Chapter - 6

Mobile and Wireless Sensor

Networks

1
 Outline
 Introduction
 MANET architecture
 What is different in MANETs?
 MANET: Applications
 MANET: Variations, Challenges and Issues
 MANET: Characteristics, complexities, and design
constraints
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Protocol architectures of WSN
 Application of WSN
 Deployment of WSN
2
 Infrastructure-based wireless networks
 Typical wireless network: Based on infrastructure
E.g., WLAN, GSM, cellular networks, …
Base stations connected to a wired backbone network
Mobile nodes communicate wirelessly to these base stations
Traffic between different mobile nodes is relayed by base
stations and wired backbone
Mobility is supported by switching from one base station to
another
Backbone infrastructure required for administrative tasks

Gateways IP backbone

Server
Router

3
Infrastructure-based wireless networks – Limits?

 What if …

No infrastructure is available?

– E.g., in disaster areas
It is too expensive/inconvenient to set up?
– E.g., in remote, large construction sites
There is no time to set it up?
– E.g., in military operations, Battle field

4
 Solution: (Wireless) ad hoc networks
 Try to construct a network without infrastructure, using
networking abilities of the participants
This is an ad hoc network – a network constructed “for a
special purpose”
 Simplest example: Laptops in a conference room –
a single-hop ad hoc network

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 Why Ad Hoc Networks ?

 Ease of deployment

 Speed of deployment

 Decreased dependence on infrastructure

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 What is an Ad hoc Network?

 Collection of mobile wireless nodes forming a

network without the aid of any infrastructure or
centralized administration
 Nodes have limited transmission range
 Nodes act as a routers

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 MANET: Mobile Ad hoc Networks
A collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming
network topology without any existing infrastructure.

From DARPA Website

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 MANET: other definitions
 Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be
represented as a complex distributed systems,
which comprises of wireless mobile nodes, and
the nodes are freely and dynamically move and
self-organize to form network topology.

 So MANETs have random, and temporary ‘‘ad-

hoc’’ network topologies.

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 MANET…
 Key features:
– Dynamic network topology
– Distributed network nature
– Multihop communication
– Limited bandwidth
– Energy constrains
– Vulnerability to intruders and
malicious attacks
 Advantages:
– Easy to develop
– No infrastructure required

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 MANET: Present
 More than 10 years of research in the area of Mobile
Ad-hoc Networks (MANET)
 Interesting research field
 Large variety of solutions
More than 50 routing protocol proposals
No single standard solution
•IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
– AODV, OLSR, DSR, TBRPF
– DYMO, OLSR2, OSPF+
•IEEE (IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15...)
 These days, It has a great impact on the market

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MANET architecture

12
 Overview
What is different in MANETs?
1. Multi-hop routing
• No default router is available.
2. Infrastructure-less
• No centralized administration.
3. Mobility support
• Dynamic movement of end-users
4. Location and service discovery
• For distributed control of network topology
5. Unpredictability/Variability
• Difficult to estimate time-out, RTT, bandwidth
6. Contention: packets compete for airtime
• Intra-flow and inter-flow contentions
7. Cross layer support
• Protocol performance optimization

13
 MANET: Applications
 Personal area networking
cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch
 Military environments
soldiers, tanks, planes
 Civilian environments
meeting rooms
sports stadiums
boats, small aircraft
 Emergency operations
search-and-rescue
policing and fire fighting

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 MANET: Applications…
 Military applications
Situational Awareness (SA) and Command and
Control (C2) for military.

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 Applications for infrastructure-less networks
 Disaster recovery  Car-to-car
communication

 Search-and-rescue in an flood, storm, any disaster recovery

 Personal area networking (watch, glasses, PDA, medical
appliance, …)
 VANET
 … 16
 MANET: Applications…
 Classroom
Ad hoc network between student PDAs and laptop of the
instructor

 Large IT campus
Employees of a company moving within a large campus with PDAs,
laptops, and cell phones

 Moving soldiers with wearable computers

Eavesdropping, denial-of-service and impersonation attacks can
be launched

 Shopping mall, restaurant, coffee shops

Customers spend part of the day in a networked mall of specialty
shops, coffee shops, and restaurants 17
 MANET: Many Variations
 Fully Symmetric Environment
all nodes have identical capabilities and responsibilities

