Daily War of Non-Science Dark Energy Against Higgs & Einstein

[Type text] [Type text]
By Benjamin Gal-Or, All Rights Reserved

Non-science dark-energy
DAILY WAR AGAINST
HIGGS & EINSTEIN FIELDS

E
Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or
IMAGE BY

Higgs, 2 expansions of the universe, dark energy, All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or

IMAGES BY
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Nobel Laureate RICHARD FEYNMAN

“The first principle is that you must not fool yourself – and you are the easiest
person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you’ve not fooled
yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a
conventional way.”
“You should not fool the layman when you’re talking as

a scientist."

______________
2
a. T OWARD TWO DIFFERENT, U NRELATED, THEORETICAL PHYSICS DOMAINS?

a) THERE ARE NO SERIOUS CONFERENCES WITH EQUAL PARTICIPATION of all "sides".
b) THERE IS AN ALMOST DAILY ESCALATING WAR SUPPORTED BY, SAY:
c) ASTROPYSICAL JOURNAL,
d) SELF-APPOINTED, "SCIENCE-JOURNALISTS",
e) SELF-APPOINTED, "REPORTERS"
f) WHO INCREASE "ATTENTION0-RATING-FUNDING" BY PUBLISHING, SAY,
g) EINSTEIN WAS WRONG,
h) HIS GENERAL RELATIVITY [EINSTEIN'S GRAVITY PHYISCS]
i) MUST BE REPLACED BY THEIR NEW PHYSICS OF UNMEASURABLE DARK ENERGY.
j) ARMIES OF PSUEDO-GREEDY-SCIENTISTS FOOL THEMSELVES,
k) OTHER SCIENTISTS,
l) THE LAYMAN,
m) THE GOVERNMENT,
n) PARTLY FOR ATTENTION,
o) PARTLY FOR GRANTS
p) BUT MAINLY FOR HUGE FUNDING OF MOST EXPENSIVE SPACECRFT
q) TO PROVE THEIR NEW PHYSICS OF THE FUTURE
r) A CORRUPTED GLOBAL HOAX?
s) A CHIMERA?
t) THE DEATH OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS?

LET US EXAMINE UNREFUTABLE SCIENTIFIC FACTS, IN A BRIEF REVIEW
________
"The frequent occurrence of these

[COLD, DARK, EXPANDING, INTERGALACTIC HUGE VOIDS HARBORING ALMOST NO
GALAXIES vis-à-vis NON-EXPANDING, COMPACTED CLUSTERS OF SUPER-
STRUCTURING GALAXIES IN THE FORM OF FILAMENTS LOCATED
AROUND EACH COLLECTIVELY-EXPANDING-CONNECTED-VOIDS, FIG. 1.]
is one of several serious challenges to our current understanding of the origin and
evolution of the large-scale distribution of
matter in the universe."
SCIENCE, AAA
PMID: 17812575 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4932.897; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812575

3
AUTHOR

"Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New
Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of
“Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all
physical and biological phenomena!
Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause
of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological evolution -- that the
expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics --
that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood
without reference to cosmology.
He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is
expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened
“irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.
Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding
space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out
of the material bodies in the expanding universe.” Advancement of Physics

"Evokes a person heart. Has generated a large number of responses from around
the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-Orians”. Since the
thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should
recommend this book with all their intellectual power." Chinese Academy of
Science

"A Master Piece. The well-known author bases his philosophy on a very sound
knowledge of present-day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

"We are all Gal-Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical
humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book." HaAretz Daily

"This is a great book, and an exciting book;
readable, worth reading and enlightening." Sir Karl Popper,
one of the Greatest Philosophers of Science

4
"Gal-Or’s Beauty: "has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically
observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a longing for the run-
away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.”
Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."
Outstanding Books List

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!
Gal-Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political
philosophy." A. Cottrell, Vice Chancellor, Cambridge University

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds.
Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science. Sir Karl Popper, in a
Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”. New Scientist Magazine

"The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine
provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how
irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is
superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

[We know how Prigogine fooled the Swedish Nobel Prize System. We warned him twice, in 4 eyes, about his
'smuggling the results wanted without declaring his stealth mathematical contraband', as the sole reason for
rejecting his paper to the International conference on Relativistic and Classical Thermodynamics, 1969,
Pittsburgh, that I chaired. And again, for same, post his lecture, 7 years later, at the University of New York at
Buffalo. Twice he did not defend his "math", just asked, in Buffalo, if the same Pittsburgh conclusion is
maintaind. ]
See also letter from Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies,
Princeton University, below

"Gal-Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking
writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would
serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”
Award by N.Y. Academy of Science Gold
(a rival article by S. Hawking did not make it.)

“Gal-Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.He emphasizes
that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices, and that
failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure
to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.
5
His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations'

of general relativity 'as applied to cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state
of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of
western philosophy,
'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western

society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and
government.
One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between
symmetry and asymmetry.
His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces in
gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook,
but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future.
Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical,
of thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the
use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.
The second major theme is that of
gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all
scales.
The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and
counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and
perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of
general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.
He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time
asymmetries.
The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for radiation,
which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature and density,
which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.
He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and
the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism, especially
as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.
Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, he
looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation
of quantum events.
6
The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-
Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in a review.
[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of
academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both
the faculty and the students.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

LETTER:
“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made
pages of notes on it.
I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great
questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!
Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all
countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by
your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your
concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and by so
much more!
I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is
the origin of all asymmetry in time.
What an ingenious phrase is your
“smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!
I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books –
at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and
careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable
consequences.
I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance
by mixing it in with the other great task.
That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern
physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.
I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage that I
personally have found most thought-provoking.”
Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University

“One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe.
It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper.
It looks at physics and the universe as a totality of the mathematical
philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with
7
human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.”

