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Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they
generally appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes
one to orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be
determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the
gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.
Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested that
such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a "black
hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the
existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for about
two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at
the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few
decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially identified
based on the interactions of objects around them, as happen when a potential black hole is part of a
binary star; they of course cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the star's
powerful gravity.
3. According to the passage, what happens as a result of the gravitational force between the stars?
A. One star circles the other.
6. Which of the following statements about black holes is NOT supported by the passage?
C. All empty space contains black holes.
8.Which of the following is implied in the passage about the theory of black holes?
B. it has only recently been hypothesized.
26.Which of the following does the author NOT list as a characteristic of the planet Mars that would
make colonization difficult?
(B)Daytime temperatures are dangerously high.
28.It can be inferred from the passage that the "greenhouse effect" mentioned in line 19 is
(D)a possible means of warming Mars
33.According to the article, the basic knowledge needed to transform Mars comes from
(B)a knowledge of Earth's ecology
Another critical factor that plays a part in susceptibility to colds is age. A study done by the
University of Michigan School of Public Health revealed particulars that seem to hold true for the
general population. Infants are the most cold-ridden group, averaging more than six colds in their first
year. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible
than boys, and teenage girls average three colds a year to boys' two.
The general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people who are in good
health have as few as one or two colds annually. One exception is found among people in their
twenties, especially women, who show a rise in cold infections, because people in this age group are
most likely to have young children. Adults who delay having children until their thirties and forties
experience the same sudden increase in cold infections.
The study also found that economics plays an important role. As income increases, the frequency at
which colds are reported in the family decreases. Families with the lowest income suffer about a third
more colds than families at the upper end. Lower income generally forces people to live in more
cramped quarters than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowding increases the
opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person. Low income may also adversely
influence diet. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility to colds is not yet clearly
established, but an inadequate diet is suspected of lowering resistance generally.
35.The paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(C)a factor that affects susceptibility to colds
37.What does the author claim about the study discussed in the passage?
(D) Its results apparently are relevant for the population as a whole.
38.It may be inferred from the passage that which of the following groups of people is most likely to
catch colds?
(A)Infant boys
39.There is information in the second paragraph of the passage to support which of the following
conclusions?
(B)Children infect their parents with colds.
41.The author's main purpose in writing the last paragraph of the passage was to
(C)discuss the relationship between income and frequency of colds
43.1 The paragraph that follows this passage most probably deals with
(D) methods of preventing colds in young people
About fifty years ago, plant physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in
laboratory flasks. The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple. They
required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did not require organic nitrogen
compounds. These roots got along fine on mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making
their own proteins and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of course.
The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy compound ATP, which drives the
biochemical reactions. Respiration also requires oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of
oxygen.
The study of isolated roots has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and
roots in intact plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins, and the roots
provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition, roots can provide the shoots with organic
nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are
not yet functioning. Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature leaves
can "export" protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino acids.
48.The use of the phrase "comes in handy" in line 17 indicates that the process is
(A)useful
49.It can be inferred from the passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants
(D)obtain organic compounds from the roots
51. The paragraph that precedes this passage most probably deals with
(D) Methods of growing roots
53. The paragraph that follows this passage most probably deals with
(D) The study of different shoots and leaves
A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding discovery that a sudden increase in the
volume of traffic through an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does.
Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and
had the same kind of middle-class and working-classresidents, with approximately the same ethnic
mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street (LIGHT street, in
Appleyard's terminology) while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000 cars daily, and
Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars
in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day.
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily. That is, the
cars didn't bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up. The cars,
Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a
constant intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows
and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had already left.
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents picked up trash. They sat on their front
steps and chatted with neighbors. They had three times as many friends and twice as many
acquaintances as the people on Franklin.
On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic
increased. People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives. A number of
families had recently moved, and more were considering it. Those who were staying expressed deep
regret at the destruction of their community.
31.Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of Gough Street?
