Chapter I : Customs of the Tagalogs o Even birth order (2nd, 4th, 6th,…)

- belonged to the mother

Juan de Plasencia o Only child
- Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order o -half free, half slave
- Known to be defender of the native - Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move
- Santiago de Vera from one village to another without paying a
- Chief justice of the Royal Audiencia and 6th certain fine in gold (ranging from one to three
Spanish Governor General taels and a banquet to the entire barangay) as
- Customs of Tagalogs arranged among them.
- DATO - When one married a woman of another village,
o Chief of Barangay the children were afterwards divided equally
o Captains of wars between the two barangays.
o Obeyer and reverence - Investigations made and sentences passed by
- TAGALO A BARANGAY - a tribal gathering the dato must take place in the presence of
- 3 Castes: those of his barangay.
o Maharlica - They had laws by which they condemned to
 Nobles death a man of low birth who insulted the
 Free-born daughter or wife of a chief ; likewise witches,
 Doesn't pay taxes and others of the same class.
 Doesn't tribute to the dato - As for inheritance, the legitimate children of
o Aliping Namamahay father and mother inherited equally.
 Married and servie their - When the parents give dowry to their son in
masters order to marry the chief's daughter, the dowry
 They live in their own houses must be greater than the sum given to the other
 Lords of their property and gold sons.
o Aliping sa Guiguilir Rules:
 They can be sold 1. If one had children to two or more legitimate
 Serve their master in his house wives: each child receive the inheritance and
and on his cultivated lands dowry of their mother.
- Nobles or Maharlicas 2. If a man has a child to his slave, the former had
o Free-born no share in the inheritance.
o They do not pay taxes 3. Illegitimate child will not inherit the same as
o Accompany the dato in the war legitimate child but only 1/3 on the amount of
Situations: the inheritance.
1. Those who are maharlicas on both the father’s 4. Adopted children inherit the double of what
and mother’s side continue to be so forever, and if was paid for their adoption.
it happens that they should become slaves, it is 5. DOWRIES
through marriage. a. Dowries were given by a man to the
2. If maharlicas had children among their slaves, the woman's parents.
children and their mothers become free. 6. DIVORCE
3. If maharlicas had children by the slave-woman of a. If the wife left her husband for other
another , the slave-woman was compelled when man, all her dowry and equal addition
pregnant, to give her master half of a gold tael. will be fell to the husband.
In this case, half of the child was free if the b. If the wife left her husband but there is
father (Maharlica) recognize him. If not, the child no other man, the dowry will be
will become a whole slave. returned to her.
4. If a free woman had children by a slave, they c. If the husband left his wife, half of the
were all free, provided he were not her husband. dowry will stay on him and the other
5. If two persons married, of whom one was a half will be fell to the wife.
maharlica and the other a slave (namamahay or sa d. If there were already children, the
guiguilir), the children were divided. whole dowry will be given to them.
o Odd birth order (1st, 3rd, 5th,…) 7. Death of Wife
- belonged to the father
 a. The half of dowry will be returned by
the parents of the wife to the husband
8. Death of Husband
a. The dowry will be returned to the
relatives of the husband
9. Dowries
a. The half of the dowry will be given by
the father to the son
10. Unwillingness to marry
a. There will be a heavy fine if the
son/daughter of the died parents is
unwilling to marry because it had been
arranged by the parents of both sides
b. If the parents were still alive, the
parents will be responsible for paying
the fine
Chapter II : Noticio Historico Natural
Antonio Mozo
- Augustinian missionary
- Describe the customs of the natives in Northern
Philippines
- Author of Noticio Historico Natural
4 Tribes:
1. Igolot (Igorrot)
- Thirty leguas
- Caste of the Chinese
- Great degree cruel and barbarous
- Kill whomever they encounter
2. Tungguian
- Forty leguas
- From mounatins of Pampanga to
province of Ilocos
- Obstinate yet more tractable
- Gentle, insdustrious and civilized
- Much interactions with Christians in
their vicinity
3. Apayao
- Thirty leguas
- Surpass Igolot in cruelty,
bloodthirstiness, and barbarism
- Place a thousand ambushes in the
roads
- Spare no one, regardless of rank or
condition
- Barbaric custom and cruel
superstition at the funerals of chiefs
and other respected people
- Similar to Greek practice at the
death of heroes
- Believe that deceased take delight
in human blood
- Bury the corpse with the heads
4. Adang
- Fewer people
- Find themselves less powerful
- Have dwellings in places almost
inaccessible