Robin forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

In Genesis the ancient HEBREW COSMOLOGY has been approved today RE:
‘In the beginning’ [of our universe as verified by Einstein Verified Gravity Physics
[General Relativity], and all astronomial observations], ‘voids’, ‘light’ and
‘structure-less’ state,
"are uncannily close to the verified evidence with which
modern science has already supplied us.”
Quotating CPP by Christian Apologetics Journal

"Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and
astronomers agree: The biblical account of
cosmic evolution, in stressing `a beginning´
and the initial roles of `void,´ `light´ and a
`structure-less´ state, may be uncannily close
to the verified evidence with which modern
science has already supplied us"
Professor Weisskopf, MIT, quotes CPP in Scientific American
__________________

8

PREFACE

GRAVITISM IS BASED ON EINSTEIN'S GENERAL RELATIVITY, ITS GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD, or "GRAVITY". IT SHEDS LIGHT ON THE UNIVERSAL BUILDER OF
STRUCTURES - FROM COMPACTED "FILAMENTS", [FIG. 1],
TO THE SMALLEST IDENTIFIED BY SCIENCE

Figure 1: (NASA RECORD FIGURE 1: Intergalactic,

expanding, cold-dark
VOIDS are the coldest in
the visible, expanding
universe. Their collective
expansion compacts
most NON-EXPANDING,
clusters of galaxies, first
INTO "CLUSTERS", Fig. 2,
later into the
"FILAMENTS" visible in
this recorded map of the
visible universe. THREE
DECADES AGO this
compacting process was
first predicted by
500+page book
Cosmology, Physics and
Philosophy, CPP, [TABLE
OF CONTENTS BELOW].
9
The compacting process is the sole universal root-cause of structures and gradients
that lead to life. It is dominated by well-verified interstellar-galactic "winds", Fig. 3.
Both Figures 2 and 3 illustrate how these radiation-winds irreversibly dissipate from all
directions of any nearby voids-filaments-structure [Filaments surround each void, see
yellow arrows, FiG. 1]. This includes our stellar-galactic winds that are generated inside
our local Group, FIG. 6, LOCATED INSIDE OUR VIRGO FILAMENT, [FIG.-1 CENTER]
under simple momentum conservation that rules all physics, their opposing radiation-
impact-pressures once stopped inside each and all voids, THIS CLASH CAUSE THE 1958-
DISCOVERED "LATE, 2ND, SIMULTANEOUS EXTRA EXPANSION OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE,
as explained below.
The EARLIEST EXPANSION of the universe since the 'big bang', Fig. 4, has been SLOWED
BY all GRAVITATIONAL ENTITIES IN THE UNIVERSE.
Entering each void from all directions [YELLOW arrows] the fast radiation-winds, FIG. 3
thrust-push-back all nearby-voids collectively moving each away from each other,
thereby, collectively, reversing the slowing down of the first expansion into the slightly
accelerated expansion, as verified since 1998.
10
Figure 2: Indicated, compacted, gravity-bounded, non-expanding "CLUSTER I"

and "CLUSTER II" Figs. 6, 7, which had been compacted into the observed
filaments, Fig. 1 by stellar and galactic winds, Fig. 3, entering each intergalactic
void from all 3-dimensional directions, yellow arrows in Fig. 1.
"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET

RADIATION FLOW". It is the "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", which generate
energy-density gradients, indicated, that lead to the "2nd COSMOLOGICAL
ARROW", that represents the "EXPANDIND SPACE "1" [the collective, inter-
connected, expanding galactic voids] CONFINED TO COLD-DARK, INTERGALACTIC
VOIDS and NOT involving Spaces "2" and "3" inside the filaments, inside galaxies,
inside stellar systems, inside planetary systems,
11
Figure 3: "SPACE- 2",

above, wraps all non-
expanding galaxies [Figs. 1, 2], and

non-expanding SPACE"3" [right],
where super-fast, interstellar
radiation "winds" flow out to
"SPACE-2" and ending irreversibly
[dissipating] in the COLDEST,
EXPANDING VOIDS THAT THUS
COMPACT, galaxies, first into "CLUSTERS", Fig. 2, then into "FILAMENTS" Fig.
1.
"EXPANDING SPACE-1" [all intergalactic, interconnected voids, Fig.
1], is composed of all coldest VOIDS located between Super-Clusters-filaments
of galaxies, [Figs. 1, 2], including ''OUR VIRGO FILAMENT" [Figs.1, 6, 7] inside
which our "Local Group" of galaxies is located.
All images from author's Volume-I or Wikipedia.

How Voids-size Increases since 700m years post the Big Bang?
Fig. 4: (below) This diagram is important for education, but it does NOT show the
verified compacted cluster-filaments, Fig. 1, caused by the stellar-galactic winds,
Figs. 2, 3.
12
13
Figure 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early "galaxies"
that radiate winds into the early voids, which had first been expanding only the
inertia of big-bang expansion, Fig. 4. Gradually, as number and intensities of the
main emitters has increased, the stellar-galactic winds, Figs. 1, 2, 3, have
generated a strong, independent, second, uniform, simultaneous expansion, of the
universe that has gradually reversed the slowing down of the big-bang inertia
expansion into the currently observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the
universe. [Image Source: The cosmic background radiation records have been
verified since 1964].
14
Figure 6: Zooming in to 10 Million light years scale reveals that even at this
scale our entire solar system is less than a visible dot. Our LOCAL GROUP how ever,
IS VISIBLE AT THIS SCALE, also gravitational structures like the familiar Ursa Major
and Leo Groups.
15
Figure 7: Zooming next to 1 Million light years scale reveals "Our Non-Expanding Sub-
filament Neighborhood”, inside which we live. AGAIN WE NOTE THAT even at this scale, our
entire solar system, FIG. 3, is less than a visible dot. It is located inside the visable Milky
Way Galaxy - a component of our LOCAL GROUP, visible in Fig. 6.
These large structures are gravity-bounded as non-expanding entities that include

'our' GIANT VIRGO CLUSTER OF GALAXIES, [Fig. 1].
Andromeda galaxy is marked yellow.
§ It is 2,200,000 light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy.
§ It is also characterized by a spiral structure.
§ We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at
the "promised land".
16
§ Both galaxies are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-
years in its largest spatial ‘diameter’.
§ The "Local Group" includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89
and M31 (Andromeda).
§ Andromeda’s system consists of
§ Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The
Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the
Pisces Dwarf as a satellite.
§ ‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Systems.
§ The space inside the filamets does not expand. BACK TO FIGURES 1, 2, 3.

GRAVITISM
TABLE OF CPP CONTENTS
Preface
SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx

SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……......... xxi
Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii
Introduction
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified

Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy
1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse?... 3

1.1.2 How did all start? v. Science teaching of that Order….....5
1.1.3 The first seven stages v. tradition ……….....…............... 7
1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era by Astronomy........... 11
2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark ..... 11
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures

to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics
1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ..80

A fallacy associated with current Education ...………...........80
1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………............. 81
1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88
1.3 Supernova, Gravitational Collapse,
17
Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92

1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and...
Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………......... . 100
1.5 Black Holes …………………….…………………….….… 106
1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ............113
1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ……………….….. 116
1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………….... 130
1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ………….…... 132
1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space
by Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………….………..…… 134
From Old Physics

to Particle Physics-I
2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138

2.2 Limitations of Theory ……………………………….….… 140
2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation ………………….….... 142
2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………..... 146
2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.…………. 147
2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ……………….. 149
2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and
Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………......... 152
2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy
Conservation Equation ………………………………….......… 154
2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….... 156
2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field …………….…. 157
2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159
2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:...............…………………...…. 160
2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation
Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …...…… 163
General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology

