Page |1

Summer training report

On
THE STUDY OF GEOLOGY OF JHARIA COAL FIELD AND
RANIGANJ COALFIELD IN BCCL COMMAND AREA AND AN
APPROACH FOR PREPARETION OF GEOLOGICAL REPORT
At
BHARAT COKING COAL LIMITED, DHANBAD

FROM 08th JUNE 2017 TO 22nd JULY 2017

SUBMITTED BY :-
Soumya Ghosh
[MSCTECH (APPLIED GEOLOGY)] IIT (ISM) DHANBAD

UNDER SUPERVISION OF:- SUBMITTED TO:-

Mr. R.K. PATI HRD, BCCL, KALYAN BHAWAN

GM GEOLOGY DHANBAD, JHARKHAND

BCCL KOYLA BHAVAN, DHANBAD
 Page |2

CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION 4
 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF JHARIA 6
 REGIONALGEOLOGY OF RANIGANJ 8
 QUALITY OF COAL SEAMS OF JCF 16
 COAL EXPLORATION 18
 COAL CHARACTERISATION 22
 GOLOGOCAL REPORT 24
 SURVEYING 30
 HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 31
 REFERENCES 32
 Page |3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to management of Bharat Coking Coal Limited for rendering all

support in carrying out the training programme. I am grateful to GM HRD BCCl
for arranging training programme.

I wish to take the opportunity to express my veneration to Mr. R. K. PATI GM

(Geology), Bharat Coking Coal Limited , Dhanbad , Jharkhand, for his support and
guidance and for providing me the all allied facilities that made the way easy to
complete my training work.

I also want to render a deep sense of gratitude towards Mr. M.K.PRUSTY

Sr.Manager(Geology), Mr. K.L.MARIC Asst.Manager(survey) Department of
Geology for their valuable guidance throughout my training period.

I am also very thankful and deeply indebted to HOD (Geology) CMPDI

DHANBAD and all staffs to the laboratories and those who have helped us directly
or indirectly to make this training successful.
 Page |4

INTRODUCTION TO BCCL

Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) is a subsidiary of Coal India Limited with
its headquarters in Dhanbad, India. It was incorporated in January, 1972 to operate
coking coal mines (214 Nos) operating in the Jharia and Raniganj Coalfields, taken
over by the government of India on 16th Oct, 1971.

The company operates 51 coal mines which include 15 underground, 19 opencast

and 17 mixed mines at july 2015. The company also runs six coal washeries, and
five by-product coke plants. The mines are grouped into 13 areas for
administration purposes.

BCCL is the major producer of prime coking coal (raw and washed)in India.
Medium coking coal is produced in its mines in Mohuda and Barakar areas. In
addition to production of hard coke, BCCL operates washeries, sand gathering
plants, a network of aerial ropeways for transport of sand, and coal bed methane
based power plant in Moonidih. There are 12 areas in BCCL:

Name NAME OF COLLIERIS

Barora Damuda,Phularitand,Satabdi,Muraidih,Madhuban
Block II Jamunia,block-II OCP
Govindpur Jogidih,block-iv OCP
,Govinpur,Kharkharee,Dharmaband,Akashinari,East
 Page |5

Katras

Katras Ramkanali,Amalgamated Kesalpur west Moodidih

Colliery,Gajlitand,Katras
Chouitudih,salanpur,Angarpathra
Sijua SendraBansjora,Loyabad,Basudeopur,Tetulmari,Kank
anee,Mudidih,Nichitpur
Kusunda Bassuria,Gondudih,Godhur,Dhansar,Kusunda, east
basuria, alkusa, Ena
Putki Gopalichuck, pootkee, kenduadih, Hurladih,
Balihari burragarh, Kustore