Missionary Work
- Don Diego de Salcedo
- Exceedingly small harvest of souls
- Barbarians threatened to cut them pieces if
they would not leave immediately
- Repeated experience with Apayaos and
Tingguians
- Formed a village of converts
- Infidels named Herice “the hunter of souls”
Mission to the Tingguians
- San Juan (village of converts by Father Fabro)
- Santiago (village of Dingras by Fray Madriaga)
- Two new Tingguian villages formed
- Father Juan Solorzano was sent to mission and
died in four days
Mission to the Igolot
- Barbarians would not allow missionaries to
settle in their country
- Some were converted by outside missionaries
- Fray Francisco Cordova was sent to Agoo
- Visitation of Fray Manuel Carillo
- The chiefs were instructed in faith and baptized
while in Manila
Chapter III : Declaration of Philippine Independence
 It was this war counselor and special delegate by
the dictatorial government of the Philippines
who authored and rendered the Declaration of
Philippine Independence in June 12, 1898 at
Cavite-Viejo, He is Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
consultant of Emilio Aguinaldo as the President
during the Revolutionary Period. According to
Julian Felipe, it was at 4-5 in the afternoon when
it was initiated and no concrete picture of the
event were being preserved, what they are
talking about is that it was designed by Romeo C.
Mananquil of the Bangko Setral ng Pilipinas for
the 5 old peso bill.
 CONTENTS: On the First part, it was the
authoritative part of Ambrosio who was the
author of the Philippine Independence. On the
second part, were already Abuses and
Inequalities that was done by the colonizers
 starting the Magellan’s Arrival up to the Spanish
colonizers. Next to it, Cavite mutiny the victory
of the revolutionary movements from different
provinces and then the confirmation from the
Supreme Judgement Universe that Philippine
Islands have the right to be free and
independent. Second to the last, was in
commemoration of those who fought for the
country’s independence particularly, Rizal and
the GOMBURZA and Lastly, the presentation of
the official flag of the country and its
symbolisms.
 The white triangle signifies the distinctive
emblem of the famous society “Katipunan”
which means “blood compact”. The three starts
signifying the three principal islands, Luzon,
Mindanao and Panay. The sun represents the
gigantic steps made by the sons of the country
along the path of progress and Civilization. The 8
rays symbolizes the 8 provinces-Manila, Cavite,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna
and Batangas. The colors blue, red and white,
was to commemorate the flag of United States of
North America as our profound gratitude for
their protection for our islands.
 98 men signed the Philippine Independence
which includes a citizen of the U.S.A, Mr. L. M.
Johnson, and a cornel artillery.
 No, because the declaration was never
recognized by either the United States or Spain.
Later in 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the
United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris for 20
million dollars that ended the Spanish–American
War.
Chapter IV: Political Caricatures of the American Era
 Alfred Mccoy & Alfredo Roces
- Authors of Political Caricatures
 Fernando Amorsolo
- First National Artist in painting of the
Philippines
 Spanish Friars
- Carry the devils’ pitchfork
 The Independent
- Name of the publication wherein the
caricatures of Fernando Amorsolo were
drawn
 Fiscal Quintin Paredes
- Filed two criminal libel suits against the
“The Independent”
 Vicente Sotto
- Publisher of “The Independent”
 PHP 200,000.00
- Criminal libel charge against The
Independent
 Chinese
- They are called “now great merchants
and bankers”
 Filipinos
- Remained as hewers of wood and
drawers of water
 Jose Rizal, Fr. Jose Burgos & Francisco Roxas
- Filipino Nationalist martyrs that were
executed
Chapter V: First Mass
Noon of Friday, March 22, 1521
• As promised the men returned riding on a boat
with the goods (coconut, sweet oranges, a jar of
palm wine and cock)
• It was lead by an old man which they called as
Signor and he was painted(tattooed)
• Pigafetta and company stayed in these island
for 1 week and during their stay, the captain-
general visit them ashore and give comfort to
their ill company
• They are called caphri(heathen/pagans)
• They wore earrings that was so large and arms
can pass through it.
• They go naked with a cloth woven from the bark
of a tree to cover their private parts
• Dark, fat, painted(tattooed)
• Anoint themselves with coconut and beneseed
oil to protect themselves
• They have very dark hair that falls to the waist
• Have daggers, knives, spears ornament with
gold, large shields, fascines, javelines and fishing
nets
• Have boats like our boats
Afternoon of Holy Monday, March 25, 1521
• That same day they shaped course towards the
west south west between four islands (Cenalo,
Hiunanghan, Ibusson,Abarien.
