Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AT&T Labs-Research
Tutorial Overview
AT&T Labs
1
PART 1: Preliminaries
AT&T Labs
✹ Wireless channels.
! Outage capacity of fading channels.
! Diversity Options: time, frequency, and space.
➪ Receive and transmit diversity techniques.
Wireless Channels
AT&T Labs
Remote Dominant
Reflector
Local Scatterers
to Base
Co-Channel Mobile
Local Scatterers
to Base
Remote Dominant
Reflector
2
Signal Level in Wireless Channels
AT&T Labs
Distance (dB)
h(t, τ, z) = ∑ α i (t ) ⋅ e − jϕ i ( t ,τ i ,z ) ⋅ δ(t − τ i )
i
θi
c
ϕ i (t, τ i , z) = 2 π ⋅ fc τ i (t ) − fd ,it + ( z / λ ) ⋅ sin θi h z
3
Space-Time Fading
AT&T Labs
10log10 h(t,z)
Di
sta
nc
e(
in
w av
ele s
em
ng
th Tim
λ)
Space-Time Fading ….
AT&T Labs
10log10 h(t,z)
Di
sta
nc
e(
in
w av s
ele em
ng
th Tim
λ)
4
PART 1: Preliminaries
AT&T Labs
! Wireless channels.
✹ Outage capacity of fading channels.
! Diversity Options: time, frequency, and space.
➪ Receive and transmit diversity techniques.
Tx 1 Rx 1
LM α 11 α12 ! α1 N OP
H =M PP
α 21 α 22 ! α 2 N
Tx 2 Rx 2
MM " " # "
PQ
Nα M1 α M 2 ! α MN
Tx N Rx M
5
Fundamental Limits: Outage Capacity
AT&T Labs
ρ
C = log2 det I + LM OP
n
HH*
N bits/sec/use
Q
H is the n × m channel matrix
! Outage capacity C x :
z
∞
Pr C > Cx l q= C ( H ) fH ( H ) d H = x
H :C ( Η ) = C x
225
175 1 Tx 1 Rx Antennas
1 Tx 2 Rx Antennas
150 2 Tx 1 Rx Antennas
2 Tx 2 Rx Antennas
125
100
75
50
IS-136+
25
IS-136
We are here now
0
0 5 10 15 20
SNR per Rx Antenna (dB)
6
PART 1: Preliminaries
AT&T Labs
! Wireless channels.
! Outage capacity of fading channels.
✹ Diversity Options: time, frequency, and space.
➪ Receive and transmit diversity techniques.
7
Receive Diversity
AT&T Labs
Front End
1
Switched Switch
Diversity Data Data
Detector
Front End
2
8
Receive Diversity: Linear Combining
AT&T Labs
α1
r1 Front End r1 = A1e jφ1 d + n1
1 r2 = A2e jφ2 d + n2
Data
Σ Data
Detector
r2 Front End
2
α2
decoding c
d = S α r + α*2 r2
*
1 1 h
9
Transmit Diversity
AT&T Labs
Tx 1
w 2 (t )
Rx
r1 ( t ) r1 ( t )
S2 ( t ) r (t )
Tx 2 r (t )
Demod r2 ( t )
Mod
r2 ( t ) w1 ( t ), w 2 ( t )
variations
S1 ( t )
w1 ( t ) + w 2 ( t ) =1
2 2
w1 ( t )
10
Tx Diversity with Frequency Weighting
AT&T Labs
Tx 1
r2 ( t )
Rx r1 ( t )
(A) Constructive Interference
Tx 2
Channel Channel
Encoder r2 ( t )
Decoder r1 ( t )
(B) Distructive Interference
θ ( kT ) = 2 π fm kT
e jθ ( t )
Tx 2 Rx
s Repetition s1 s2 ! s N ML
Code Detection
T
Tx N
11
Tx Diversity with Channel Coding
AT&T Labs
Tx 1
Rx
Tx 2
s Channel c1c 2 ! c N ML
Code Decoding
T
Tx N
Tx 1
s(t )
Tx 2
Delay
( N − 1) T s ( t − ( N − 1) T )
12
Transmit Diversity Options
AT&T Labs
p1 ( t )
a1 ( t ) ⋅ e j θ 1 ( t )
Information
bits p2 ( t )
a 2 ( t ) ◊ e j6 2 ( t )
Channel Encoder
! Antenna hopping
! Frequency weighting pN (t )
! Delay diversity
! Space-
Space-Time Coding a N ( t ) ⋅ e jθ N ( t )
Waveform Shaping
✹ Space-
Space-Time coded modulation (STCM):
➪ Probability of error analysis and design criterion.