Should Rule Particle-Quantum Physics,
Not the Other Way, Not by Quantum Axioms
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………....... 167
3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ………..…….… 169
3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation …………..... 172
3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and
Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….………………....... 191
3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe.
And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….….......... 200
3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the
18
Principle of Equivalence ………………………….……………........ 204

3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………….…. 205
From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back

The Arrows of Time
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230
4.9 A Few Concluding Remarks ………………….……...………...... 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236
4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240
4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242
4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243
4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246
4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247
4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247
4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249
4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250
Crisis in the Standard Quantum Model

Gravitation & Cosmology v. Quantum Model
5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255

5.1.1 The three main schools of thought ……………………............. 261
5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………........... 262
5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics ………………………….…......... 265
5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………...…....... 265
5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical
Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries .............267
5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics
and Super-Symmetry …………………………………….................. 272
5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics ……….......... 272
5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to
Quantum Chromodynamics ………………………............................ 273
5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles; and vice versa ... 273
5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries 274
19
5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276

5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom in gauge theories 276-1
5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry principles ……... 276-2
5.6.3 Quantum Field Theories, Super-Symmetry & Super-Gravity... 276-3
5.6.3.1 Limits of quantum gravity and ‘Unified Field Theories’ .......276-4
From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back

Assessed by Physics and Philosophy
6.1 FIRST: Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ...,... 277
6.1.1 Intergalactic voids rule 2 Expansions of the Universe....,..277
6.1.2 Gravitation as super-structuring of matter and All Life.....279
6.2 The Earliest Observational Evidence. .…...………...........279
6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...….......... 282
6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence …….......284
6.4 Can Inter-cluster Voids Be Saturated with Radiation? .........287
6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry from
our Gravitational School of Intergalactic Voids v. life........ 290
6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational.
Cosmological Thermodynamics ………………................. 293
6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ……..….......… 297
6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..……..... 299
6.9 Connections with Classical and Continuum
Thermodynamics …………………………..…..…........... 301
6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility v. Master Asymmetry..... 303
The Cosmological Base of Time Arrow
7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309

7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ……………………….................. 310
7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s Laws of Motion …... 314
7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .……................ 316
7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into Un-Saturable Space 322
7.6 Stellar Evolution …………………………………….................. 324
7.7 Terrestrial Evolution …………………………..............……...... 325
Black Holes v. Unattainable Theory of Everything
8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330

8.2 Observational Evidence ………………………….….....331
8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………...... 332
20
8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340

8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………...... 341
8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………........ 341
8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………........ 341
Beyond Present Knowledge

9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers …………………...... 349
9.2 An Example in Havaism ……………………..….........… 350
9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory 365
9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…...… 415
VOLUME II
Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420

A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………... 437
The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….……………….…...... 455
Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms ………………………………..……….. 467
Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………………….... 483
Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………..... 495
Critique of Western Methodology ………………………………. ... 530
21
Einsteinian Heritage
A 1987 Painting by E. Katz, by permission.

EINSTEIN:
“It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true
science. It was the experience of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that
engendered religion.
A knowledge of the existence of something we cannot penetrate, of the
manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant beauty, which are
only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms -- it is this knowledge
and this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude;
in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply religious man.”
22
“I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will
of the type of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should
survive his physical death is also beyond my comprehension, nor do I wish it
otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble souls.”
“Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous
structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a
portion, be it never so tiny, of the reason that manifests itself in nature.”
“I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my home, my friends,
or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I
have never lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”.
“One is sharply conscious, yet without regret, of the limits to the possibility of
mutual understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-creatures. Such a person no
doubt loses something in the way of geniality and light-heartedness; on the other
hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his
fellows.”
In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life and philosophy-faith, Einstein
consistently selected to protect his privacy inside his room, in his house, working in
maximized-freedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while
his privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who
also screened his incoming mail, deleted nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely
blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known for his subtle sarcasm.
Before Einstein left Hitler’s Germany to the United States, a professor in Berlin
was extremely nasty in targeting him. One day Einstein was informed that
Professor XXX just died. Einstein’s reaction:
“Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died.

Einstein's "Anti-Pomposity"; Anti-"Politically Correct"
As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some
German women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting.
Einstein stopped playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized:
“I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work.
”On another occasion, as a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin,
his wife urged him to change his simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal
one, for dignitaries are to arrive soon to visit him. His response:
let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house.
If they come to see my formal dress please show them my closet.
23
Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level

The higheest level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian
Gravity Physics (General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world
expansion (or contraction), (ii) That unwanted theory was first confirmed in1918 in
correctly predicting the bending of light by gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-
confirmed before 1927 by the American astronomer Hubble: We all live in an
expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first Chapter. See more
below.

Sitting, from left: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P.
Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson

2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H.
Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr;

Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E.
Schrödinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.

24

Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem – in my opinion –
to characterize our age. ----- Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is
limited. Imagination encircles the world.----- Albert Einstein

The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, an almost fanatical love of
justice, and the desire for personal independence--these are the
features of Jewish tradition which make me thank my stars that I
belong to it. ----- Albert Einstein

Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from
mediocre minds ----- Albert Einstein

INFINITIES? -- the universe and human stupidity, and am not sure
about the universe. (Einstein);

Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything
new.----- Albert Einstein

Do what you feel to be right, for you'll be criticized anyway -----
Eleanor Roosevelt

Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the
world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.
------ Margaret Mead

25
RECAP, VERIFIED FACTS

&
INTRODUCTION FOR NON-EXPERTS

GRAVITISM IS BASED ON EINSTEIN'S GENERAL RELATIVITY, ITS GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD, or "GRAVITY". IT SHEDS LIGHT ON THE UNIVERSAL BUILDER OF
STRUCTURES - FROM COMPACTED "FILAMENTS", [FIG. 1],
TO THE SMALLEST IDENTIFIED BY SCIENCE:

1) GALAXIES,
2) STARS,
3) STELLAR EVOLUTION,
4) BLACK HOLES,
5) GALACTIC-STELLAR "RADIATION-WINDS" HITING US, [FIG. 3, PAGE 36],
6) OBSERVED COMPACTING AND CLUSTERING OF MOST COLD (270 C BELOW
ZERO) EXPANDING DARK-VOIDS, [NASA RECORD, FIG. 1 PAGE 34],
7) SUPERNOVA STELLAR EXPLOSIONS SPREADING ELEMENTS OF LIFE (H, C, O,
N, ETC.) INTO INTERSTELLAR SPACE, [FIGS. 2 & 3 PAGES 35, 36],
8) GRAVITY-BASED PLANETS, E.G. THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Id.
9) EARTH STRUCTURING (layers according to "specific gravity", e.g. land-seas v.
air.),
10) EARTH-SUN-BIOLOGICAL-CLOCKS, CLIMATE, SEASONS, SUN CYCLES, SUN
FLARES;
26
11) BIO-GRAVITY-CHEMISTRY STRUCTURING AMINO ACIDS, RNA, DNA, VIRUSES,