Thursday morning March 28,1521
• A small boat (boloto/baroto) with eight natives
in it approach the ship
• A slave of the captain general, a native of
Zamatra(Sumatra) became the interpreter
• Two hours later two balangai(large boats) was
seen approaching the ship
• It was filled with men and the king was one of
them being seated under an awning of mats
 • The king ordered some of his men to enter the
ship and he remained in his balangai at some
distance until his own men returned and
departed
• The captain-general showed great honor and
gave some presents to these men and the king
did the same thing
• At the same day they anchored near the
dwelling of the king
Next day Holy Friday
• The king came with six or eight men on the
same boat and enter the ship
• As an exchange the captain general give a
garment to the king which was made in Turkish
fashion, fine red cap, knives and mirrors
• The captain had collation spread to them and
told the slave that he wanted to be casi
casi(brother) with them
• The king wish to enter the same relation
• So the king showed different kinds of cloth,
linen, coral(ornaments) and many other articles
of merchandise and the artillery where at the
natives were greatly fightened.
Pieces of gold
• Size of walnuts and eggs.
• Dishes of king are of gold and some portion of
his house.
• King was very gradly out, had the finest
look,covering silk onhis head, wear 2 golden
earings, wear cotton cloth made of silk,had 3
spot gold on his every tooth,perfumed with
stolax and benzoin, he was tawny
• At his side hung dagger all is gold its scabbard of
carved wood.
• His island called butuan and calagan
• 2 kings went to hunt in that island(king raia
colambu and king raia siaui)
Captain general arranged a fencing tournament
• Kings were greatly please
• Made immediate revence
• Told the king that they were the standards
given to him by the emperor his sovereign
Chapter VI: Cavite Mutiny
CLAIMS OF JOSE MONTERO VIDAL (SPANISH)
1. The event of 1872 as planned earlier and a big
conspiracy of educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos
(native lawyers), native clergy and residents of Manila
and Cavite
2. January 20, 1872- the district of Sampaloc celebrated
the feast of the Virgin of Loreto (unusual fireworks=
interpreted as an attack; Srgt. Lamadrid (contingent of
200-men) against Spanish authorities)
3. Izquierdo was required to suppress the rebellion:
“killing Srgt. Lamadrid; execution of Gomburza(Gomez,
Burgos, Zamora) on Feb. 15, 1872” and suspension of
the abogadocillos to practice law by Royal Audencia and
were sent to Marianas Islands
4. Creation of an army by Izquierdo in which only the
Peninsulares are the members
CLAIMS OF GENERAL. RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
1. Published a report of January 23, 1872- Blaming the
El Eco Filipino, a Madrid-Based Reformist Newspaper
for its influence in the revolution, uprising, insurrection
and revolution
2. The report stated that the indios wanted to establish
a government with different structure (instigation of
“HARI” – monarch)
3. The uprising should have started in Manila
4. The uprising has roots and with them were affiliated
to great extent the regiments of infantry and artillery,
many civilians and large number of mestizos, indios and
ilustrados
5.The rebels in Cavite made signals agreed upon by
means of lanterns but native civilians in Bacoor failed
because of the vigilance of the Spanish
CLAIMS OF PARDO DE TAVERA
1.) January 20, 1872- about 200 men were comprised of
soldiers, laborers of arsenal and residents of Cavite
headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms. (No
reinforcement)
2.) After two days, the MUTINY WAS OFFICIALLY
DECLARED SUBDUED
3.) CAVITE MUTINY as a power lever to justify a full-
blown conspiracy not only the native army but also
residents of Cavite and Manila and the native clergy to
overthrow the Spanish government
4.) Educational Decree authored by Segismundo Moret
– Philippine Institute
5.) The event lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896
(as corroborated by French Edmund Plauchut’s account-
witnessing the execution of Gomburza)
Chapter VII: Cry of Balintawak
 CRY as exchanges of shots between Katipuneros
and Spanish troops in Banlat: “el primer tiro”
(1911-1962)
 CRY as “first rallying made by the Katipuneros
during Holy Week of April 1895 at Pamitaan
Cave, Montalban: “el primer grito”
  CRY as the shredding of cedulas during several
days of meetings at Pook Kangkong, Balintawak
in August 1896.