➪ Space-
Space-time trellis codes examples.
➪ Decoding of space-
space-time trellis codes.
➪ Comparison with delay-
delay-diversity.
! Space-
Space-Time block codes (STBC):
➪ Basic idea and decoding of STBC.
➪ Incoherent detection of STBC.
➪ STBC for more than 2 transmit antennas.
! Interference suppression with STBC:
➪ Zero forcing IC and ML decoding of STBC.
➪ MMSE IC and ML decoding of STBC.
➪ Iterative IC and ML decoding of STBC.
13
Space-Time Coded Modulation
AT&T Labs
Space-Time Encoder
Information Receiver
Source
14
STC: The Model ….
AT&T Labs
c l = [ c1 ( l ), c2 ( l ), ! , c N ( l ) ]T
! Channel Matrix: LM α 11 α 12 ! α 1 N OP
H =M PP
α 21 α 22 ! α 2 N
MM " " # "
PQ
Nα M1 α M 2 ! α MN
! Received Signal Vector:
r (l ) = H ⋅ c l + n (l )
o ~
t o
~
Pr C → C H ≤ exp − d 2 (C, C ) t 2
M L
~
d (C, C ) = Â Â , j1 c1 (l ) - c~1 (l ) +!!+, jN c N (l ) - c~N (l )
2
j =1 l =1
M
~
= Gs ◊ Â h j A (C, C ) h *j , where
j =1
Gs = Es / 4 N o and h j = [ , j1 , j 2 ! , jN ]T
~ ~ ~
A (C, C ) = B(C, C )B* (C, C )
15
STC: Probability of Error Analysis ….
AT&T Labs
LM c (1) − c~ (1)
1 1 c1 (2) − c~1 (2 ) ! c1 ( L ) − c~1 ( L ) OP
B= M c (1) − c~ (1)
MM "
2 2 c2 (2) − c~2 (2 )
"
! c2 ( L ) − c~2 ( L )
# "
PP
Nc (1) − c~ (1)
N N cN (2) − c~N (2) ! cN ( L ) − c~N ( L )
PQ
16
STC: Probability of Error Analysis ….
AT&T Labs
t FGH ∏ 1 + λ1 ⋅ Γ IJK
M
o
N
~
Pr C → C ≤
i =1 i s
o
r
~
Pr C → C ≤ i
i =1 s
17
STC: Design Criteria ….
AT&T Labs
0 00 01 02 03
1 10 11 12 13
2 20 21 22 23
Input: 0 1 2 3 2 2
Tx 1: 0 0 1 2 3 2
Tx 2: 0 1 2 3 2 2 3 30 31 32 33
18
STC: 8-PSK Example 1
AT&T Labs
2
3 1
Input: 0 1 5 7 6 4
Tx 1: 0 0 5 1 3 6 4 0
Tx 2: 0 1 5 7 6 4
5 7
6
0 00,01,02,03,04,05,06,07
1 50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57
2 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27
3 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77
4 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47
5 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17
6 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67
7 30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37
19
STC: 16-QAM Example
AT&T Labs
0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
1 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF
2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F
Input: 0 1 A C 5 7
Tx 1: 0 0 B A C F 3 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F
Tx 2: 0 1 A C 5 7
4 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F
5 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF
6 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F
0 1 2 3
7 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF
4 5 6 7 8 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F
9 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F
8 9 A B A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF
A
B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F
C D E F
C C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF
D 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F
E E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF
F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F
20
STC: Performance with Perfect CSI
AT&T Labs
10-1
4-State Code
8-State Code
16-State Code
32-State Code
10-2 64-State Code
10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR (dB) per Receive Antenna
10-1
8-State Code
16-State Code
32-State Code
64-State Code
10-2
10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR (dB) per Receive Antenna
21
STC: Performance with Perfect CSI ….