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible.
32.In what order does the author present detailed discussions of the three streets?
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM
Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the
development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose
their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching,
since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to
conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was
unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to
contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an
Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were
devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminum. Mild steel and
aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable that is stronger than
single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single- strand wire, round or oval, is
made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are
galvanized – coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or
cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted together
and barbed. The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by
knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues
automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire, in lengths of
400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.
A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into long coils or
entanglements called concertina wire.
12. The word "snap" in line 9 could best be replaced by which of the following?
Break
14. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
protect them against rust
19. Based on the information in the passage, what it would be a following paragraph
(A) Purposes of barbed wire
Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they
had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in
ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with
beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried
with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if
they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is
imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.
Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the
desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and
often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and
touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort
them.
Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural
context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the
most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.
The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a
generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the
problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of
ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.
The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded
as the "small change of civilizations,” beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to
date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural
sophistication.
11. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT
(D) scarcity
12. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touch beads
EXCEPT the
(D) odor
16. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of the
following?
(A) Anthropologist
17. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance beads may change?
(B) Lines 6-8
Certain animals have an intuitive awareness of quantities. They know without analysis the difference
between a number of objects and a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne
(1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day from a plover's
nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He noted that other
species of birds ignore the absence of a single egg but abandon their nests if more than one egg has
been removed. It has also been noted by naturalists that a certain type of wasp always provides five-
never four, never six-caterpillars for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when
the eggs hatch. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish
between odd and even numbers of food pieces.
These and similar accounts have led some people to infer that creatures other than humans can
actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to numerical questions with the
correct number of barks, or to horses that seem to solve arithmetic problems by stomping their hooves
the proper number of times.
Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survival as a species-as in the case of
the eggs-or survival as individuals-as in the case of food. There is no transfer to other situations or from
concrete reality to the abstract notion of numbers. Animals can "count" only when the objects are
present and only when the numbers involved are small-no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments,
animals trained to "count" one kind of object were unable to count any other type. The objects, not the
numbers, are what interest them. Animals' admittedly remarkable achievements simply do not amount
to evidence of counting, nor do they reveal more than innate instincts, refined by the genes of
successive generations, or the results of clever, careful conditioning by trainers.
16.The word "odd;' as used in line 14, refers to which of the following?
(B)Numbers such as 1, 3, 5, and so on
17.The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some way EXCEPT
(C)caterpillars
18.The word "accounts" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(C)reports
19.According to information in the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as a result
of animals' intuitive awareness of quantities?
(B)When asked by its trainer how old it is, a monkey holds up five fingers.
20.How would the author probably characterize the people who are mentioned in line 15?
(A)As mistaken
23.Where in the passage does the author mention research that supports his own view of animals'
inability to count?
(D)Lines 27-28
Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspective, on the
function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the
visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of
single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes
have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of
microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of
examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.
The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually
halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly.
During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with
a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In
recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such
as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today
is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available
sources of soft X rays.
The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical
microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements.
Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special
capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy,
X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that
biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The
illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms
(an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact
biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray
microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes.
Rather, their special properties will make possible investiga- tions that will complement
those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.
30. According to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope allowed scientists to
discover single-celled plants and animals they had never seen before
33. Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?
To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective
38. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about X-ray microscopes in the
future?
They will provide information not available from other kinds of microscopes.
Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a giant family of many millions of
stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized
into galaxies of stars, together with gas and dust.
There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral
galaxy: a flattish disc of star with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter
of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new
stars form; as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust,
triggering the formation of bright young stars in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical
elliptical or spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old and
since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.
The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that
of the Sun; these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio
emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical.
Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many sub classes.
Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can
be expressed as intervals of time: the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to
drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies
are incomprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this
case, the distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy, the
Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous objects seen by
telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their light was already halfway here
before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still
dominated the animal world.
42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to
(B) the compression of gas and dust
45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?