Basta Basta colla, Bera, Dobari, Kujama, Kuya, Rajapur,

Colla OCP/ South jharia, East bhagatdih,
Golakdih,Ghanoodih
Lodna Bagdige, North Tisra, Jairampur, bararee, lodna,
Kujama
Eastern Sudamdih, Bhowarah, Patherdih
Jharia
Chanch
Victoria
l. west Victoria, victoria west, kalyaneshvari(Damagoria East,
bengal Ramnagar, Boria),begonia
ll. Dahibari, basanti mata, laikdih, chanch, Ramakrishna
jharkhand
Western Moonidih, moorlidih, lohapatti, bhatdee, Bhurangia,
Jharia Muchraidih
 Page |6

INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL
GEOLOGY OF JHARIA
The Jharia Coalfield forms a part of the Damodar Valley Coal Belt occurring
roughly in

E-W alignment as “outliers”along the Damodar river in the Archaean shield

area.The coalfild is roughly sickle shaped , measuring about 38 km long and
19 km wide (North –South) and extending over an area of about 450km2
between the North latitudes 230 37’ and 230 52’ and East longitude 860 06’
and 860 30.(toposheet 72 I/NW). The sediments represent those of the lower
Gondwanas lying unconformably over the basement Archean gneisses and
schists. The Damuda Group consisting of Talchairs, Barakars, Barren
measures and Raniganj formations, occurring in ascending order, represent
the lower Gondwanas in this area. They are intruded by Mica – peridotites
and doleritesThe workable coal seams are developed in Barakars and
Raniganj formations while the Barren measures and devoid of them. The
archeans are exposed along the northern and southern fringes of the sickled
shaped Jharia coalfield. A tongue of metamorphics is observed near
Patherdih, in its south eastern part. Only along the northern boundary of the
coalfield, Talchair are exposedThe Barren measures occupies the southern
limit whereas the Raniganj formation occupies the western Mohuda basin of
the coalfied. The strike of the formations is generally WSW to ENE in the
western part of the coalfield. This gradually swings to EW in the middle and
then to NS to the further east in Mukunda area In the south eastern part, the
strike is generally WNW – ESE which again changes to NW-SE and even
N-S in Tasra, The dip of the formations has been observed to be generally 10
+- 5 o Flatter dip of the formations has been met with at places. However, the
entire southern part of Jharia Coalfield in near vicinity of boundary fault
starting from Bhowrah to Tasra generally shows steeply dipping beds with
dips increasing even upto 70 o in the southern part of Tasra area. Steeper dip
of the order of 20-30o or more has also been observed in the vicinity of the
measure faults in Damoda, Madhuband, Phularitand and Bhulanbararee as
 Page |7

well as in Bhatdih due to proximity of this area to boundary fault ’end over
a strike length of about 64 KM..
 Page |8

INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL
GEOLOGY OF RANIGANJ
COALFIELD
Raniganj coal basin covering an area of about 1550 sq. km is somewhat elliptical
in shape with measure axis trending East West, dip 5 to 10 degree towards south.
There are following mines of BCCL in Raniganj coalfield. The mines are situated
in West Bengal and Jharkhand. The coal seams occur in Barakar formation.

Mines in Jharkhand

Dahibari and basantimata

Rmakrishna

Laikdih and chanch

Mines in west Bengal

Damagoria

East ramnagar

Boria

Victoria and Victoria west

The Regional Geological sequence of the Jharia Coalfield is given below :

Age Formation Lithology

Recent Alluvium Sandy & clayey soil

 Page |9

Age Formation Lithology

Palaeocene Intrusives Mica-Peridotites&Dolerites

Upper Raniganj Fine to medium grained thick

Permian , massive,cross-bedded
sandstones with intrbedded
micaceous siltstones, shale
and COAL SEAMS

Middle Barren Grey, micaceous-shales,

Permian measures shale with ferrugenous
bands, and medium to coarse
grained sandstones, the
sequence of strata devoid of
any workable coal seams.