AT&T Labs
16-State Code
64-State Code
Frame Error Rate
10-1
10-2
10-3
10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR (dB) per Receive Antenna
Delay Diversity
AT&T Labs
Signal 2
Constellation
Mapper
Information Rate ½
Source Repetition Code One
Symbol Constellation
Delay Mapper
Signal 1
Delay Diversity
22
Delay-Diversity as a ST Code
AT&T Labs
2
3 1
Input: 0 1 5 7 6 4
Tx 1: 0 0 1 5 7 6 4 0
Tx 2: 0 1 5 7 6 4
5 7
6
0 00,01,02,03,04,05,06,07
1 10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17
2 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27
3 30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37
4 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47
5 50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57
6 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67
7 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77
ST Code as a Delay-Diversity
AT&T Labs
Signal 2
Constellation
Mapper
Signal 1
k
C = 0 0 ,1 5 ,2 2 , 3 7 , 4 4 , 5 1, 6 6 , 7 3 p
23
Part 2: Space-Time Coding
AT&T Labs
! Space-
Space-Time coded modulation (STCM):
➪ Probability of error analysis and design criterion.
➪ Space-
Space-time trellis codes examples.
➪ Decoding of space-
space-time trellis codes.
➪ Comparison with delay-
delay-diversity.
✹ Space-
Space-Time block codes (STBC):
➪ Basic idea and decoding of STBC.
➪ Incoherent detection of STBC.
➪ STBC for more than 2 transmit antennas.
! Interference suppression with STBC:
➪ Zero forcing IC and ML decoding of STBC.
➪ MMSE IC and ML decoding of STBC.
➪ Iterative IC and ML decoding of STBC.
Space-
Space-Time Block Codes
AT&T Labs
Signal 2
Constellation
Mapper
ST Block Code
Information
c1 -c2*
Source c1 c 2
c2 c *1
Constellation
Mapper
Signal 1
Lc OP
! Idea:
− c2∗
c1 c2 →M 1
Nc 2 c1∗ Q
! Assumption: channel is quasi-
quasi-static.
static
24
Decoding of STBC
AT&T Labs
! Received Signal:
r1 = h1c1 + h2 c2 + n1
r2 = − h1c2* + h2 c1* + n2
r=
LM r OP = LM h
1 1 h2 c1
+
OPLM OP LM OP
n1
= H⋅c + n
Nr Q N h
2
* *
2 − h1* c2 QN Q N Q
n2*
! H is orthogonal:
e
H*H = h1 + h2 ◊ I = h ◊ I
2 2
j 2
fi ~r = H*r = h ◊ c + n
~
2
Decoding of STBC ….
AT&T Labs
!
~ is still white fi c and c are detected
The noise term n 1 2
independently fi lower complexity.
complexity
! With M receive antennas:
~r =
M
 H*i ri =
FG Â h IJ ◊ c + n~
M
2
i =1 H i =1K i
25
Decoding of STBC ….
AT&T Labs
~ ML Decision
r1 r1 c$1
Linear Combiner
c1
~r = H* H∗ r1 LM OP
1 2
r2 NQ ML Decision
r2
~
r2 c2
c$2
! Received Signal:
LM OP LM OPLM OP LM OP
~r = r1 = c1 c2 h1 + n1 = C ⋅ h + n
NQ N
r2 c2* − c1* h2 n2 QN Q N Q
! Given c1 and c2, h1 and h2 can be estimated as
~
~
LM OP
h1
h= ~ = 2
1
⋅ *
⋅ =
h1 + η1 LM OP
h2N Q
c1 + c2
2 C r
h2 + η2 N Q
c1*n1 + c2 n2 c2*n1 + c1n2
η1 = 2 and η2 = 2
c1 + c2 c1 + c2
2 2
26
STBC: Incoherent Detection ….
AT&T Labs
Space-
Space-Time Block Codes for N > 2
AT&T Labs
27
Space-
Space-Time Block Codes for N > 2 ….
AT&T Labs
LMc OP
1 LM c 1 − c2 − c3 − c4 c1* − c2* − c3* −c4* OP
MMcc PP
2
→ MMcc2 c1 c4 − c3 c2* c1* c4* −c3* PP
− c4 c1 c2 c3* − c4* c1* c2*
MNc PQ
3
4
MNc4
3
LM c −c2*
c3* c3* OP
MM PP
1
2 2
LMc OP
1
MM c
2 c1*
c *
3
− 3
c *
PP
MMc PP
2 →
MM c2 c3 *
2
c c c2 c2 c2 c2 c1 − c1*
+ − + *
+ *
+
2
PP
Nc Q
3
3
2
− 1 1
2 2
MM c −
c3
−
c2 + c2* − c1 + c1*
−
c1 + c1* + c2 − c2* PP
N2 Q
3
2 2 2
28
Space-
Space-Time Block Codes for N > 2 ….