OTHER INTERPRETATIONS:
 Agoncillo’s flawed methodology that ignored all
documentary evidence in favor of one source
(memoirs of Pio Valenzuela)
 Agoncillo’s decision to change the
interpretation of the phrase “Unang Sigaw” to
adapt it to Valenzuela memoirs. (tearing of
Katipuneros’ cedulas)
 Unauthorized use and misrepresentation of an
interview made by Agoncillo with Masangkay
dated October 11, 1947
 Removal of an important piece of evidence (the
transfer of the 1911 monument of the Cry from
Balintawak in 1968 to UP Diliman)
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY ABOU THE CRY
 Jose P. Santos published a signed statement by
Valenzuela, Pantas, and Pacheco about the
supposed “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
 “…the alarm was raised that the civil guards
were coming. The first to flee were Pantas and
Valenzuela. For this reason, they could not have
witnessed the ‘Supreme Cry’ that launched the
[fight for] the independence of the Philippines
at that moment; neither did they smell
gunpowder of the first shots.”
Chapter VIII: The First President: Emilio Aguinaldo vs.
Andres Bonifacio
Apolinario Mabini
- Was a Filipino political philosopher and
architect of the Philippine revoluti
- Born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas, on July 22,
1864.
- In 1896 Mabini contracted an illness, probably
infantile paralysis, that deprived him of the use
of his legs.
Liga Filipina
- Organized By Rizal
- Inaugurated a few days before his rustication to
Dapitan in Mindanao
- The society was dissolved a few days after its
inauguration.
- But Reorganized and made Apolinario as the
secretary of the Supreme Council
- Objectives were fixed in a short program;
o To Contribute to the support of La
Solidaridad and the reforms it asked.
o To raise funds to meet the expenses
- Had a Promising Beginning
- Thanks to Bonifacio’s efforts, people’s councils
were soon organized in Tondo and Trozo and
other places.
- A small monthly contribution was required from
every member
- Did not agree with the society’s objectives
- Spanish Government paid no attention to the
periodical nor in fact would do so to any lawful
activity.
- Uselessness of peaceful means
Katipunan
- The council understood that the masses were in
the vanguard where political aspirations were
concerned.
- Dissolution = Avoid being discovered by the
authorities
- Those who still want to keep up the publication
formed the group of “The Compromisarios”
- Andres Bonifacio reorganized the society under
the name of “Katipunan ng manga Anak ng
Bayan”
- The Katipunan grew rapidly
AN EXCERPT FROM EMILIO AGUINALDO’S “MGA
GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN”
Pagpipisan ng mga Sangguniang Magdiwang at Magdalo
- Pasong Santol, Salitran, Dasmarińas
- Pagdating ni Koronel Vicente Riego de Dios ng
hukbong sangguniang Magdiwang sa
Maragondon.
- Napahalal na Pangulo ng Bagong Pamahalaang
pinagsanib si Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo .
Pagpipisan ng Sangguniang Magdiwang at Magdalo
Mga pangyayari sa halalan: 2. Paghiwalayin an kapangyarihan ng Pamahalaan at
• Pinangunahan ng Haring Bayan, Andres Simbahan
Bonifacio 3. Isauli at ipagkaloob sa baying nakasasakop ang lahat
• Paghahalal: ng mga hacienda na kinuha ng frayle
1. Ktt. Puno 4. pagkalooban ang Pilipinas ng dalawang kinatawan sa
-Supremo Andres Bonifacio Cortes ng Espanya
-Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo 5. Patas-patas ng pagpapalagay na Kastila at Pilipino.
2. Vice Presidente 6. Patas na kalagayan ng Tagalog at Kastila, sa
-Supremo pagtanggap ng mataas na tungkulin ng Pamahalaan
-Heneral Mariano Trias(Ministro de Gracia Y 7. Kalayaan sa pagtitipon-tipon, sa kapisanan at
Justicia) pamamahayag
3. Kapitan Heneral 8. tatlong angaw na pisong ibabayad sa Pamahalaang
-Kapitan Santiago Alvares manghihimagsik bilang bayad sa kapinsalaan ng bayan
-Heneral Artemio Ricarte 9. malayang pagsasalita at pamamahayag
4. Secretario de Guerra 10. Patas na Katuwiran ng Kastila at Tagalog, sa harap
-Supremo ng batas
-Heneral Mariano Riego de Dios (Ministro de 11. Pawalang lahat ang preso politico pati ng nasa labas
Fomento sa Sangguniang Magdiwang) ng Pilipinas.