(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.
46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?
(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.
47. What percentage of galaxies is irregular?
(A) 10%
49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the third paragraph?
(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth
Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came from
very inauspicious and humble beginnings.
This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims
landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period
were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and these
university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same
educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an
institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a
college in October 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this
land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin
and is the site of the present-day university.
When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the
fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court
named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest
may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court had
found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.
Henry Dunster was appointed in the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in
addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four
students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire
teaching staff consisted of the president and three of four tutors.
3. it can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the Massachusetts colony were
A. rather well educated
8. The word “fledgling” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. newborn
10. The word “somewhat” in the last paragraph could best be replaced by ….
D. more or less
11. Where in the passage does it indicate how much money Minister Harvard was really responsible for
giving to the university?
C. Paragraph 3 / Lines 12-15
Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both
creatures and creators of communities, as well symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in
the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all
corners of the nation for both public and private, business and pleasure, purposes. Conventions were
the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The
first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National
Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was
held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in
Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments, helps explain
why many other early national political conventions were held there.
In the longer run, American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant
and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of
groups – not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and
avocations ones – in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By the mid-twentieth century, conventions
accounted for over a third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation; about eighteen
thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons.
Nineteenth-century American hotel keepers, who were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the
eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community,
they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public,”
they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly
shocked by this high social position.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotel keepers in the United States were
(D) influential citizens
7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.
19. Which of the following statements best represents the type of “evolutionary fine-tuning" mentioned
in line 1?
(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply.
20. Why does the author mention oystercatchers, hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-4?
(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply.
******22. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8?
30. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of
(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill
31. Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removed a seed from its cone?
(B) The second paragraph
If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration or Independence, beyond the
flourished signature of John Hancock and the other fifty-five men who signed it, you will also find the
name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first
official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore
heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing
shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and
creditors. it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began
publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother
as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in
to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her
brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary
Katherine Goddard's name appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard
to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the
documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper,
which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies." She was also the city's
Postmaster from 1775 to 1789 – appointed by Benjamin Franklin – and is considered to be the first
woman to hold a federal position.
32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher
35. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she
(C) took over her brother's printing shop
37. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was
(A) an accomplished businesswoman
38.3 According to the passage, where was located the Continental Congress
(A) In Philadelphia
In the 1500's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United
States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples. These
ancestors, known variously as the Basket Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in
the area for at least 2,000 years. They were
an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.
The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses were originally built
in pits and were entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D., the Anasazi began to build
their homes above ground and join them together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the
Spanish called pueblos or villages.
Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos – known as kivas or chapels – were set aside for
religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was believed to lead to the
underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800 rooms.
The Anasazi family was matrilinear; that is, descent was traced through the female.
The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female, but the actual
ceremonies were conducted by her brother, or son. Women owned the rooms in the pueblo and the
crops, once they were harvested. While still growing, crops belonged to the men, who, in contrast to
most other Native American groups, planted them. The women made baskets and pottery; the men
wove textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.
Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs. The war
chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages
and directed the men in community building projects. The cohesive political and social
organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer them.
1. The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because of the way they
(C) watered their crops
4. Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects of an Anasazi family?
(D) A forty-year-old woman
8. According to the passage, what made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer the
Anasazi ?
(A) The political and social organization of the Anasazi
It would be hard to cite a development that has had more impact on American industry than the
Bessemer process of making steel. It made possible the production of low-cost steel and established the
foundation of the modern steel industry. In many ways it was responsible for the rapid industrialization
of the United States that took place in the formative period of the late 1800's.
The first Bessemer plant in the United States was built in Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1864, near the
end of the Civil War. It was capable of producing only 2 tons of steel ingots at a time. The ingots were
rolled into rails-the first steel rails made in the United States. Acceptance of the process was initially
slow. By 1870, the annual output of Bessemer steel was a mere 42 thousand tons. Production grew
rapidly after about 1875, rising to 1.2 million tons in 1880, when it exceeded that of wrought iron for
the first time.