AT&T Labs
LMc OP
1 LM c1 −c2 −c3 − c4 OP
MMcc PP
2
→ MMcc
2 c1 c4 − c3
− c4 c1 c2
PP
MNc PQ
3
4
MNc
3
4 c3 − c2 c PQ
1
! Space-
Space-Time coded modulation (STCM):
➪ Probability of error analysis and design criterion.
➪ Space-
Space-time trellis codes examples.
➪ Decoding of space-
space-time trellis codes.
➪ Comparison with delay-
delay-diversity.
! Space-
Space-Time block codes (STBC):
➪ Basic idea and decoding of STBC.
➪ Incoherent detection of STBC.
➪ STBC for more than 2 transmit antennas.
✹ Interference suppression with STBC:
➪ Zero forcing IC and ML decoding of STBC.
➪ MMSE IC and ML decoding of STBC.
➪ Iterative IC and ML decoding of STBC.
29
Interference Cancellation with STBC
AT&T Labs
Burst 2
Information Space-Time
Source Block Encoder
Burst 2 c1
Terminal 2
c2 Information
Information Space-Time
Source Block Encoder
Burst 1
Terminal 2
! Received Signal:
r1 = H1 ⋅ c + G1 ⋅ s + n1
⇒
LMr OP = LMH
1 1 G1 c
⋅ +
OP LM OP LM OP
n1
r2 = H 2 ⋅ c + G 2 ⋅ s + n2 Nr Q NH
2 2 G2 s n2QNQ N Q
r = H ◊ ~c + η
! Zero forcing solution:
LM H 1 G1 OP ◊ LM r OP = LM r$ OP = LMcOP + LM n$ OP
-1
1 1 1
NH 2 G2 Q Nr Q Nr$ Q N s Q Nn$ Q
2 2 2
30
Zero Forcing IC with STBC ….
AT&T Labs
LMH G1 OP = LMH~
−1 −1
OP L I −G1G 2−1 OP
Q MN−H H
1 0
NH 2 G2 Q N0 ~ −1
G 2
−1
1 I Q
~ ~
H = H1 − G1G 2−1H 2 , G = G 2 − H 2 H1−1G1
N− H H2
−1
1 I 2 2 2
~ ~
& H and G are orthogonal and have the same structure and
n1 and ~
noise ~ n2 are still white ⇒ can detect c and s as before..
! ZF Interference Cancellation:
b
( c, ∆ c ) = ZFIC r1 , r2 , H1 , H 2 , G1 , G 2 g
{
~r = r − G G −1r
1 1 2 2
~
H = H1 − G1G 2−1H 2
~ 2
c$ = arg min ~r − H ⋅ c
c ∈C
~ 2
∆ c = ~r − H ⋅ c$
}
31
ZFIC Performance
AT&T Labs
10-1
Frame Error Rate
10-2
10-3
10-4
STBC( 2 Tx, 2 Rx) + ZFIC, SIR = 0 dB
STBC( 2 Tx, 1 Rx)
STBC( 2 Tx, 2 Rx) , No Interference
10-5
10-6
10 15 20 25 30
! Error Criteria:
2
D(w, - 1 , - 2 ) = w*r − - 1 c1 - - 2 c2
32
MMSE Interference Cancellation ….
AT&T Labs
! MMSE IC solution:
LM
~ = M h2 OP LMh OP , w~ = LMM h OP LMh OP
-1
1 1
-1
2
w1
N
h*2 1 Q N0Q Nh 1 Q N 0 Q
2 *
1
M = HH* + 1
SNR
I
h1 = first column of H
h2 = second column of H
! MMSE solution:
h*2 M -1h1
(
w1 = M - h 2 h 2)
* -1
h1 , - = *
1 - h*2 M -1h1
2
h1*M -1h 2
(
w2 = M - h h * -1
1 1 ) h2 , - = *
1 - h1*M -1h 2
1
33
MMSE Interference Cancellation ….