5. Secretario de Interior
-Supremo KALAYAAN NG PILIPINAS
-G. Severino de las Alas Nobyembre 1, 1897
-G. Diego Mojica - ”Asamblea General Revolucionaria” o
Kapulungang Manghihimagsik
UNANG PULONG NG PAMAHALAANG  “constitucion” o Saligang Bata
MANGHIHIMAGSIK Republika (inihanda ng dalawang
batikang abogado na sina Isabelo
March 23, 1897 Arcadio at Felix Ferrer)
- Isang battalion ng kawal ng Magdiwang sa  Dahil sa pagmamalasakit ni G. Artacho
mando ni Komandante Andres Villanueva ay ginawa syang “Secretario de Interior”
March 24, 1897 ni Aguinaldo.
- Nalaman ni Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo na ang Haring  Nahango ang batas sa Saligang Batas ng
Bayan at ang kanyang mga kasama ay Cuba
nagpulong sa umaga ng 23 ng Marso  Mataas na Pamunuan ng mga
- Pagdating ng mga sangguniang magdiwang manghihimagsik:
(Ternate, Maragondon, Magallanes) Pangulo: Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo
March 23, 1897 Ikalawang Pangulo: Hen. Mariano Trias
- -naagaw ng mga kastila ang hanay sa Pasong Secretario de Guerra: Hen. Baldomero Aguinaldo
Santol Secretario de Interior: Hen. Isabelo Artacho
- -nasawi si Hen. Crispulo Aguinaldo Secretario de Fomento: Hen. Emiliano Riego de Dios
General en Hefe: Hen. Artemio Ricarte
KAPAYAPAAN ANG HILING NG ESPANYA
 Kgg. Pedro A. Paterno  Ang Php. 3,000,000.00(Tatlong angaw
 Gobernador Heneral at Kapitan Heneral Don nga Pisong Mek) ay hindi sinang ayunan
Fernando Primo Rivera Marquez de Estrella ng Capitan General Primo de Rivera.
 August 1, 1897  Binawasan sa Php. 1,500,000.00 sa payo
-Hen. Mamerto Natividad at mungkahi ni Hen. Mamerto Natividad
-Gov. Politico Militar Departamental ng - Pagkasawi ni Komandante Heneral Mamerto
Panghihimagsik Natividad
 Nilalaman ng kahilingan: - Hindi nasang ayunan ang pangalawang
1. Alisin sa Pilipinas ang lahat ng Frayle, at ibigay sa mga kahilingan
paring Pilipino ang lahat ng kurato sa bayan-bayan at - Another kasunduan
iba pang mga kailangan. - Pakto Na Biyak na Bato
PAGTATAPOS NG UNANG YUGTO NG HIMAGSIKAN
- HINDI TINUPAD NG PAMAHALAANG KASTILA
ANG KASUNDUAN SA BIYAK NA BATO KAYA’T
ANG SALAPING NATANGGAP NINA AGUINALDO
AY IBINILI NA LAMANG NG ARMAS AT SIYANG
GINAMIT SA IKALAWANG YUGTO NG
HIMAGSIKAN
- Natapos ang unang yugto ng himagsikan, simula
ng Agosto 1896- Disyembre 1897
FIRST STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION
 Katipunan had spread all over the province of
Manila and was beginning to branch out into
Cavite and Bulacan
 August 1896- the head of the printing press of
the Diario de Manila, having discovered that
some of his employees belonged to a secret
society,
handed them over to the constabulary for the
corresponding investigation.
 The Spanish authorities, following the advice of
the friars, decide to teach a terrible exemplary
lesson and for this purpose seized not only the
Katipuneros but the Masons as well as and all those
who had belonged to the dissolved society
 30 December 1896- Rizal was shot as the
principal instigator of the
movement, and those really guilty of giving cause for
the Filipinos to hate
very name of Spaniard were praised for their patriotism
 The governor general sent Rizal on Spain,
whence he had to be sent back soon after
because the judge advocate of the continuing
court-martial
demanded custody of Rizal to answer the charges
against him.