 Asymmetric Capabilities
transmission ranges and radios may differ
battery life at different nodes may differ
processing capacity may be different at different nodes
speed of movement

 Asymmetric Responsibilities
only some nodes may route packets
some nodes may act as leaders of nearby nodes (e.g.,
cluster head) 18
 MANET: Many Variations…

 Traffic characteristics may differ in different mobile

ad hoc networks
bit rate (bandwidth fluctuation)
timeliness constraints (CBR, VBR, FTP)
reliability requirements (TCP, UDP)
unicast / multicast / geocast
host-based addressing / content-based addressing /
capability-based addressing

 May co-exist (and co-operate) with an

infrastructure-based network

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 MANET: Many Variations…

 Mobility patterns may be different

People sitting at an airport lounge, Cafeteria,
Shopping mall,…
Movement of cars
Military movements
Pedestrian or train mobility…

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MANET: Characteristics, complexities, and
design constraints
 Autonomous and infrastructure-less:
MANET does not depend on any established infrastructure
or centralized administration, such as base stations, for
their operations.
 Multi-hop routing:
No default router is available. Every node works as a router
and forwards each others’ packets to provide information
sharing between mobile nodes.
 Dynamically changing network topologies:
In MANET, nodes can move randomly and arbitrarily. Due to
the random movement of nodes, the network topology
changes frequently and unpredictably, which results in:
1- Route changes
2- Frequent network partitions and possibly
3- Packet losses. 21
 MANET: Characteristics, complexities, and
design constraints…
 Bandwidth optimization:
Wireless links have basically lower capacity than the wired
links.
 Limited resources:
Mobile nodes depend on limited battery power, processor
speed, and storage capacity.
 Scalability:
Mobile network shall be able to provide all the services in
the presence of large number of nodes.

22
 MANET: Characteristics, complexities, and
design constraints…
 Infrastructure-less and self operated:
There is no fixed infrastructure or base station that
coordinates the operation of mobile nodes.
• Each node should participate, cooperate, and acts as a
router to manage and forward each other’s packet.
 Poor Transmission Quality:
high bit error rate (BER), which results from signal
attenuation, is a typical characteristic of ad hoc networks.
 Limited physical security:
In MANET,
•the topology of the network changes dynamically and
•nodes can enter and leave the network without any
authentication
– It is very much vulnerable to different types of
security attack. 23
 MANET: Challenges and Issues

 Limited wireless transmission range

 Broadcast nature of the wireless medium
Hidden and exposed terminal problems
 Packet losses due to transmission errors
 Mobility-induced route changes
 Mobility-induced packet losses
 Battery constraints
 Potentially frequent network partitions
 Ease of snooping on wireless transmissions (security
hazard)

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 Solutions: Limited range ! multi-hopping

 For many scenarios, communication with peers

outside immediate communication range is required
Direct communication limited because of distance,
obstacles, …
Solution: multi-hop network

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 Solution: Mobility ! Suitable, adaptive protocols
 In many Mobile ad hoc network applications, participants
move around
In cellular network: simply hand over to another base station
 In mobile ad hoc
networks (MANET):
 Mobility changes
neighborhood relationship
 Must be compensated for
 E.g., routes in the network
have to be changed
 Complicated by scale
 Large number of such
nodes difficult to support

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Solution: Battery-operated devices ! energy-efficient
operation

 Most of the time nodes in an ad hoc network draw energy

from batteries
 Requirement: long run time for
Individual devices
Network as a whole
! Energy-efficient networking protocols
E.g., use multi-hop routes with low energy consumption
(energy/bit)
•
E.g., take available battery capacity of devices into account
Minimize computation time in the node, and network
How to resolve conflicts between different optimizations?

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Wireless Sensor Networks
 What is a Sensor?
 Definition:
• A device that produces a measurable response to
a change in physical or chemical condition
e.g. Temperature, pressure

Sensor Networks
• A large number of low-cost, low-power,
multifunctional, and small sensor nodes.
• They benefit from advances in 3 technologies:
• Digital circuitry
• Wireless communication
• Supports mobility and ubiquitous
computing 29
 Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

 The logical evolution

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 Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks

 A network that is formed when a set of small sensor devices that are
deployed in an “ad hoc fashion” no predefined routes, cooperate for
sensing a physical phenomenon.
 A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base stations and a
number of wireless sensors.
 Is simple, tiny, inexpensive, and battery-powered