Lower Barakar Coarse to medium grained

Permian frequently cross bedded,
massive felspathic
sandstones, pebble beds and
COAL SEAMS.

Upper Talchir Basal boulder beds, greenish

Carboniferous ,splintery shales, sandstones
and Rhythmic alternation of
graded bedded sandstones
and shales.

-------------------------------------------------UNCONFORMITY-------------------
----------

Archaeans Metamorphics (Gnessies and

schists )
 P a g e | 10

LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY:

Jharia is one of the most important coalfields in India, located in Dhanbad district,
between latitude 230 39' to 230 48' N and longitude 860 11' to 860 27' E.

Nearest Airport : Ranchi/ Kolkata

Nearest Railway Station : Dhanbad
Approach by Road : NH-32& D.B. Road; from Dhanbad to
Jharia
Nearest Seaport : Kolkata

Fig:- Geographical position of Jharia

 P a g e | 11

REGIONAL GEOLOGY:

The Jharia Coalfield (453 sq.kms.) is the most important and extensively
developed coalfield of the country and is the prime source of coking coal. It has
been highly attractive area for mining because of the fact that it has got one of the
highest densities of coal seams relatively at shallow depth.

Details of Sedimentary Formations in Jharia Coalfield

Geological column Age Lithology Remarks

Soil cover/ weathered Recent Alluvium, sandy soil
mantle
---------------------------- UNCONFOR ---------------------------------- ------------
----------- MITY -------------- -----
Dolerite Upper
Cretaceous
Lamprophyres(Mica Jurassic
Peridotite)
Raniganj Upper Fine to medium grained, Coal
formations(725m) Permian micaceous sandstone, shale bearing
and coal
Barren measures(625 Middle Dark grey shale with iron
m) Permian stone nodules
Barakar formation(> Lower Feldspathic sandstone, Coal
1250 m) Permian shale, carbonaceous shale bearing
and coal
Talchir formation Upper Olive green needle
Carboniferous shales,bouldstones and
khaki sandstones
---------------------------- UNCONFOR ---------------------------------- ------------
------------ MITY ------------- -----
Metamorphics Proterozoic Granites, Gneisses and
schist with quartz vein
 P a g e | 12

Sl. Description Formation

No. Barakar Barren Raniganj Talchir
1. Area 218 136 45
54
(Sq.Km.)
2. Location Extends in EW Exposed in Forms a basin Outcrop in the
direction in the central and in SW part of NW as a thin strip
Northern half southern part the coalfield. along Northern
and forms ofthe periphery of the
Eastern and SE Coalfield. coalfield.
part of the
coalfield.
3. Number of 46 0 24 -
coal seams ( 18 persistent) (12 Persistent
)
4. Thickness Up to 1250 Upto 625 Upto 750 Upto 250
(m)
5. Percentage of
(i) Coal 20 0 10 -
(ii) Sandstone 60 70 80 -
(iii) Shale 20 30 10 -

STRIKE:
Western part : WSW – ENE
Central part : E–W
Eastern part : N–S
South – Eastern part: WNW – ESE
DIP:
50 to 150
High Dip in western, Southern & South- Eastern part (15 to 550 )
High Dip observed near Major faults & Boundary fault.
 P a g e | 13

FOLDS :- Jharia coalfield occurs as an outlier. It exhibits broad synclinal structure

with E-W trending axis plunging towards West. The southern limb of the
syncline is truncated due to Main Boundary Fault.
FAULTS
(A) Major (5 to 350m. throw): 250 Faults with throw >100m. : 10
Major faults confined in western, central
&South – Eastern part
(B) Minor (Throw < 5m.) : Large number of minor faults in central
& South – Eastern part.
Concentration of minor faults is high in the
axial region of folds.