 Although Rizal's banishment to Dapitan
eliminated all possibility of his active
participation in the movement, he was found
guilty of having been its chief instigator
because, had it not been for the articles he had
published in La Solidaridad and for his
novels, the people would never have taken to
politics. This judgment was totally incorrect
because political activities in the Philippines
antedated Rizal, because Rizal was only a
personality created by the needs of these
activities: if Rizal had not existed, somebody
else would have played his role.
 The movement was by nature slow and gentle,
it had become violent because obstructed. Rizal
had not started the resistance, yet he was
condemned to death: were he not innocent, he
would not be a martyr.
 In contrast to Burgos who wept because he died
guiltless, Rizal went to the execution ground
calm and even cheerful, to show that he was
happy to sacrifice his life, which he had
dedicated to the good of all the Filipinos,
confident that in love and gratitude they would
always remember him and follow his
example and teaching.
 From the day Rizal understood the misfortunes
of his native land and decided to work to
redress them, his vivid imagination never
ceased to picture to him at every moment
of his life the terrors of the death that awaited
him; thus he learned not to fear it, and had no
fear when it came to take him away; the life of
Rizal, from the time he dedicated it to the
service of his native land, was therefore a
continuing death, bravely endured until the end
for love of his countrymen.
 The movement had more success in Cavite
because the government forces there consisted
only of small constabulary detachments
scattered in different towns of the province,
except for the port and arsenal which the rebels
were unable to take.
 At that time the Katipunan had two people's
councils in the province, one called Magdalo
in Kawit led by Don Baldomero Aguinaldo, and
the other, the Magdiwang in Noveleta under
the orders of Mariano Alvarez.
 Upon receiving Andres Bonifacio's order to rise,
the katipuneros, helped by their friends, were
able to surprise the constabulary barracks and
kill the Spanish officers and sergeants in
command.
 9th November 1896- With the handful of arms
thus captured, the citizens of Noveleta, under
the command of Don Artemio Ricarte, threw
back the forces of General Blanco
 11th November 1896- those of Kawit, under the
orders of Don Emilio Aguinaldo, the town
mayor, and of Don Candido Tirona, who died in
the encounter, were able to retake the
powder-magazine of Binacayan, which had
fallen to the Spaniards a few days before.
 Andres Bonifacio went to Cavite to unify the
endeavors of the two, but Magdalo already
paid little heed to his authority and orders.
Fortunately, Don Edilberto Evangelista, a
Manilan who was a civil engineer graduated
from the University of Ghent in Belgium, put his
 services at the disposal of the
insurrection and directed all the entrenchment
and defense works which would give the
Spanish forces so much trouble.
 17th February 1897- General Polavieja, at the
head of a considerable force, boldly decided to
overrun the province of Cavite, and Edilberto,
who was conducting the defense of the
Sapote river, died fighting heroically.
 12th March 1897- For that purpose the
members of both councils, together with the
principal military leaders, gathered in the
estate-house of Tejero. The assembly, presided
over by Bonifacio, agreed on the election of a
central government which would take charge
of the general business of the
insurrection. Don Emilio Aguinaldo was elected
president, and Don Mariano Trias, vice-
president. Bonifacio was elected director of the
department of the interior, but, affronted when
some of those present opposed his
appointment because he was not educationally
qualified, he walked out of the meeting,
declaring that, as head of the Katipunan, he did
not recognize the validity of the decisions,
reached.
 The general opinion finds no justification, not
even mitigation, for such a manner of
proceeding (on the part of Mr.. Aguinaldo).
Andres Bonifacio had no less schooling than
any of those elected in the aforesaid assembly,
and he had shown an uncommon sagacity in
organizing the Katipunan.
 This tragedy smothered the enthusiasm for the
revolutionary cause, and hastened the
failure of the insurrection in Cavite, because
many from Manila, Laguna and Batangas, who
were fighting for the province (of Cavite), were
demoralized and quit, and soon the so-called
central government had to with-draw to the
mountains of Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.
 Don Pedro A. Paterno offered himself to
General Primo de Rivera as a negotiator
with the leaders of the insurrection for what
they called an honorable peace.
 The general's purpose, was to keep the
revolutionary chieftains abroad because,
once there, watched constantly by the
operatives of the Spanish consulates, it would
be very difficult for them to arm an expedition
and return to the islands, and with this in mind
he offered them money, safe-conduct and free
passage. Reflecting that they would be
compelled by lack of arms to surrender later
under worse conditions, the chieftains accepted
the offer, encouraged by a design to spend
the money on the purchase of arms with which
they would return to the archipelago at the first
favorable opportunity.