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 Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks

 Ad-hoc Networking
• Ad-hoc networking refers to a network with no fixed
(pre-existing) infrastructure.
• When the nodes are capable of moving such
networks are referred to as MANets
 Advantage:
• Absence of fixed infrastructure reduces cost,
complexity and time required to deploy the
network.
• At the same time introduces challenges to use and
maintaining ad-hoc network.
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 Wireless Sensor Network
 Tasks in Wireless Sensor Network
• Neighbour discovery
• Self-organization or self-configuration
• Sensing
• Signal processing or sensor data processing
• Data aggregation, storage, and caching
• Target detection, target tracking and target monitoring
• Topology control for energy savings
• Time synchronization
• Routing
• Medium access control

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 Wireless Sensor Network…
 Smart, networked sensors will soon be all around
us
 Homes, offices, factories, automobiles, shopping centers,
supermarkets, farms, forests, rivers, dams and lakes
 Collectively processing vast amounts of previously
unrecorded data to help:
 run factories,
 optimize farming,
 monitor health,
 monitor weather,
 monitor dams and
 even watch for earthquakes

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 Wireless Sensor Network…

 New developments are bringing wireless sensors

that talk with each other, forming intelligent
networks spread over wide areas.

 Wireless sensor networks are one of the first real-

world examples of “Ubiquitous/pervasive"
computing –
small, smart, cheap, sensing and computing devices
that flood the environment.

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 Why Wireless Sensors Now?
 Moore’s Law is making sufficient CPU performance
available with low power requirements in a small size.
 Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel
sensing materials for many Chemical, Biological, and
Physical sensing tasks.
 Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming smaller,
less expensive, and less power hungry (low power tiny
Radio Chips).
 Power source improvements in batteries, as well as
passive power sources such as solar or vibration energy,
are expanding application options.
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 Typical features of WSN
• Direct interaction with the physical world
• Usually special-purpose devices (embedded devices)
• Very limited resource (CPU, memory, battery power)
• Operate without human interference
• Specialized routing patterns
• A very large number of nodes, often in the order of thousands
• Static and dynamic topologies
• Low cost, size, and weight per node
• Prone to failures
• More use of broadcast communications instead of point‐to-
point
• Nodes do not have a global ID such as an IP number
• The security, both physical and at the communication level, is
more limited than conventional wireless networks
• Communications are triggered by queries or events
 Typical Sensor Node Features…
 A sensor node has:
Sensing Material
•Physical – Magnetic, Light, Sound
•Chemical – CO , Chemical Weapons
2
•Biological – Bacteria, Viruses, Proteins
Integrated Circuitry (VLSI)
•A-to-D converter from sensor to circuitry
Packaging for environmental safety
Power Supply
•Passive – Solar
•Active – Battery power

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 Sensor Node Hardware
Sensor + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering Unit
+ Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) + GPS
1Kbps- 1Mbps
3m-300m
Transceiver Lossy Transmission

128Kb-1Mb
Limited Storage Memory
Embedded 8 bit, 10 MHz
Processor Slow Computation

Requires
Supervision Sensor
Multiple sensors Limited Lifetime
Battery

 Portable and self-sustained (power, communication,

intelligence).
 Capable of embedded complex data processing.
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Protocol architectures of WSN

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 WSN Protocol architecture

ZigBee - Application Application

• Routing
• Address resolution
ZigBee - Network 6LowPAN • Packet fragmentation
• Channel acquirement
• Access control
• MAC addressing
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC • Error control
• Packet transmission
• Packet reception
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 • Battery management
868/915 MHz 2400 MHz
PHY PHY

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 MAC layers
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA)

Hidden terminal problem Exposed terminal problem

• Sensor-MAC (S-MAC)
• WiseMAC
• Traffic-adaptive MAC protocol (TRAMA)
• Sift
• DMAC
• Timeout-MAC (T-MAC)
• Dynamic Sensor MAC (DS-MAC)
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 WSN Routing protocols
 Proactive
DSDV: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector
WRP: Wireless Routing Protocol
CGSR: Cluster Switch Gateway Routing
 Reactive
ABR: Associability Based Routing
DSR: Dynamic Source Routing
TORA: Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
AODV: Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
DYMO: Dynamic MANET On-demand – DYMO-low
RDMAR: Relative Distance Microdiversity Routing
SSR: Signal Stability Routing
LAR: Location-Aided Routing
PAR: Power-Aware Routing
 Hybrid
ZRP: Zone Routing Protocol