AT&T Labs
b
( c , ∆ c ) = M M SE_ IC r1 , r2 , H 1 , H 2 , G 1 , G 2 , Γ g
{
~r = r T r T T
1 1
~
H=
LM
H1 G1 OP
H2 G2N Q
1
M = HH* + I
Γ
T T
h 1 = h 11
T
h T21 , h 2 = h 12
T
h T22
α 1* = M − 1h 1 , α *2 = M − 1h 2
c1 = arg min α 1* ~r − c$1 , c2 = arg min α 1* ~r − c$2
2 2
c$1 ∈C c$2 ∈ C
∆ c = α 1* ~r − c$1 + α 1* ~r − c$2
2 2
MMSE IC Performance
AT&T Labs
10-1
Frame Error Rate
10-2
10-3
10-4
STBC( 2 Tx, 1 Rx)
STBC( 2 Tx, 1 Rx) + MMSE IC, SIR = 0 dB
STBC( 2 Tx, 1 Rx) + MMSE IC, SIR = 10 dB
10-5
STBC( 2 Tx, 1 Rx) + MMSE IC, SIR = 20 dB
STBC( 2 Tx, 2 Rx), No Interference
10-6
10 15 20 25 30
34
Iterative Interference Cancellation
AT&T Labs
b
( c$ , s$ ) = IT _ IC_ STDEC r1 , r2 , H1 , H 2 , G 1 , G 2 g
{
b
( c$ 0 , ∆ c ,o ) = IC_ STDEC r1 , r2 , H 1 , H 2 , G1 , G 2 g
x 1 = r1 − H 1 ⋅ c$ o , x 2 = r2 − H 2 ⋅ c$ o
s$ o = arg min
s ∈S
ex 1 − G1 ⋅ s + x 2 − G 2 ⋅ s
2 2
j
∆ s ,o = x 1 − G 1 ⋅ s + x 2 − G 2 ⋅ s
2 2
b
( s$ 1 , ∆ s ,1 ) = IC_ STDEC r1 , r2 , G 1 , G 2 , H1 , H 2 g
y1 = r1 − G 1 ⋅ s$ 1 , y$ 2 = r2 − G 2 ⋅ s$ 1
c$ 1 = arg min
c ∈C
e y − H ⋅c
1 1
2
+ y2 − H 2 ⋅ c
2
j
∆ c ,1 = y1 − H 1 ⋅ c + y 2 − H 2 ⋅ c
2 2
If ( ∆ c ,o + ∆ s ,o ) < ( ∆ c ,1 + ∆ s ,1 ) ⇒ ( c$ , s$ ) = ( c$ o , s$ o )
Else ( c$ , s$ ) = ( c$ 1 , s$ 1 )
}
10-1
Frame Error Rate
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-6
10 15 20 25 30
35
Iterative MMSE IC Performance ….
AT&T Labs
10-1
10-2
10-3
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
SIR (dB)
36
Base-Station Transmitter
AT&T Labs
Burst 2
Concatenated Space-Time Encoder
Pulse
Burst Shaper
Interleaving
ST Encoder Building
Information Block Encoder
Source (Reed Solomon)
Pulse
Burst Shaper
Interleaving
Building
Burst 1
! High rate outer block code will clean up burst errors of the ST code and
will provide an error detection mechanism.
! Same interleaving for both bursts.
! Synchronization and pilot sequences are inserted in both bursts for
timing and frequency synchronization as well as channel estimation at
the receiver.