 . It was agreed that the government would give
Peso400,000 to Mr. Aguinaldo and
his companions in Hong Kong, Peso 200,000 to
the chief- tains remaining in the islands, and
Peso200,000 more some time after,
perhaps in the light of the subsequent conduct
of the chieftains who surrendered.
 To all appearances the pact of Biak-na-Bato
gave the leaders of the Revolution an
advantageous way out of an indefensible
position.
 . The Spanish government believed that, with
the voluntary expatriation of some leaders
and the unconditional surrender of some
others, peace would soon be restored, but it
was wholly mistaken.
 Only the grant of the reforms sought by La
Solidaridad could have restored a spirit of
peace, but, precisely to avoid such concessions,
the Spanish govern-ment was using all the
means suggested by diplomatic guile and skill.
CRITICISM OF VIRGILIO ALMARIO ON TEODORO
AGONCILLO
Almario criticized Agoncillo because:
 Agoncillo called Andes Bonifacio PLEBEIAN
HERO or FOLKLORIC
 Agoncillo believe that the MALOLOS REPUBLIC
IN 1898 was the result of the Philippine
Revolution
 Agoncillo called Andres Bonifacio not a poet
and describing Bonifacio’s poem a
MEDIOCRE PIECE
SYNTHESIS OF TEODORO AGONCILLO’S REVOLT OF THE
MASSES
- July 7, 1896- Rizal’s deportation in Dapitan
spread.
- Andres Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Teodoro
Plata, Lasislao Diwa, Jose Dizon and others,
agreed that the peaceful method to achieve
reforms was no longer effective.
- KKK’s 3 cardinal objectives
1. FIRST- separate the Philippines from
Spain
2. SECOND-civic or social
 3. THIRD- moral  Adopted a system of nomenclature for the
- KATIPUNAN’S RECRUITMENT: popular councils and theirsections
- TRIANGLE METHOD-each member has the duty Magdiwag, mapagtiis, Salinas, pangwagi, magwagi,
to recruit to person who don’t know each other. magtagumpay, walang tinag, magpuri, naghapay,
- PROCEDURE OF ACCEPTING NEW MEMBER: magdalo, haligi, gargano and so on.
1. answer 3 question - Needed funds
2. Physical test - January 1896- Supreme council agreed that
3. Signing of the oath (with own blood) each member should contribute two peso
SYSTEM OF DIVISION
1. FIRST GRADE: KATIPON SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’ THE KATIPUNAN AND THE
Password: Anak ng bayan REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL
2. SECOND GRADE: KAWAL • The assembly at Tejeros was finally convened
Password: Gom-Bur-Za on March 25, 1897.
3. THIRD GRADE: BAYANI • Before the assembly was convened, Secretary
Password: Rizal of War Ariston Villanueva of the Magdiwang
- Members were asked to pay monthly fee during Council received the confidential information.
meetings • After Chairman Jacinto Lumbreras had declared
- January 1896- system of division was no longer the assembly open, he announced the main
in use. topic of discussion.
- Use system of writing or code which was an • The Katipunan was united in its respect for
alphabetical key universal brotherhood and equality of men. It
- Change alphabetical key to numbers was risking bloodshed and life itself it its
- 1894- branched out in different parts of Manila struggle against the king, in order to establish a
- adopted the system of gradation of LIGA sovereign and free government.
3 UNITS OF THE SOCIETY • Then, Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in
1. NATIONAL LEVEL defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas’s stand.
- President, secretary, fiscal, treasurer, and six • M. Lumbreras explained, that the Katipunan
councillors. was responsible from the beginning for the
2. PROVINCIAL LEVEL spread of the revolutionary movement
- Popular council, and a provincial court throughout the Philippines.
3. TOWN LEVEL • If we are to pursue this ambitious and
- Sangguniang balangay important undertaking, only the Supremo has
 The sangguniang bayan and the right to preside at this assembly.