The rise of the US. steel industry in the last quarter of the 19th century was brought about largely by
the demand for Bessemer steel rails for the nation's burgeoning rail network. Steel rails were far more
durable than those made of iron. Spurred by this demand, the us. steel industry became the largest in
the world in 1886, when it surpassed that of Great Britain.
The Bessemer Process was the chief method of making steel until 1907, when it was overtaken by
the open-hearth process. By the 1950's, the Bessemer Process accounted for less than 3% of the total
U.S. production.
25.According to the passage, the Bessemer process contributed to all of the following EXCEPT
(B) the manufacture of weapons during the Civil War
28.According to the passage, why were Bessemer steel rails used in place of iron rails?
(A)They lasted longer.
30.According to the passage, in what year did the steel industry of the United States begin to produce
more steel than that of Great Britain did?
(D)1886
31.What can be inferred about the steel industry in the United States during the 1950's?
(C)It primarily involved methods of production other than the Bessemer Process.
33.The author first begins to discuss the growth of the Bessemer Process in
(C)lines 14-16
Just before and during World War I, a number of white musicians came to Chicago from New Orleans
playing in an idiom they had learned from blacks in that city. Five of them formed what eventually
became known as the Original Dixieland Band. They moved to New York in 1917 and won fame there.
That year they recorded the first phonograph record identified as jazz.
The first important recording by black musicians was made in Chicago in 1923 by King Oliver's
Creole Jazz Band, a group that featured some of the foremost jazz musicians of the time, including
trumpet player Louis Armstrong. Armstrong's dynamic trumpet style became famous worldwide. Other
band members had played in Fate Marable's band, which traveled up and down the Mississippi River
entertaining passengers on riverboats.
The characteristics of this early type of jazz, known as Dixieland jazz, included a complex
interweaving of melodic lines among the cornet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone, and a steady
chomp-chompbeat provided by the rhythm section, which included the piano, bass, and drums. Most
bands used no written notations, preferring arrangements agreed on verbally.
Improvisation was an indispensable element. Even bandleaders such as Duke Ellington, who provided
his musicians with written arrangements, permitted them plenty to freedom to improvise when playing
solos.
In the late 1920's, the most influential jazz artists in Chicago were members of small bands such as
the Wolverines. In New York, the trend was toward larger groups. These groups played in revues, large
dance halls, and theaters. Bands would become larger still during the next age of jazz, the Swing era.
14. The musicians who made the earliest jazz recordings were originally from
(A) New Orleans
15.When was the first important recording by black jazz musicians made?
(B) In 1923
16.According to the passage, Louis Armstrong was a member of which of the following?
(C) King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
18. According to the passage, which of the following instruments helped provide the beat for Dixieland
jazz?
(B) The piano
20.Which of the following phrases would be LEAST likely to be applied to Dixieland jazz?
(D) Carefully planned
22.The author provides the most detailed description of early jazz music in the
(C) third paragraph
Nearly 515 blocks of San Francisco, including almost all of Nob Hill, were destroyed by the 1906
earthquake and fires. Many of San Francisco's "painted ladies" -its gaudy, nineteenth century Victorian
houses-were lost in the disaster. Today, some 14,000 surviving houses have been preserved, particularly
in the Cow Hollow, Mission, Pacific Heights, and Alamo Square districts.
Distinguished by their design characteristics, three styles of San Franciscan Victorians can be found
today. The Italianate, which flourished in the 1870's, is characterized by a flat roof, slim pillars flanking
the front door, and bays with windows that slant inward. The ornamentation of these narrow row
houses was patterned after features of the Roman Classical styles. The Stick style, which peaked in
popularity during the 1880s, added ornate woodwork outlines to the doors and windows. Other
additions included the French cap, gables, and three-sided bays. Designs changed dramatically when
the Queen Anne style became the rage in the 1890's. Turrets, towers, steep gabled roofs, and glass art
windows distinguished Queen Anne houses from their predecessors.