BACTERIA, HIGHER STRUCTURES, REPRODUCTION, DIVERSITY, BIOSYSTEMS,
AXSONS-DENDRITES, CHEMO-ELECTO-SIGNAL-TRANSFER-SYSTEM, NERVES
SYSTEM, BRAINS, OXYGEN BREATING SYSTEM, DIGESTIVE ENERGY-INTAKE-
SYSTEM, CIRCULATING BLOOD-OXIGEN SYSTEM, BONES, SKELETONS,
BALANCING v. GRAVITY SYSTEMS, [VERTIGO, ETC. ],
12) EARLY "FISH", TREES, ANIMALS, HOMINIDS, EARLY HUMANS, HUNTING
GROUPS,
13) TERRITORIAL CONFLICTS, TRIBAL SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION, LEADERS,
RULERS,
14) AGRICULTURE, CITY & VILLAGE STRUCTURING BY GRAVITY/GRAVITY-BASED
RIVERS, (eg FIRST CIVILIZATION EMERGING IN UR & EGYPT),
15) STRUCTURING HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES, PROTECTING WALLS, EARLY
ARMIES, PAGAN-PRIESTS-KINGS, CLAY TOKENS, INVENTING COUNTING,
NUMBERS, DEGREES, ETC.
16) DARK SKY DEGREES-SCALING, HEAVEN CONCEPTS, EARLY IDEAS ON COSMIC
CREATOR- GOD, DIETIES, RELIGIONS, HIGH PRIESTS, HOLINESS, PRIORITY,
RIVALRY, RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION/RACISM, MURDERING-KILLING
UNBELIEVERS, WARS, INVASIONS, DESTRUCTIONS, KINGS' CULTURES,
17) SECTERIAN LAWS, BOOKS, PHILOSOPHIES, FUTURE V. PAST IDEAS, FAMILIES,
MINORS AND WOMEN EARLY RIGHTS, MORALITY, EARLY TRADE, EARLY
WEAPONS, JUDGES,
18) EARLY LINGUISTIC SPACE-TIME LOCATIO-ORIENTATION VIA GRAVITATION [
THE "UNIVERSAL GRAVITY VECTOR"] ORDERING SYMBOLS-TOKENS: UP,
DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT UNDER EARLYN RULES OF COMPOSING WORDS,
SENTENCES, CHAPTERS AND BOOK-STRUCTURES, NUMBERED-TIMING,
EARLY-LATER, CLAY RECORDS FOR LATER TRADING, COMMON-MONTH-
YEAR-ROYAL-GRAVITY-FIXING, GRAVES, CEMETERIES, AFTER-LIFE IDEAS,
27
19) SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL HEALTH CARE, MEDICAL CARE, EARLY EDUCATION
leading to schools, universities, academies, ranking, reputation, links,
funding, protection, tenure, pension, relative-secured-freedom,
20) invented and PUBLISHED NEWTON'S GRAVITY PHYSICS,
21) Invented and PUBLISHED EINSTEIN'S GRAVITY PHYSICS, [SPECIAL & GENERAL
RELATIVITY], UNITING: TIME & SPACE, MASS & ENERGY, NEWTON'S WITH
EINSTEIN'S GRAVITY PHYSICS, BASED ON FIXED MAX SPEED OF LIGHT,
PREDICTING THE (UNWANTED AT THAT TIME) EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE
(THUS OUR WORLD HARBORS A BEGINNING ABOUT 18 BILLION YEARS AGO,
( as had also been predicted thousands years earlier by the first sentence of
the Hebrew Bible.).
22) THE EMERGENCE of non-deterministic QUANTUM STANDARD MODEL -
ATOMS, electrons, proton, neurtrons and a host of other subatomic
particles vis-à-vis multi-atom-MOLECULES, THE SCIENCE OF BIO-GRAVITY-
CHEMISTRY, MEDICINE, MEDICAL COMPANIES/SERVICES v. REGULATORS,
HEALTH INSURANCES, ETC.
23) THE USE OF SCIENCE TO DEVELOP (CONVENTIONAL OR ATOMIC) FALLING
GROUND, NAVAL, AIR AND SPACE WEAPONS,
24) CONFUSION OF PERFECT WEAPON GOALS, REGIMES, RELIGIONS, POLITICS,
"UNITED NATIONS", EDUCATION, MEDIA, FOUNDATIONS, ACADEMIA,
AWARDS, SCIENCE GATE KEEPERS, JOURNALISTS, EDITORS, COMPANIES,
PARLIAMENTS v. GLOBAL PROTESTERS.

25) Our online booklets "DARK EMPIRE", "THE CURSE OF NUMBERS", "HOLY
MAJORITY" and 500+page paper-book Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy,
CPP, refute unverifiable, unti-gravity, mysterious, dark-energy speculations
and unbased claims that Einstein Physics is wrong, or that his physics should
be replaced by unverifiable dark-enegy speculations.
28
In contract we compare these non-scientific claims with partly verified Higgs
field, as explained by Theoretical Physicist Prof. Matt Strassler:

Why the Higgs Matters

July 2, 2012, https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/the-higgs-particle/why-the-higgs-particle-matters/
EMPHASIZE BY COLOR and NUMBERED SECTIONS ARE ADDED.