IGNEOUS INTRUSIONS:
(A) Dolerite
(B) Mica Peridotite
: Mostly confined in western part.
Destructive affect on Coal seam is less.
: Occur as Dykes and sills all over the
Coalfield. Severe affect on Coal seams.
 P a g e | 14

JHARIA COALFIELDS (JCF)

It is one of the most important coalfields in India, most exploited coalfield because
of available metallurgical grade coal reserves. Mining in this coalfield was initially
in the hands of private entrepreneurs, who had limited resources and lack of desire
for scientific mining. The mining method comprised of both opencast as well as
underground. The opencast mining areas were not backfilled, so large void is
present in the form of abandoned mining. Extraction of thick seam by caving in
past at shallow depth has damaged the ground surface in the form of subsidence
and formation of pot holes or cracks reaching up to surface, enhancing the chances
of Spontaneous heating of coal seams and mine fire. This coalfield is engulfed
with fires in most of the collieries.

Fig:- Geological map of Jharia coal field

 P a g e | 15

Fig:- Coal blocks in Jharia

 P a g e | 16

QUALITY OF COAL SEAMS OF

JHARIA COAL FIELD
Coals from the Karharbari Formation (Early Permian), the Barakar Formation
(Early Permian) and the Raniganj Formation (Late Permian) of the Jharia Basin
have distinctive petrographic characteristics. The Karharbari Formation coals are
dominated by inertinite whereas the Barakar Formation and the Raniganj
Formation coals are vitrinite-dominated. The vitrinite and exinite content of the
Jharia Basin coals generally increases towards the upper parts of the sequence.

Coal facies analyses based on petrographic composition that the Jharia coals were
formed from woody peat facies in a fluvial environment. The Karharbari coals
were formed in a predominantly forest swamp condition, whereas the lower
Barakar coals were formed in mixed facies (wet/ dry) conditions. The middle and
upper Barakar and the Raniganj coals were formed under wet forest swamp
conditions.

High rank Permian coals ( 0.93–1.27%) occur near the surface in the
Jharia Basin. Comparisons of the vitrinite reflectance versus depth profiles from
the Jharia Basin samples with some known reflectance profiles indicate that 2.5–
3.5 km of cover was lost in the Jharia Basin.

Cover loss values extrapolated from a profile matching method show good
correlation with those calculated from model temperatures.

The thermal history of the Jharia Basin suggests that the Permian sections of the
basin suffered a major Permian-Triassic thermal event. During this time a tensional
tectonic regime probably prevailed in India, possibly centered in the Jharia Basin.
This probably caused extensive subsidence and, consequently, a thicker
 P a g e | 17

sedimentary sequence was deposited in the Jharia Basin than in the other
Gondwana basins of India.

The Early Permian Barakar Formation is late mature to over mature. This section
has a high potential for oil, condensate and gas generation, although only
condensate and gas are likely to be preserved. The Late Permian Raniganj
Formation is mature and the source potential for hydrocarbon generation of this
section is assessed as very good; however, most structures within the Jharia Basin
are probably fractured.

QUALITY:

A. Raniganj coal seams are high volatile medium coking coal.

B. (a) Barakar coal seams are only source of Prime coking coal in the country.

(b) Coal seams IX and above are considered coking.

(c) Quality of coal seams deteriorates from east to west
(d) Quality of coal seams generally improves in eastern part, where even
Seams (below IX seam) show coking propensities.
(e) Quality of coal seams deteriorates with depth.
 P a g e | 18

COAL EXPLORATION
The systematic exploration of coal is essential for proper and planned exploration
of the coal deposit of any country to meet its future requirement. it helps in
maintaining the existing production and planned increase in production in
successive years. To explore virgin areas for the development of new resources, to
promote conservation of high grade coals, and to ensure maximum output at
minimum wastage, exploration is done in different stages as shown below:

(a) Regional geological mapping

 By Topographic sheets of different scales
 By Landsat imageries
 Widely spaced bore hole
(b) Identification of potential blocks for further detailed investigation
(c) Detailed investigation of blocks for proving Reserves
(d) Evaluation of all the parameters essential for exploitation of the deposit
(e) Exploration essential during the exploitation of deposit