In the period after the earthquake, the Victorians came to be regarded as impossibly old-fashioned, but
beginning around 1960, owners began peeling off stucco, tearing off false fronts, reapplying custom
woodwork, and commissioning multi-hued paint jobs. Before long, many of these houses had been
restored to their former splendor.
34.Which of the following is NOT one of the author's purposes in writing the passage?
(B)To discuss housing problems in San Francisco today
36.According to the passage, in what district of San Francisco are authentic Victorian houses LEAST
likely to be found today?
(D)Nob Hill
37.According to the passage, which of the following styles of architecture was the last to become
fashionable in San Francisco?
(D)Queen Anne
39.Which of the following is most likely to be seen only on a Queen Anne style house?
(B)A tower
40.During which of the following periods were San Francisco's Victorian houses generally thought of
as old-fashioned?
(C)From 1907 to 1960
41.What can be inferred from the passage about Victorian houses after they had been restored?
(A)They were painted in many colors.
41.1 The word "slant" in line 11 is closest meaning to
(D) slope
41.2 The multi-hued paint refers to
(B) In 1960 the houses at San Francisco where restored to the former Roman Classical style
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective.
Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not
offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at
familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or
affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the
values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New
World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating
cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists
objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before
Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of
expression, the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are
read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome
or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness
they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire
rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a
personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It his lived because readers appreciate a refreshing
stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap
moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though
rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see,
hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life
resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies
attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.
Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Reasons for the popularity of satire
41. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World, and A Modest Proposal in lines
6-8?
They are famous examples of satiric literature.
44. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be
reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate
50. Why does the author mention “service of humanity" in line 25?
It is an ideal that is rarely achieved
Rachel Carson was born in 1907 in Springsdale, Pennsylvania. She studied biology at college, and
zoology at Johns Hopkins University, where she received her master's degree in 1933. In 1936, she was
hired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, where she worked most of her life.
Carson's first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941. It received excellent reviews, but
sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952. In that year she published The Sea Around Us, which
provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean's surface, emphasizing human history as well as geology
and marine biology. Her imagery and language had a poetic quality. Carson consulted no fewer than
1,000 printed sources. She had voluminous correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in
the field. However, she always realized the limitations of her non-technicalreaders.
In 1962 Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked considerable controversy.It proved how
much harm was done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides. She detailed how they poison
the food supply of animals, kill birds and fish, and contaminate human food. At the time, spokesmen
for the chemical industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued propaganda to indicate
that her findings were flawed. However, her work was vindicated by a 1963 report of the President's
Science Advisory Committee.
34.According to the passage, what did Carson primarily study at Johns Hopkins University?
(D) Zoology
35.When she published her first book, Carson was closest to the age of
(C) 34
36.It can be inferred from the passage that in1952, Carson's bookUnder the Sea Wind
(D) sold many copies
37.Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a source of information for The
Sea Around Us?
(C) A research expedition
38.Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea Around Us?
(A) Highly technical
42.Why does the author of the passage mention the report of the President's Science Advisory
Committee (lines 23-24)?
(B) To support Carson's ideas
Sea otters dwell in the North Pacific. They are the largest of the mustelids, a group which also includes
freshwater otters, weasels, and badgers. They are from four to five feet long, and most weigh from 60
to 85 pounds. Large males may weigh 100 pounds or more.
Unlike most marine mammals, such as seals or dolphins, sea otters lack a layer of blubber, and
therefore have to eat up to 30% of their body weight a day in clams, crabs, fish, octopus, squids, and
other delicacies to maintain body heat. Their voracious appetites do not create food shortages, though,
because they are picky eaters, each animal preferring only a few food types. Thus no single type of
food source is exhausted. Sea otters play an important environmental role by protecting forests of
seaweed called kelp, which provide shelter and nutrients for many species. Certain sea otters feast on
invertebrates like sea urchins and abalones that destroy kelp.
