elements, which facilitates functional use of
buildings. Usually, beams and slabs at one storey level are cast together. In
residential multi storied buildings, the thickness of slab is only about 110mm-
150mm. when beams bend in vertical direction during earthquakes, these thin
slabs bend along with them. When beams move in horizontal direction, the
slab usually forces the beams to move together with it.
In most of the buildings, the geometric distortion of the slab is negligible in
the horizontal plane; the behaviour is known as rigid diaphragm action. After
columns and floors in a RC building are cast and the concrete hardens, vertical
spaces between columns and floors are usually filled in with masonry walls to
demarcate a floor area into functional spaces. Normally, these masonry walls
are called infill walls, are not connected to surrounding RC beams and
columns. When the columns receive horizontal forces at floor levels, they try
to move in the horizontal direction, but masonry wall tend to resist this
movement.

Due to their heavy weight and thickness, these walls develop cracks once
their ability to carry horizontal load is exceeded. Thus, infill walls act like
sacrificial fuses in the buildings, they develop crack under severe ground
shaking but help share the load the load of beams and columns until cracking.

Strength hierarchy:-
For a building to remain safe during earthquake shaking columns (which
receive forces from beams) should be stronger than beams and foundations
(which receive forces from columns) should be stronger than columns. Further
the connections between beams and columns, columns and foundations
should not fail so that beams can safely transfer forces to columns and
columns to foundations.
When this strategy is adopted in the design, damage is likely to occur first in
beams. When beams are detailed properly to have large ductility, the building
as a whole can deform by large amounts despite progressive damage caused
due to consequent yielding of beams.
If columns are made weaker, localized damage can lead to the collapse of
building, although columns at storey above remain almost undamaged.

Conclusion
There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster mitigations. Avoiding
non-engineered structures with unskilled labour even in unimportant
temporary constructions can help a great way. State wide awareness
programmes have to be conducted by exploiting the advancement in the
information technology. Urgent steps are required to be taken to make the
codal provisions regarding earthquake resistant construction undebatable.
The builders and constructors should adopt the codal provisions in all the
future construction, as prevention is better than cure. On the light of avoiding
the risk, this may not be an impossible task as earthquake resistant measures
in building involves only 2%-6% additional cost depending on the type of
building. Using construction techniques like SIMCON and RHCBM can not only
mitigate earthquake effects but also are cost effective.

References
1-Textbook of Engineering & Geology by Prof. Praveen Singh, 8th revise
edition S K Kataria & Sons publications.
2-Basic and applied Soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan,2nd edition New age
international publisher.
3- Earthquake Tip 8, “What is seismic design philosophy?”, Indian Concrete
Journal, Jan 2004, Vol 2.
4. Earthquake Tip 17, “How do earthquakes affect reinforced concrete
buildings?” Indian Concrete Journal, April 2004, Vol 1.
5. Indian Standard IS 1893-20