Detailed exploration: To indicate the occurrences of coal seams, its number,

continuity, thickness, quality of the coal, reserve and broad structure of area with
the help of following

(a) Photogeology/satellite imagery

(b) Detailed geological mapping
(c) Geophysical survey
 Gravity survey
 Magnetic survey
 Electrical survey
 Seismic survey
 Ground water survey
(d) Bore hole drilling and core logging
 400 m sq grid pattern bore hole- when geology of field is simple
 200 m sq grid pattern bore hole- when geology of field is quit
complex
 P a g e | 19

400 m 400 m

400m

BORE HOLE

400m

Detailed exploration of coal for BCCL is done by:

 CMPDIL (subsidiary of coal India)

 MECL (government of India enterprise)
 Private agencies

In jharia coal field detailed exploration is going on in kapuria, singra, by

MECL through CMPDIL in year 2015.

Coal mining methods: There are two methods of mining:-

1. Open-cast mining: For shallow depth coals, the depth up to which

open cast mining is done depends upon economy of deposit. If the
quality of coal is of prime coking type, we can go to more depth as it
is economical.

Fig:- Open cast mining

 P a g e | 20

Underground mining: For deeper coal seams.

Fig:- Underground mining illustration

Drift mines have horizontal entries into the coal seam from a hillside. Slope mines,
which usually are not very deep, are inclined from the surface to the coal seam.
Shaft mines, generally the deepest mines, have vertical access to the coal seam via
elevators that carry workers and equipment into the mine.

(a)Long wall underground mining method: The coal deposit is extracted practically
in a single stage by slicing along a long face or wall.

Fig:- Longwall mining method

 P a g e | 21

(b)Board and pillar underground mining method: -The coal deposit is first worked
by driving galleries, room or bord crossing each other, leaving large pillars of coals
during developmental stage (max 30% coal recovery), and further extraction of
coal is done during depillaring stage of mining.

Fig:- Board and pillar method

 P a g e | 22

COAL CHARACTERIZATION
The characterization of coal is done by various methods to know the type of
coal and its associated properties to know the usefulness of various types of
coals in different industries.
o Physical characterization: To decipher physical properties of coal such as
colour, streak, hardness, grindability, specific gravity and cleat orientation.
o Chemical characterization: To know chemical properties of coal

I. Proximate analysis: By proximate analysis we determine moisture, volatile

matter, ash content and fixed carbon
II. Ultimate analysis: By ultimate analysis we estimate the amount of C, H, O,
N, and S
The above characterization of coal is done by CIMFR (Central Institute of
Mining and Fuel
Research).
Types of coal: (On the basis of moisture and ash content)
(a) Prime coking coal
(b) Semi-coking coal
(c) Non coking coal
Quality parameters of coking coal
Parameters Prime Medium Coking coal Semi coking
coking coal coal
(%) (High (Low (Blendable)
volatile) volatile)
Ash 17+0.5 - - -
Volatile 22-32 32-37 20-22 33-44
matter

Moisture 1-2 1-2 <1 2-4

FSI >3 -3 -2 -3
Caking index 20-22 18 18 14
LTGK coke G+ E-G E-G >C/D
type
Reflectance 0.95-1.30 0.85-0.95 1.31-1.55 0.75-0.85
 P a g e | 23

Grading of Indian coking coal

Nomenclature Ash range (%)

Steel grade-1 < 15
Steel grade-2 15-18
Washery grade-1 18-21
Washery grade-2 21-24
Washery grade-3 24-28
Washery grade-4 28-38
 P a g e | 24

GEOLOGICAL REPORT
REPORT CONTENT

A. Purpose and Scope of the Investigation

Includes a brief description of proposed or existing site use; may also include a
description of limitations of the work and authorization to perform the work. The
design lifespan of the proposed project should be implicitly stated.