1. "Most of us learned in school, or from books, that all the materials around us —
everything we eat, drink and breathe, all living creatures, and the very earth itself
— are made from atoms.
2. These come in about 100 types, called “the chemical elements”, and are typically
found arranged into molecules, as letters can be arranged into words.
3. Such facts about the world we take almost for granted, but they were still hotly
debated late into the 19th century.
4. Only around 1900, when the actual size of atoms could finally be inferred from
multiple lines of reasoning, and the electron, the subatomic particle that inhabits
the outskirts of atoms, was discovered, did the atomic picture of the world come
into focus.
5. But even today, some lines in this picture are still fuzzy. Puzzles dating back a
century still remain unresolved.
6. And the “Higgs boson” hullabaloo that you’ve been hearing about has everything
to do with these deep questions at the heart of our own existence.
7. Some of these blurry areas may soon become clearer, revealing details about the
world that we cannot yet discern.
8. We learned in school that the mass of an atom comes mostly from its tiny
nucleus; the electrons that form a broad cloud around the nucleus contribute less
than a thousand of an atom’s mass.
9. But what most of us didn’t learn, unless we took a college class in physics, is that
an atom’s size — the distance across it — depends mainly on the electron’s mass.
10. If you managed somehow to decrease the mass of the electron, you’d find atoms
would grow larger, and much more fragile.
29
11. Reduce the electron’s mass by more than a factor of a thousand or so, and atoms
would be so delicate that even the leftover heat from the Big Bang that launched
our universe could break them apart.
12. And so the very structure and survival of ordinary materials is tied to a seemingly
esoteric question: why does the electron have a mass at all?
13. The mass of the electron, and its origin, has puzzled and troubled physicists since
it was first measured.
14. Complicating and enriching the puzzle are the many discoveries, over the past
century, of other apparently elementary particles.
15. First it was learned that light is made from particles too, called photons, that have
no mass at all;
16. then it was learned that atomic nuclei are made from particles, called quarks, that
do have mass;
17. and recently we found strong indications that neutrinos, elusive particles that
stream from the sun in droves, have masses too, albeit very small ones.
18. And so the question about the electron became subsumed in larger questions: Why
do particles like electrons, quarks and neutrinos have mass, while photons do
not?
19. In the middle of the last century, physicists learned how to write equations that
predicted and described how electrons behaved.
20. Even though they didn’t know where the electron’s mass came from, they found it
easy to put the mass, by hand, into their equations, figuring that a full explanation
of its origin would turn up later.
21. But as they began to learn more about the weak nuclear force, one of the four
known forces of nature, a serious problem emerged.
22. The physicists already knew that electric forces are related to photons, and then
they realized further that the weak nuclear force is related, similarly, to so-called
“W” and “Z” particles.
23. However, the W and Z differ from the photon, in that they do have a mass — they
are as massive as an atom of tin, over a hundred thousand times heavier than are
electrons.
24. Unfortunately, the physicists found they could not put masses for the W and Z
particles by hand into their equations; the resulting equations gave nonsensical
predictions.
30
25. And when they looked at how the weak nuclear force affected electrons and
quarks and neutrinos, they discovered that the old way of putting in the electron
mass by hand wouldn’t work anymore; it too would break the equations.
26. To explain how the known elementary particles could possibly have mass at
all required fresh ideas.
27. This conundrum emerged gradually in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
28. Already in the early 1960s a possible solution emerged — and here we meet Peter
Higgs, and the others (Brout, Englert, Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble.)
29. They suggested what we now call the “Higgs mechanism.”
30. Suppose, they said, there is an as yet unknown field of nature — like all fields, a
sort of substance present everywhere in space — that is not zero, and uniform
across all of space and time.
31. If this field — now called the Higgs field — were of the right type, its presence
would then cause the W and Z particles to develop masses, and also would allow
physicists to put the electron mass back into their equations — still putting off the
question of why the electron’s mass is what it is, but at least allowing equations
to be written down in which the electron’s mass isn’t zero!
32. Over the ensuing decades the idea of the Higgs mechanism was tested in many
different ways.
33. We know, today, through exhaustive studies of the W and Z particles, among other
things, that something like this is the right solution to the conundrum posed by the
weak nuclear force.
34. But the details? We don’t know them at all.

What is the Higgs field, and how should we conceive of it?

1. It is as invisible to us, and as unnoticed by us, as air is to a child, or water to a fish;
in fact even more so, because although we learn, as we grow up, to become
conscious of the flow of air over our bodies, as detected by our sense of touch,
none of our senses provide us with any access to the Higgs field.
2. Not only do we lack a means to detect it with our senses, it proves impossible to
detect directly with scientific instruments.
3. So how can we hope to tell for sure that it is there? And how can we hope to learn
anything about it?
4. There is one additional way in which the analogy between air and the Higgs field
works well: if you disturb either of them, they will vibrate, forming waves.
31
5. In the case of air, it’s easy to make these waves — just shout, or clap your hands —
and our ears can easily detect these waves, in the form of sound.
6. In the case of the Higgs field, it’s harder to create the waves, and harder to observe
them.
7. To make them requires a giant particle accelerator, called the Large Hadron
Collider or LHC, at the CERN laboratory outside Geneva, Switzerland; and to detect
them demands the use of building-sized scientific instruments, which go by the
names of ATLAS and CMS.

How is it done?
1. Clapping your hands will reliably make loud sound waves.
2. Smashing two very energetic protons together, using the LHC, can make
very quiet Higgs waves, and very unreliably — only about one in every ten billion
collisions will do this.
3. The wave that emerges is the quietest possible wave in the Higgs field
(technically, a single “quantum” of this type of wave.)
4. We call this quietest possible wave a “Higgs particle”, or “Higgs boson”.
5. Sometimes you will see the media call this the “God particle”. This term was
invented by a publisher to sell a book, and thus has its origin in advertising, not in
science or religion.

Scientists do not use the term [JOURNALISTS AND LAYMEN DO]

1. Making a Higgs particle is the relatively easy half of the process;
2. detecting the Higgs particle is the hard part.
3. While a sound wave will travel freely from your clapping hands across a room to
someone else’s ear, a Higgs particle disintegrates into other particles faster than
you can say “Higgs boson”… in fact, in less time than it takes for light to travel
across an atom.
4. All that ATLAS and CMS can do is measure the debris from the exploding Higgs
particle as carefully as possible, and try to work backwards, like detectives using
clues to solve a crime, to determine whether a Higgs particle could have been the
source of that debris.
5. It’s even harder than this. It’s not enough to make one Higgs particle, because its
debris isn’t sufficiently distinctive; often a collision of two protons will in some
32
other way create debris that resembles what might emerge from a fragmenting
Higgs particle.

So how can we hope to determine that Higgs particles
have been formed?

1. The key is that Higgs particles are rare but their debris is relatively regular in
appearance, while the other processes are common but more random; and just as
your ear can gradually pick out the singing tone of a human voice even above
heavy static on a radio, so experimenters can pick out the regular ringing of the
Higgs field amid the random cacophony created by the other similar-looking
processes.
2. Carrying this out is extremely complex and difficult.
3. But in a triumph of collective human ingenuity, it has been done.

Why was this Herculean task even attempted?

