ASSIGNMENT 1

Introduction to Psychology

NAME Abu Huraira Arshad

REGISTRATION NO 119109332(614)
PROGRAM BS Psychology(1)
SECTION A

PSYCHOANALYTICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

 DEFINITION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysis is a method of psychological theory and

psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious mental processes
and motivations.

 ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT

Psychoanalysis was developed in late 19th and early 20th century

by the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud. He was working on
the patients suffering from emotional disorders especially
hysteria. He used techniques of free association and dream
analysis to explore unconscious. He became convinced that
hysteria was not caused by organic symptoms but by emotional
disturbances.
 S. FREUD’S IDEAS

 UNCONSCIOUS
The centre of Freud’s concept, conscious, the thoughts, attitudes,
impulses, wishes, motivations and emotions of which we are
unaware. Freud believed that the child’s unacceptable wishes
and desires are drawn of conscious awareness and become part
of unconscious, where they continue to influence his thoughts,
feelings and actions. Unconscious thoughts are expressed in
dreams, tongue slips and physical mannerism.

 ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO

The theory of structure of psyche(The Ego and the Id ) was
developed in 1920. According to this theory human psyche
comprises of three parts, id, ego and superego. According to
Freud these personality structures lie beneath the surface of
observable behaviour.

a. ID
Id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains
sexual and aggressive desires. This part is associated with
somatic area, which serve as the source of the energy for the
desires. It is inaccessible to conscious awareness and lies
entirely in the unconscious layer of mind. Id is guided by
Principle of Satisfaction, a motivating force oriented towards
the immediate and total gratification of sensual needs and
desires.

b. Ego
Ego is formed as impression of external reality and the initial
mass of desires and impulses. It’s function is to give the
individual the mental powers of judgement, memory, perception
and decision making which enables the individual to adapt to the
realities of the external world. Ego is guided by Reality
Principle, a motivational force that leads the individual to
confront the constrains of the external world.

c. SUPEREGO
The third structure develops as a result of interjections of social
norms, educational prohibitions and reinforcement. It is the
source of the individual’s moral attitudes. Freud believed that
without superego people would pursue the satisfaction of
taboo.The superego also serve as an inspirational function. It
include the ego ideal, which is individual’s model of how the
perfect person should be.

 DEFENCE MECHANISMS
In psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms are
psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious
mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality in order to defend
against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable impulses. Some
important defence mechanisms are:
a. Denial
b. Repression
c. Displacement
d. Sublimation
e. Projection
f. Regression
g. Rationalization
h. Affiliation

 PSYCHOTHERPY( FREE ASSOCIATION)

During therapy, Freud used the method of free association, in
which the patients were instructed to say whatever comes to
mind as a way of bringing the unconscious wishes and desires
into awareness. This helped in diagnosis and treatment of
psychological disorders. The analysis or interpretation of
dreams also served same purpose.

 OTHER PSYCHOLOGISTS

 ANNA FREUD
Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She
followed the path of her father and contributed to the field
of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be
considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology.
Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on
her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of
her theoretical insights. Her cataloging of regression, repression,
reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection,
turning against the self, reversal and sublimation helped
establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept
of defence mechanisms.

 CARL JUNG
 Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who
founded analytical psychology. Jung's work was influential in
the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature,
philosophy, and religious studies.
Jung regarded the psyche as made up of a number of separate
but interacting systems. The three main ones were the ego, the
personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

a. EGO
The ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the
thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of.

b. PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
The personal unconscious contains temporarily forgotten
information and well as repressed memories.
Jung outlined an important feature of the personal unconscious
called complexes. A complex is a collection of thoughts,
feelings, attitudes, and memories that focus on a single concept.
c. COLEECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
This is a level of unconscious shared with other members of the
human species comprising latent memories from our ancestral
and evolutionary past.According to Jung, the human mind
has innate characteristics imprinted on it as a result of
evolution. These universal predispositions stem from our
ancestral past. Fear of the dark, or of snakes and spiders
might be examples.

 ERIK ERIKSON
Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental
psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on
psychological development of human beings.
Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather
than psychosexual development. The stages that make up his
theory are as follows:

a. Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

b. Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
c. Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
d. Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority
e. Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion
f. Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation
g. Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation
h. Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair

THE END