B. Regional Geologic Setting

May include reference to geologic province and location with respect to major
structural features.

C. Site Description and Conditions

Includes information on geologic units, landforms, graded and filled areas,
vegetation, existing structures, etc., that may affect the choice of investigative
methods and the interpretation of data.

D.Description of the Investigation

1. Review of the regional and site geology, and land-use history, based primarily
on existing maps and technical literature

(a). Geologic hazards that could affect the planned use of the site.

 Significant historic earthquakes in the region.

 Fault traces that may affect the site. Is the site within an earthquake fault
zone
 Secondary earthquake effects, such as ground breakage in the vicinity of the
site, seismically-induced landslides, differential tilting and liquefaction
 P a g e | 25

 Regional effects, such as subsidence, uplift, etc.

 Landslides or other earth movements at the site and vicinity.
 Soil and rock properties such as high moisture content, low density,
swelling, cementation, weathering, fracturing, etc

(b). Other geologic conditions that could affect the planned use of the site.

 Soil thickness, types, and relationship to bedrock.

 Excavatability of rock materials.
 Depth to and characteristics of subsurface water.

(c). Conditions imposed on the site by past uses, such as buried objects,
contaminated soils, groundwater, or adjacent structures, etc.

2. Interpretation of aerial photographs and other remotely sensed images relative to

topography, vegetation, or any other features related to geologic hazards and past
site use.

3. Surface investigation.

Mapping of the site geology and vicinity, identification and description of geologic
units, soil and rock types, and features that could be related to geologic hazards
and the proposed use and constructability of the site. A clear distinction should be
made on the map and within the report between observed and inferred geologic
features and relationships.

Evaluation of surface-water conditions, including quality, flood potential in

relation to site conditions, geomorphology and drainage within or affecting the
subject area.

4. Subsurface investigation.
 P a g e | 26

Trenching and any other excavation (with appropriate logging and documentation)
to permit detailed and direct observation of continuously exposed geologic units
and features.

Borings drilled, test pits excavated, and groundwater monitoring wells installed to
permit the collection of data needed to evaluate the depth and types of materials
and subsurface water. Data points sufficient in number and adequately spaced will
permit valid correlations and interpretations.

Geophysical surveys conducted to facilitate the evaluation of the types of site

materials and their physical properties, groundwater conditions and any other
pertinent site conditions. The types of equipment and techniques used, such as
seismic refraction, magnetic, electric resistivity, seismic reflection and gravity, and
the name of the geophysicist responsible for the work.

5. Special methods (used when special conditions permit or critical structures

demand a more intensive investigation).

Aerial reconnaissance over flights, including special photography.

Geodetic measurements, radiometric analysis, age dating, etc.

6. Reserve Estimation:
 Gross Reserve:- Seam thickness × Area × In situ Bulk density
 Net Geological Reserve:- Seam thickness × Area × In situ Bulk density
× 0.9

E. Results of Investigation
Describes the results of the investigation outlined in Section IV above. The actual
data or processed data upon which interpretations are based should be included in
the report to permit technical reviewers to make their own assessments regarding
reliability and interpretation.

F. Conclusion
 P a g e | 27

Relative to the intended land use or development (made in conjunction with the
geotechnical engineering study). Includes a statement concerning the degree of
confidence in and limitations of the data and conclusions, as well as disclosure of
known or suspected potentially hazardous geologic processes affecting the project
area.