1. Because the profound importance of the Higgs field for our very existence is
matched by our profound ignorance of its origin and properties.
2. We do not even know that there is only one such field; there may be several.
3. The Higgs field may itself be a complicated thing, built somehow out of other
fields.
4. We do not know why it is not zero, and we do not know why it interacts differently
with different particles, giving the electron a very different mass from, say, the
type of quark we call the “top quark”.
5. Given the importance of mass not only in determining the size of atoms but in a
whole host of other properties of nature, our understanding of our universe and
ourselves cannot be complete and satisfactory while the Higgs field remains so
mysterious.
6. Studying the Higgs particle — the waves in the Higgs field — will give us our first
profound insights into the nature of this field, just as one can learn about air from
its sound waves, about rock by studying earthquakes, and about the sea by
watching waves upon the beach.
7. Some of you will inevitably (and fairly) ask: This may be inspirational, but what
good is all this to society, in a practical sense?
8. You may not like the answer, but you should.
33
9. History shows that the societal benefits of research into fundamental questions
often do not emerge for decades, even a century.
10. I suspect you used a computer today; I doubt that, when Thompsondiscovered the
electron in 1897, anyone around him could have guessed at the huge change in
society that electronics would bring about.
11. We cannot hope to imagine the technology of the next century, or to envision how
seemingly esoteric knowledge gained today may impact the distant future.
12. An investment into fundamental research is always a bit of an educated gamble.
13. But at worst, we are very likely to learn something about nature that is deep, and
has many unforeseen implications.
14. Such knowledge, though without clear monetary value, is (in both senses) priceless.
15. In the interest of brevity, I have oversimplified; things needn’t have turned out
quite this way.
16. It was possible that the waves in the Higgs field wouldn’t have been discoverable,
much as an attempt to make waves in a lake of asphalt or thick syrup will end in
failure, for the waves will die away before they ever really form.
17. But we know enough about the particles of nature to know this could only have
happened if there were other particles and forces as yet undiscovered, and some
of these would have been accessible to the LHC.
18. Alternatively, even though the Higgs particle (or particles) existed, they might have
been somewhat harder to produce than expected, or might have typically
disintegrated in somewhat unexpected ways.
19. In all of these cases, it might have been several more years before the Higgs field
began to reveal its secrets.
20. So we were prepared to be patient, though hoping we wouldn’t have to explain
these complexities to the media. But we needn’t have worried.

The discovery of the Higgs particle represents a historic turning point

— a triumph for those who proposed the Higgs mechanism, and for those who
operate the LHC and the ATLAS and CMS detectors.
• Yet it does not represent the end to our puzzles about the masses of the known
particles, only the beginning of our hope of solving them.
• As the energy and collision rate at the LHC increase over the coming years, ATLAS
and CMS will be pursuing exhaustive and systematic studies of the Higgs particle.

34
• What they learn may allow us to resolve the mysteries of this mass-giving ocean in
which we swim, and will propel us forward on our epic journey begun over a
century ago, whose end may yet lie decades, perhaps centuries, beyond our current
horizon."

RESPONSES TO “WHY THE HIGGS PARTICLE MATTERS”
Pingback: Excitement at Fever Pitch | Of Particular Significance
1. amarashiki | July 2, 2012 at 3:35 PM | Reply

Higgs field is a contemporary and likely real version of the old-fashioned ether…Not like it,
however, in the sense the Higgs field is in some sense “relativistic” and “quantum”…
2. Pingback: Live-Blog zu den Higgs-igen Enthüllungen im Juli « Skyweek Zwei Punkt Null
3. Jay carlson | July 2, 2012 at 8:01 PM | Reply

Matt, Jay Carlson here, simon’s rocker and ex husband of Caitlin. Hey, congratulations on the
discovery I am reading about today. I know that this is a huge deal in your field, and I believe
that you have done some work relating to CERN during your own career. Anyway, I thought of
you when I read the articles, and I thought I would reach out and say well done.
4. Joey | July 2, 2012 at 11:39 PM | Reply

“The key is that Higgs particles are rare but their debris is relatively regular in appearance, while
the other processes are common but more random; and just as your ear can gradually pick out
the singing tone of a human voice even above heavy static on a radio, so experimenters can pick
out the regular ringing of the Higgs field amid the random cacophony created by the other
similar-looking processes.”
Phenomenal metaphor btw. Thanks for all the hard work you do to help us explain this process
to our laymen friends and family-members.
5. Pingback: Higgs: What’s In A Name? | Whiskey…Tango…Foxtrot?
6. Bob Anderson (@doubledodge) | July 3, 2012 at 11:17 AM | Reply

In “Putting the Higgs Boson in its place” http://gu.com/p/2zftz/tw John Butterworth quoted Ian
Sample that “the Higgs is only responsible for about 1% of the mass of everyday stuff. The rest
comes from the binding energy of the strong nuclear force. So

there”. On the same subject (although not directly commenting on that particular statement)
you told Tim Preece in a reply to your Higgs FAQ on January 12, 2012 that ” … in fact there is an
important quantum mechanical effect that this leaves out. And if you account for it, the Higgs
field contributes almost all of the mass (of a basketball)”. Assuming there is nothing special
fundamental physics-wise about basketballs, I would love to get you and John together for a
35
panel discussion on the subject. Have I missed anything more recent in your blogs about this
important quantum mechanical effect or is this an explanation challenge you have yet to tackle?

o Giovanni | July 3, 2012 at 1:11 PM | Reply

Matt, this effect you quoted. Did you mean the ’empowerment’ of the strong nuclear force by the
Higgs Field? If not, what is it?
o Bob Anderson (@doubledodge) | July 6, 2012 at 8:59 AM | Reply

Hi Matt, Thanks for the on-line response on the Nature live Q&A this week. For the record I am
putting our discourse in-line here. Hopefully to be expanded upon later?
Me:
Prof. John Butterworth (ATLAS and UCL) said “the Higgs is only responsible for about 1% of the
mass of everyday stuff” true or false?
Matt Strassler:
This is a great question — because the answer is true and false! Butterworth is absolutely right
that in an ordinary atom, only the electrons get their mass completely from the Higgs; the
proton’s mass comes from effects of the strong nuclear force (long story).
BUT — if you really think about it carefully, the Higgs gives mass to many particles, and
indirectly, if you were to turn off the Higgs field (it’s the field, not the particle, that provides
the mass, by the way) it would change the strength of the strong nuclear force — and would
indirectly change the proton mass.
§ Matt Strassler | July 9, 2012 at 2:06 AM | Reply

Definitely will write a post on this someday. But I have to explain it a how particle masses can
indirectly affect the strength of the strong nuclear force, which is not a short article and
requires some real thought.
7. DR | July 3, 2012 at 8:14 PM | Reply

A small comment: using the word ‘massive’, which has a specific technical meaning for
physicists–non-zero mass–is not helpful in a colloquial essay such as this, as it can be very easily
misconstrued in the sense ‘enormous’. As such, phrases like “massive particles called quarks”
look like they mean ‘really big particles called quarks, when in fact they are ‘very small’
(though heavy) – speaking loosely here.
8. Dan | July 3, 2012 at 10:39 PM | Reply