Sea otters eat and sleep while floating on their backs, often on masses of kelp. They seldom come on
shore. Sea otters keep warm by means of their luxuriant double-layered fur, the densest among animals.
The soft outer fur forms a protective cover that keeps the fine underfur dry. One square inch of
underfur contains up to 1 million hairs. Unfortunately, this essential feature almost led to their
extinction, as commercial fur hunters drastically reduced their numbers.
Under government protection, the sea otter population has recovered. While elated by the otters
return, scientists are concerned about the California sea otter population growth of 5% a year, lagging
behind the 18% a year rate among Alaska otters. Sea otters are extremely sensitive to pollution. In 1989
up to 5,000 sea otters perished when the Exxon Valdez spilled oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
3.Which of the following is a common assumption about the forests of North America during the
colonial period?
(D)They covered the entire continent.
4.The use of the word "abounded" in line 8 indicates that the trees were
(A)present in large numbers
5.According to the passage, by the end of the colonial period, the price of wood in eastern cities
(C)was slightly higher than in previous years
6.What can be inferred about houses in Britain during the period written about in the passage?
(D)They were usually built from materials other than wood.
10.According to the passage, why was the use of coke smelting advantageous?
(A)It led to advances in technology.
12.Where in the passage does the author begin to discuss in detail the disadvantages that an abundant
supply of wood brought to the colonies?
(D)Lines 21-22
The Peales were a distinguished family of American artists. Charles Willson Peale is best
remembered for his portraits of leading figures of the American Revolution. He painted portraits of
Franklin and Jefferson, and over a dozen of George Washington. His life-size portrait of his sons
Raphaelle and Titian was so realistic that George Washington reportedly once tipped his hat to the
figures in the picture.
Charles Willson Peale gave up painting in his middle age and devoted his life to the Peale Museum,
which he founded in Philadelphia. The world's first popular museum of art and natural science, it
featured paintings by Peale and his family as well as displays of animals in their natural settings. Peale
found the animals himself and devised a method of taxidermy to make the exhibits more lifelike. The
museum's most popular display was the skeleton of a mastodon-a huge, extinct elephant-which Peale
unearthed on a New York farm in 180l.
Three of Peale's seventeen children were also famous artists. Raphaelle Peale often painted still lifes
of flowers, fruit, and cheese. His works show the same luminosity and attention to detail that the works
of the Dutch masters show. In the late eighteenth century, however, portraiture was the rage, and so
Raphaelle Peale found few buyers for his still lifes at the time. His brother Rembrandt studied under his
father and painted portraits of many noted people, including one of George Washington. Another
brother, Rubens Peale, painted mostly landscapes and portraits.
James Peale, the brother of Charles Willson Peale, specialized in miniatures. His daughter Sarah
Miriam Peale was probably the first professional female portrait painter in America.
14.The author probably mentions that Washington "tipped his hat to the figures in the painting" (lines
6-7)to indicate that
(A)Charles Willson Peale's painting was very lifelike
16. For which of the following terms does the author give a definition in the second paragraph?
(D) Mastodon
17.Which of the following questions about the Peale Museum does the passage NOT supply enough
information to answer'
(D) In what year was it founded?
19. Which of the following words could best be substituted for the word "rage" in line 2l?
(A)Fashion
20.According to the passage, Rembrandt Peale and his father both painted
(B)portraits of George Washington
21.Which of the following is NOT one of the children of Charles Willson Peale?
(D) Sarah Miriam Peale
To date, Canada has produced only one classic children's tale to rank with Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland and the works of Mark Twain; this was Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables.
Lucy Maud Montgomery was born in Clinton, Prince Edward Island. Her mother died soon after her
birth, and when her father went to Saskatchewan to assume a business position, she moved in with her
grandparents in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. There she went to school, and later qualified to be a
teacher.