 Presence or absence of active or potentially active faulting at the site or in

the vicinity, and the potential for renewed fault activity.
 Effects on the site from ground shaking
 Potential for secondary effects from earthquakes, such as ground cracking,
land sliding, and liquefaction.
 Potential for subsidence or other regional effects
 The presence of creep or land sliding; and possible future mass movements.
 Soil and rock conditions, such as swelling soils that could affect site use
 The presence of and possible effects from any other soil and rock defects.
 Excavation methods.
 Presence of contamination or any other man-imposed condition.
 Potential for earthquake-induced flooding, including tsunamis and seiches
 Potential for volcanic hazards.
 Conformance with local, state and federal statutory and regulatory
requirements

G. Recommendations

 Effect of fault locations on proposed structures at the site. Federal, state, or

local law may dictate minimum standards.
 Placement of structures to best take advantage of geologic conditions
 Methodology for excavating and moving materials.
 Means of correcting site defects, such as buttressing landslides, installing
special drainage devices, etc.
 Correcting contamination or other man-induced site defects
 Other recommendations as appropriate for the proposed project.
H. Illustrations
 P a g e | 28

 Location map to identify the site locality, geographic features, or major

regional geologic features.
 Site development map, at an appropriate scale, to show the site boundaries,
existing and proposed structures, graded areas, streets, and locations of
exploratory trenches, borings, wells, geophysical traverses, and other data.
 Geologic map to show the areal distribution of geologic units, faults and
other structures, geomorphic features, aerial photo features noted, along
with surface water bodies and springs. The geologic map may be combined
with the location and site development maps.
 Geologic cross sections illustrating significant or appropriate geologic
features.
 Logs of exploratory trenches and borings to show the details of observed
features and conditions
 Geophysical data and the geologic interpretations of those data

CONTENT OF GEOLOGICAL REPORT AT BCCL: - It contain 3 parts

WRITE UP:

 Introduction
 Regional geology and structure of JCF.
 Geology of the blocks
 Coal description
 Coal seam thickness
 Reserve estimation
 Physico-mechanical investigation
 Discussion of results
 Conclusion
 Recommendation

ANNEXURES:

 Plane survey and bore hole detail.

 Lithology (bore hole wise)
 Coal Core logging
 Coal analysis (proximate & ultimate analysis)
 P a g e | 29

PLAN:

 Surface plan (area location plan )

 geological plan
 Litholog
 Seam structure
 Floor contour plan of seam
 Seam correlation
 Thickness
 Isoparting line
 Isograde map
 Seam folio plan(combined map of isocore map,isograde map)
 P a g e | 30

SURVEYING

For surveying we need to follow the mentioned steps below:

 The true dip direction has to be found out graphically first with 3
point bore hole.
 Method of mining
 B and P method
 Long wall method
 Establishment of control point by traversing or triangular method
 Establishment of bench mark, with precious instrument by double
setting method
 P a g e | 31

HYDROGEOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION

Hydrogeological Technicques are used to identify, locate, explore and estimate the
ground water resources by various studies.

 Geological Techniques: - By studying geological maps and lithological data

available and structure and stratigraphy of area
 Geophysical Techniques: - It provides an opportunity to obtain a greater variety
of data interpretable in terms of depth, thickness, continuity, porosity,
permeability and degree of saturation. The most common Geophysical method
used are

a) Electrical method (Resistivity, SP Log)

b) Radioactive method (Gamma rays, Neutron Logging)
c) Thermal method
d) Mechanical method (Caliper Logging)
e) Flow meter measurement

 Hydrogeological Techniques: - The important clues to the principle features of

ground water condition are obtained through systematic ground water
Hydrogeological survey on a regional or local scale. These survey includes;

Complete inventory of existing ground water structures(wells, bore wells, Tube wells)
for water level measurement.

a) Collection of Lithologs of existing Wells

b) Conducting pumping test for evaluating the hydrogeological parameters
c) Collection of data on outflow from springs and sub-surface runoff and ground
water usages data in conjuction with meteorological data.
d) Piezometric maps make through the hydrological survey
 P a g e | 32

REFRENCES

 Text provided by BCCL

o Geological report
o Compendium of different coal blocks of Jharia coal field

 Text provided by CIMFR and CMPDI

 Internet
 Textbook of coal geology by M.P.Singh