Nice piece. Certainly something I’d expect to read in Wired or Discover.
9. Pingback: The Day of the Higgs? | Of Particular Significance
10. Pingback: Finding the Higgs « The Seventh Colour
36
11. Mike | July 4, 2012 at 10:10 AM | Reply

It seems to me that ‘mass’ is a measure of the effect of gravity. If we wish to understand mass, I
think we need to fully understand gravity. My reading suggests that we know hardly more about
the force of gravity than we do about the Higgs boson. To me, gravity is the big mystery.
o pauljaylucas | July 4, 2012 at 11:31 AM | Reply

“Mass” isn’t a measure of gravity: it’s a measure of inertia. The more massive an object is, the
“harder” gravity has to pull to accelerate said object, or the harder you have to work to lift said
object off the ground. Conversely, gravity is a measure of mass because the more massive an
object is, the more it warps space-time, i.e., what we colloquially call “gravity.”

o Allan Douglas | July 4, 2012 at 1:30 PM | Reply

You need to consider that mass is also related to inertia, the inertial mass, which is seems to be
the same as the gravitational mass. So you don’t necessarily need gravity to understand mass.
12. Alex | July 4, 2012 at 10:50 AM | Reply

Is there a non-zero energy density or momentum associated with the Higgs field? If there is
what are implications for gravity? If there isn’t- why not? Do the equations allow for it?
Another question – is the mechanism of an electron acquiring mass in the Higgs field in any way
similar to how an electron gets an effective mass in a semiconductor? I.e. getting “dressed” in
excitations of the field caused by electron-field coupling?
Thank you! Cannot express how much I appreciate your postsx
13. fred backer | July 4, 2012 at 11:17 AM | Reply

Mike, if gravity doesn’t exist without mass, then you can state that mass is THE causative
effect of gravity, correct? So by studying mass you are studying gravity by default since the one
does not exist without the other. I’ll bet my 8th grade education on it! Please feel free to correct
me as I realize the limits of my educational upbringing. Anyone?… Bueller?
14. fred backer | July 4, 2012 at 11:21 AM | Reply

As a layperson, I really enjoyed this article. My love for Science brought me here. Tomorrow it’s
back to Waly-Mart where I’m living the dream…
15. Pooja | July 4, 2012 at 11:36 AM | Reply
37
I am not familiar with this field except what little I learned years ago in school. This might be a
basic question but I’m going to ask anyway: why is “why does an electron have mass at all” a
question? I don’t understand why an electron having mass is so difficult to reconcile with. Also,
how does one modify the mass of an electron so that the atom grows larger? If this isn’t
practically possible then the issue does not exist at all.
I hope to get some understanding here of concepts that have changed since I went to school. This
probably isn’t a forum for curious laypeople but no one I know in real life can answer my
questions. I have more questions but i’ve started with the first one that occurred me while
reading this article. Thanks!!
o Matt Strassler | July 6, 2012 at 8:34 AM | Reply

This is most definitely a forum for curious laypeople!
The issue is this: It is **impossible** to write equations that both give the electron a mass AND
allow it to behave as it does when affected by the weak nuclear force… unless there is a Higgs
field, or something like it, added to the equations.
In short, what cannot be reconciled is two facts about nature obtained from data: (a) an electron
having mass, and (b) electrons and neutrinos interacting as they do with the weak nuclear force
— unless a third fact is true — that (c) something like a Higgs field (and possibly a Higgs particle,
too) exists.
16. Pingback: trovata la particella di Dio
17. Mike | July 4, 2012 at 5:04 PM | Reply

I believe this one is pretty easy. I’ll be the first to admit I have the mathematical prowess of a
broken sliderule, but E=mc^2 is what this is all about. As you add (copious quantities of) energy
to an electron (which by some theories is just a convergence of various undulating fields –
consonant resonance), its mass increases ever so slightly. If you go back to the equation, C is a
constant, so if you increase E(energy), m(mass) must also increase. There are some really good
texts written by folks like the guy who writes this blog. May I suggest reading Michio Kaku, John
Gribbin, Lawrence Krauss, everything ever written by Richard Feynman (RIP), and of course,
Stephen Hawking.
o David Schaich | July 7, 2012 at 12:38 AM | Reply

Allow me to refer you to
https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/mass-energy-matter-
etc/mass-and-energy/

from which I quote (emphasis in the original): this relation E=mc2 does not mean that energy is
always equal to mass times c2; only for an object that is not moving (and therefore has zero
momentum) is this true.
18. judiwth | July 4, 2012 at 5:21 PM | Reply
38
This is the best scientific article I have ever read. Some of the questions and responses make my
head spin. But the article, so clearly written and filled with humility and humanity, is a work of
art.
o pegaman | July 5, 2012 at 7:18 AM | Reply

Was just about to write exactly that. Not too often you get goosebumps when reading texts
about science.
§ Matt Strassler | July 5, 2012 at 2:58 PM | Reply

thank you both for these kind words!

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20. judiwth | July 5, 2012 at 9:46 AM | Reply

I have read it three times, and got goosebumps every time. The content is thrilling, and the
execution is flawless.
21. judiwth | July 5, 2012 at 3:32 PM | Reply

Kind? Hardly. Just the simple truth. Thank you.
22. Mathematician | July 6, 2012 at 8:10 AM | Reply

Thanks so much for the wonderful blog. It’s the best place on the internet to read this material.
Crystal clear exposition and a great pleasure every time. Compelling, understandable and
inspiring. A dramatic improvement on the dry and boring majority of articles that I just can’t get
through.
o Matt Strassler | July 6, 2012 at 8:11 AM | Reply

thanks, Lisa — glad to know you’re a reader! Please pass the article along to your friends…
§ Mathematician | July 7, 2012 at 4:19 AM | Reply

Will do Matt! Hope to hear you give some talks and looking forward to your book!