Slot Structure
AT&T Labs
Lb
Burst 2
Training Training
Pilot Pilot Pilot
Sequence Data Data Data Sequence
S2 P2 P2 P2 S2
Lt Lp Ls
Training Training
Sequence Pilot Pilot Pilot Sequence
Data Data Data
S1 P1 P1 P1 S1
Burst 1
Lb
37
Mobile Receiver
AT&T Labs
Channel Estimation
and
Matched Timing Interpolation Deinterleaving
Filter Synchronization
Space-Time
Vector Viterbi
Decoder Reed Solomon
Decoder
Matched Timing
Filter Synchronization Concatenated Space-Time Decoder
Channel Estimation
AT&T Labs
α
~ ∗
m ~
ij r
R ( τ ) = E α ij ( t ) α ( t + τ ) = J ( 2 π f τ ) e − j 2 π fo τ
o d
Pi* Y j ( l )
α$ ij ( l ) = i = 1, 2 , ! , N
A ⋅ Pi
2
38
Channel Interpolation
AT&T Labs
Select Interpolation
Interpolation Filter Estimate
Filters Doppler Range
Matched
Channel Estimation
Filter
and
Interpolation Channel Estimates
Quasi-adaptive interpolation
39
Modem Simulation
AT&T Labs
Slot Structure
AT&T Labs
Burst 2
6.67 ms=162 Symbols
S2 O2 D2 P2 D2 P2 D2 P2 D2 P2 D2 P2 D2 P2 D2 O2 S2
14 5 9 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 12 5 14
S1 O1 D1 P1 D1 P1 D1 P1 D1 P1 D1 P1 D1 P1 D1 O1 S1
14 5 9 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 21 2 12 5 14
40
Error Distribution
AT&T Labs
SNR = 12.5 dB
0.8 SNR = 15.0 dB
SNR = 17.5 dB
SNR = 20.0 dB
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 >12
Number of Byte Errors per Frame
10-1
10-2
ST code only
10-3 ST code + RS1
ST code + RS3
ST code + RS5
10-4
14 16 18 20 22 24
SNR (per Rx antenna) dB
41
Frame Error Rate Performance ….
AT&T Labs
10-1
10-2
ST Code Only
10-3 ST Code + RS1
ST Code + RS3
ST Code + RS5
10-4
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
SNR (per Rx antenna) dB
16
15
14
13
12
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Maximum Doppler Frequency fd (Hz)
42
Frame Error Rate Performance ….
AT&T Labs
19
18
17
16
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Maximum Doppler Frequency fd (Hz)
12
11
10
9
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Doppler Spread fd (Hz)
43
Frame Error Rate Performance ….
AT&T Labs
SNR for 0.1 Frame Error Rate (dB) DD Code + RS5, LPIF
28 ST Code + RS5, LPIF
DD Code + RS5, Optimized WIF
ST Code + RS5, Optimized WIF
26
24
22
20
18
16
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Maximum Doppler Frequency fd (Hz)
19
DD Code + RS5, LPIF
SNR for 0.1 Frame Error Rate (dB)
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Maximum Doppler Frequency fd (Hz)
44
Frame Error Rate Performance ….
AT&T Labs
18
SNR for 0.1 Frame Error Rate
16
2 Tx 1 Rx, ρ = 0
14 2 Tx 1 Rx, ρ = 0.75
2 Tx 2 Rx, ρ = 0
2 Tx 2 Rx, ρ = 0.75
12
10
8
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Maximum Doppler Frequency fd (Hz)
10-1
10-2
45
Delay Spread Performance ….
AT&T Labs
16
12
10
8
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Maximum Doppler Frequency fd (Hz)
Performance Summary
AT&T Labs
46
Part 3: Space-Time Coding Applications
AT&T Labs
Burst 2
Space-Time Coded OFDM Tx
ST Encoder IFFT RF
Information Block Encoder
Source (Reed Solomon)
IFFT RF
Burst 1
Space-Time
RF IFFT
Vector Viterbi
Decoder Reed Solomon
Decoder
RF IFFT
47
Performance of ST-
ST-Coded OFDM
AT&T Labs
! 1 MHz bandwidth. Frame Error Probability for Concatenated Space-Time Coded OFDM
with 4-PSK 16-State ST Code and 2 Tx and 2 Rx Antennas
! 256 tones.
100
! QPSK 16-state ST code
with 2 transmit antennas.
0 µs Delay Spread
! 2-Ray fading channel 5 µs Delay Spread
model with equal 40 µs Delay Spread
48
Increase Capacity
AT&T Labs
Space-Time Modulator
Channel
Encoder Block Code
Concatenated Decoder
Performance
AT&T Labs
10-1
Frame Error Rate
10-2
10-4
10 15 20 25 30
49
Increase Data Rate
AT&T Labs
➪ Throughput: b g
7 = 0.5 ¥ R1 ◊ 1 - FER1 + R2 ◊ 1 - FER2 b g
Performance
AT&T Labs
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Throughput
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
R1= 1 and R2 =1
0.2 R1 = 53/63 and R2 = 1
0.1
0.0
10 15 20 25
50
Summary
AT&T Labs
51