balangay had the same officer. • M. Lumbreras’s speech was well received and
4. SECRET CHAMBER his proposal was unanimously accepted.
- Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Dr. Pio MARCH 25, 1897
Valenzuela o THE SPANIARDS CAPTURED AND
- Duty: discuss offenses committed by the OCCUPIED THE TOWN OF INUS
members and give punishment o AFTER 3 DAYS, THEY WENT TO SAN
5. WOMEN’S CHAPTER FRANCISCO DE MALABON TERRITORY
- exclusive for the wives, daughter, relatives, and o A BATTLE WAS ENSUED
sisters of the Katipunan members o MAGDIWANG TROOP RETREAT
o AFTER THE BATTLE, THE SPANIARDS
WOMAN’S CHAPTER OFFICERS ENCAMPED AT BAKAW
PRESIDENT: Josefa Rizal APRIL 3
V-PRESIDENT: Gregoria de Jesus o SUPREMO MADE A BID TO RECAPTURE
SECRETARY: Marina Dizon NOVELITA
FISCAL: Angelica Rizal Lopez o BEFORE THE BATTLE, GENERAL PIO
 Tasked to see to it that the meeting of the male CAME TO HEP BUT WITHDREW EVEN
members were not be disturbed BEFORE THE BATTLE STARTED
• FLAGS were also made for the katipunan o AFTER THE COMBAT, GENERAL APOY
- different flags representing the three AND THE SUPREMO BONIFACIO LOST
grades changed over time. MANY GALLANT TROOPS
 o COMING FROM IMUS AND KAWIT, THE • WITH THE ESTABLISHMENTS OF NEW
ENEMY TOOK NOVELETA WITHOUT GOVERNMENTS OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC,
RESISTANCE SUPREMO’S POSITION AND INFLUENCE WAS
FRANCISCO VALENCIA OF TANZA NEGATED
- ONE OF THOSE WHO GUIDE THE SPANISH • WITH THIS TURN OF EVENT, BONIFACIO
EXPEDITIONARY FORCE DECIDED TO LEAVE CAVITE
o WITH THE APPROVAL OF JUSTICE MARIANO • IN THE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE ENEMY WHO
TRIAS, SOME REBEL DIGNITARIES SURRENDER WANTED TO CAPTURE NAIC, THE MAGDALO
TO THE SPANISH AUTHORITY TROOPS WERE LOSING STAMINA THUS THE
o DUE TO THE FALL OF IMUS AND SAN MAGDIWANG TROOPS HELPED THEM
FRANCISCO DE MALABON, MAGDALO AND • BECAUSE OF THE FEAR THAT THE ENEMY
MAGDIWANG GOVERNMENTS MOVE OUT TO WOULD TAKE THE REMAINING TOWNS,
THEIR GENERAL APOY BEGAN LOOKING FOR A NEW
HEADQUARTERS DEFENSE SITE
o THE MAGDIWANG TOGETHER WITH
SUPREMO AND THE HIGHEST COUNCIL OF
KATIPUNAN TRANSFER TO THE FRIAR STATE
HOUSE IN NAIC
o THE MAGDALO COULD NOT FIND ANY
SUITABLE PLACE BUT THIS DID NOT HINDER
THEM FROM HOLDING MEETINGS AND
COMMUNICATE WITH THE MAGDIWANG
o AFTER THE FALL OR IMUS AND SAN
FRANCISCO DE MALABON
1. MESSRS. TIRONA, CAILLES AND DEL ROSARIO
- VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND COOPERATE WITH THE
ENEMY
2. MAGDALO GOVERNMENT SET FREE OF THE SPANISH
PRISONERS
3. FRANCISCO VALENCIA HAS BEEN INSTALLED AS
MUNICIPAL EXECUTIVE
• BECAUSE OF THESE EVENTS, ON APRIL 7, 1897,
SUPREMO ORDERED TO BRING HIM
THE THE PRISONERS AS WELL AS THEIR
PROTECTORS AND ESCORTS
• AS GENERAL APOY HEARD ABOUT THE EVENTS,
HE WENT TO SEE SUPREMO
• AFTER HOLY WEEK OF 1897, AGUINALDO
CALLED A MEETING
NEW LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE REPUBLIC
PRESIDENT: EMILIO AGUINALDO
VICE-PRESIDENT: MARIANO TRIAS
DIRECTOR OF INTERIOR: PASCUAL ALVAREZ
DIRECTOR OF STATE: JACINTO LUMBRERAS
DIRECTOR OF FINANCE: BALDOMERO
AGUINALDO
DIRECTOR OF WELFARE: MARIANO ALVAREZ
DIRECTOR OF JUSTICE: SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS
DIRECTOR OF WAR: EMILIANO REIGO DE DIOS
CAPTAIN GENERAL: ARTEMIO RICARTE

• THEY CHANGE THE EMBLEMS FOR THE ARMY

OFFICERS