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33. Jo | July 10, 2012 at 11:55 AM | Reply

Very clear and concise explanation. Thanks very much!
34. Sammy | July 10, 2012 at 1:07 PM | Reply

Absent the Higgs, the gauge theory of radioactive decay is all wet. Do you have smoke detectors at
home ? Have you had a PET scan or a SPECT scan?
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42. Particle matters | July 16, 2012 at 1:13 PM | Reply

Thanks – well explained on a difficult subject – Matty (Particle Matters)
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46. Leo Vuyk | August 2, 2012 at 7:00 AM | Reply

Could it be that “the massgiving ocean in which we swim” has a Higgs system based on the
opposite oscillations of TWIN ( massless but energetic) Higgs particles making the ocean not
massive for motion, but giving mass to Fermions by the relativistic production rate of gravitons?
47. John Ko | August 20, 2012 at 1:41 AM | Reply

Thank you for this article! This is the best explanation of the Higgs Field/Particle I’ve read so
far! I try to stay informed on science developments but I find that I have to do a lot of work
reading from multiple sources and translating everything into layman terms that my brain can
get a handle on. Good visuals & metaphors are always useful, and your metaphor of homing in
on a singer’s voice over background noise is highly instructive & elegant.
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51. zooz | January 7, 2013 at 9:19 AM | Reply

thanks very much …
I want to understand more about higgs fields when the mass is zero and non-zero
please … kindly help me more ….
o Matt Strassler | January 7, 2013 at 9:21 AM | Reply

the mass of which type of particle? Also, knowing how much math and physics you have learned
in the past will help me guide you to the correct articles…
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54. Marvin Purser | March 21, 2013 at 6:42 AM | Reply

One might eventually want to know what is the gene map of the Higgs particle. One day most
people will understand that the universe is not one, but eternal. It has neither a beginning, nor
an end. Imagine everything were the size of a tennis ball. Now imagine the ball. It cannot be
done. Because if you did imagine the ball, it would be inside of something else and that could not
be if the ball were everything or the universe. Uni means one and verse from the Greek Logos
means Word. So it is One Word and in religion The Word of God. Hence, the opening statement
of the Gospel of John. In the beginning was The Word and The Word was God. Notice ‘in the
beginning” is not “at the beginning. That particular gospel was written for the Greeks while the
Gospel of Mark witj a vocabulary of around 2,000 or less was written for simple fishermen and
other town folk .

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Bravo! Thank you so much for taking the time to write this article in a clear and simple way.
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59. Tony Rotz | July 3, 2013 at 9:07 PM | Reply

I thought it was a very good explanation, however, I did not get goose bumps. Is something
wrong with me? So, the Higgs is a little like molasses increased force is met with increased
resistance? Is it like fish swimming up steam in a river, small fish meet with less resistance and
41
large fish more. What is it about the particles themselves, why do some interact with the Higgs
more than others and some not at all?
o Matt Strassler | July 4, 2013 at 12:06 PM | Reply
No, nothing’s wrong with you. Aside from the fact that different people get goosebumps about
different things, I do think you’ve identified that one problem with my article is that it doesn’t let
you see where the goosebumps really come from for scientists like me. They don’t come from the
Higgs field anyway — the Higgs field is really, really important, but it isn’t the thing that drives
me. The goosebumps come from the larger context in which the Higgs field arises, and that I
didn’t have time to explain in such a short article. Maybe I should think about revising it so that
this becomes clearer. I was aiming at a good explanation, not so much at a goosebump
generator
But I think I did a better job of bringing out the “goosebumps” aspects of nature in my recent
class and in my recent one-hour-long public talk. If you do have the time, give it a
shot.https://profmattstrassler.com/2013/07/03/my-public-talk-on-the-higgs-now-online/
The Higgs field is not like molasses, however, and not like fish swimming upstream. Those
analogies are just wrong; if they were right, the Higgs field wouldn’t affect anything that is
standing still, whereas in fact the electron has its mass no matter what it is doing. The right way
to think about the Higgs field is not familiar from everyday life, but not that complicated either.
And I did explain in my public talk, so you might find that useful.
As to why some particles interact more strongly with the Higgs field than others — we have no
idea. Or more accurately, we have dozens of ideas, and no clue as to which idea is right, or
whether we’ve thought of the right idea yet. Talk about goosebumps — that’s one of the most
important unsolved mysteries in particle physics. We’re hoping the LHC will help us figure this
out, though we also know that it may not do so. So finding the Higgs particle isn’t the end of this
story; it’s maybe the “end of the beginning”, at best.

60. Tony Rotz | July 5, 2013 at 10:33 AM | Reply

Thanks, I’m trying to get a grasp of, somewhat anyways, of what this universe entails as well as
trying to learn a little of the Magyar language my parents often used when they didn’t want us
to know what they were talking about, neither of which is an easy task. Köszönöm
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__________

44

Daily War of Non-Science Dark Energy Against Higgs & Einstein

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By Benjamin Gal-Or, All Rights Reserved

Nobel Laureate RICHARD FEYNMAN

“You should not fool the layman when you’re talking as

a. T OWARD TWO DIFFERENT, U NRELATED, THEORETICAL PHYSICS DOMAINS?

"The frequent occurrence of these

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations'

'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western

human psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.”

Figure 1: (NASA RECORD FIGURE 1: Intergalactic,

Figure 2: Indicated, compacted, gravity-bounded, non-expanding "CLUSTER I"

"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET

Figure 3: "SPACE- 2",

expanding galaxies [Figs. 1, 2], and

These large structures are gravity-bounded as non-expanding entities that include

Andromeda galaxy is marked yellow.

§ It is 2,200,000 light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy.

§ It is also characterized by a spiral structure.

SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx

1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified

1.1.1 Science Order: Cosmology to Quantum or in Reverse?... 3

From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures

1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure of Earth v. Cosmos ..80

Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….......…92

From Old Physics

2.1 Aim and Scope ……………………………………………. 138

General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology

Principle of Equivalence ………………………….……………........ 204

From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads and Back

Crisis in the Standard Quantum Model

5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……...... 255

5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge theories ……............... 276

From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads and Back

The Cosmological Base of Time Arrow

7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept …………………................. 309

Black Holes v. Unattainable Theory of Everything

8.1 Introduction ………………………………………...… 330

8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ………………..... 340

Beyond Present Knowledge

Introduction ……………………………………………................... 420

Theoretical Physics at its Highest Historical Level

RECAP, VERIFIED FACTS

INTRODUCTION FOR NON-EXPERTS

11) BIO-GRAVITY-CHEMISTRY STRUCTURING AMINO ACIDS, RNA, DNA, VIRUSES,

In contract we compare these non-scientific claims with partly verified Higgs

field, as explained by Theoretical Physicist Prof. Matt Strassler:

Why the Higgs Matters

1. amarashiki | July 2, 2012 at 3:35 PM | Reply

3. Jay carlson | July 2, 2012 at 8:01 PM | Reply

4. Joey | July 2, 2012 at 11:39 PM | Reply

6. Bob Anderson (@doubledodge) | July 3, 2012 at 11:17 AM | Reply

o Giovanni | July 3, 2012 at 1:11 PM | Reply

o Bob Anderson (@doubledodge) | July 6, 2012 at 8:59 AM | Reply

§ Matt Strassler | July 9, 2012 at 2:06 AM | Reply

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