Montgomery wrote the Anne books while living in Cavendish and helping her grandmother at the
post office. The first of the books, Anne of Green Gables, was published in 1908, and in the next three
years she wrote two sequels. Like Montgomery, the heroine of the book is taken in by an elderly couple
who live in the fictional town of Avonlea, and Montgomery incorporated many events from her life in
Cavendish into the Anne books.
In 1911, Montgomery married Ewan MacDonald, and the couple soon moved to Ontario, where she
wrote many other books. However, it was her first efforts that secured her prominence, and the Anne
books are still read all around the world. Her novels have helped create a warm picture of Prince
Edward Island's special character. Several movies, a television series, and a musical play have been
based on her tales, and today visitors scour the island for locations described in the book.
4.Approximately when did Lucy Maud Montgomery write the two sequels to her book Anne of Green
Gables?
(B)From 1908 to 1911
7.Which of the following can be concluded from the passage about the Anne books?
(A)They were at least partially autobiographical.
9.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "character" in line 21?
(B)Nature
10.All of the following have been based on the Anne books EXCEPT
(D)a ballet
11.In line 22, the word "scour" could be replaced by which of the following without changing the
meaning of the sentence?
(C)Search
The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems remote to us
today, but actually represents a late stage in prehistory of humans, an era when polished stone
implements and bows and arrows were already being used and dogs had already been domesticated.
When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found woods and plains dominated
by three types of American mammoths. Those elephants were distinguished from today’s elephants
mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-curving tusks. They had arrived on the
continent hundreds of thousands of years before their human followers. The wooly mammoth in the
North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South
together with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here, as in the Old World,
there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants, as shown by numerous spear points found with
mammoth remains.
Then, at the end of the Ice Age, when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden
and widespread extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and
mastodons disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived.
Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected with
their extinction? Perhaps, but at the time, although they were hunters, humans were still widely
scattered and not very numerous. It is difficult to see how they could have prevailed over the
mammoth to such an extent.
1.With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
(D)The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World
2.The word "implements" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) tools
3.The phrase "these early migrants" in line 6 refers to
(B) humans
4.Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?
(C) In the southern part of North America
5.It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they
(A) had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia
6.Which of the following could best substitute for the word "remains" in line 17?
(A) Bones
7.The word "seemingly" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(B) apparently
24. What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly?
It forms bubbles.
27. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to a
diver?
An air embolism
28. What should a diver do when ascending?
Rise slowly.
28.1 Why does the author mention the human body at the beginning of reading?
(B) To talk about complications while breathing
What is meant by the term economic resources? In general, these are all the natural, man-made,and
human resources that go into the production of goods and services. This obviously covers a lot of
ground: factories and farms, tools and machines, transportation and communication facilities, all types
of natural resources, and labor. Economic resources can be broken down into two general categories:
property resources-land and capital- and human resources-labor and entrepreneurial skills.
What do economists mean by land? Much more than the non-economist. Land refers to all natural
resources that are usable in the production process: arable land, forests, mineral and oil deposits, and
so on. What about capital? Capital goods are all the man-madeaids to producing, storing, transporting,
and distributing goods and services. Capital goods differ from consumer goods in that the latter satisfy
wants directly, while the former do so indirectly by facilitating the production of consumer goods. It
should be noted that capital as defined here does not refer to money. Money, as such, produces
nothing.
The term labor refers to the physical and mental talents of humans used to produce goods or services
(with the exception of a certain set of human talents, entrepreneurial skiIIs, which will be considered
separately because of their special significance). Thus the services of a factory worker or an office
worker, a ballet dancer or an astronaut all fall under the general heading of labor.
44.In lines 3-4, the author uses the expression "This obviously covers a lot of ground ..." to indicate
that
(C) the topic of economic resources is a broad one
48.Which of the following could be considered a capital good as defined in the passage?
(A) A railroad
50.The skills of all the following could be considered examples of labor, as defined in the passage,
EXCEPT
(D) entrepreneurs