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 Transport protocols
 Adapting TCP
 Specific protocols
Sensor Transmission Control Protocol
(STCP)
Congestion Detection and Avoidance
(CODA)

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Available equipment of WSN

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 Wireless Sensor Networks

 ZigBee Wireless Communication

Protocol
Defined by ZigBee Alliance
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
Relatively Inexpensive
Low Power Consumption
Low Data Rate of Communication
Self Organising, Self-Healing…multi-hop
nodes
Integrated Sensors
Ideal for Wireless Sensor Network
Applications
Defines upper layers, up to application
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Overview of available WSN

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 Overview of available WSN
 6LoWPAN

IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal

Area Networks (6LoWPAN)
Defined by Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF)
Based on IEEE 802.15.4-2003
Defines adaptation layer to support IPv6
Routing defined by other WG such as
ROLL (Routing Over Low power and Lossy
networks)

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 Overview of available WSN
 Bluetooth Low Energy
(BT-LE):
Defined by Bluetooth SIG
as an extension of
Bluetooth
Based on a technology
proposed by Nokia

49
 Technologies

 Radio
ISM band
• 433 MHz
• 868 MHz
• 915 MHz
• 2,4 GHz
• 4,9 GHz 433 MHz sensor gateway
• 5 GHz
• UWB (3,6 – 10,1 GHz )
Standards
• IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)
• Bluetooth SIG: IEEE802.15.1
• Bluetooth Low Energy
BTnode
• IEEE 802.11
Proprietary solutions
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 Technologies
Sensing part Processing part Transmission part

Processor
 Processor Sensor ADC
Memory
Transceiver

 Transceiver
External
 Memory Power unit power
source

 Operating System
 Programming language
NesC (for TinyOS)
C
Java, J2ME
...

51
Node hardware

52
 Sensor board components
 Example: TELOS mote

53
 Operating systems

 TinyOS
The “Linux” of
 FreeRTOS sensor node OS
 RETOS
 mC/OS II
 AMBIENT RT
 Nano-Qplus Developed by ETRI
 Android
 Windows CE
Developed for
mobile phone

54
 TinyOS
 What is TinyOS
open-source operating system
wireless embedded sensor networks
 Developed at UCB (University of California Berkley) in
collaboration with Intel Research
 Current Stable Version is 1.1.15
 TinyOS 2.0 (T2) released on 6/11
 Main Ideas –
Low complexity
Conserve power – sleep as frequently as possible
 Written in nesC – next generation C compiler
 nesC (pronounced "NES-see") is an extension to the C.

 TinyOS is an event-driven operating system designed for sensor

network nodes that have very limited resources (e.g., 8K bytes
of program memory, 512 bytes of RAM).
 Antennas

 Different types
Mainly omni directional
Especial requirement for sensor networks
• PCB

• Chip

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 Parts of a sensor
• A sensor is made of:
– Transducer
•Converts a physical magnitude to an electrical
parameter
– Signal conditioning circuit
•It adapts the electrical signal to something that can be
easily used, such a ADC
– Minimizes the noise
– Enhances the signal range
– Linearize the response
– Compensate the response in front of other
variations such voltage, temperature

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 Temperature
 Thermistor
Resistance that varies with temperature
 Thermocouple
Device for measuring temp. by
Means of a pair of different metals in
Contact at a point and generating
Thermoelectric voltage.
 Infrared
Range from -70ºC to +380ºC
Accuracy: 0.5ºC

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 Air humidity (hydrometer)
 Measures the relative humidity on the air
 Uses a resistance that varies with humidity
 Example
Accuracy: 5%
Signal collection period: 2 s

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 Soil moisture

 Measures the content of

water in the soil
 Based on capacity variation
at different frequencies
 Example
Accuracy 3%
Output voltage from 0.375V
(dry soil) to 1V (saturated)
Measurement time: 10 ms

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 Applications of wireless sensor
networks
 Industrial and Commercial Uses
Inventory Tracking – RFID
Automated Machinery Monitoring
 Smart Home or Smart Office
Temperature measurement
Automated Lighting
 Military Surveillance and Troop Support
Chemical or Biological Weapons Detection
Enemy Troop Tracking, Radar
 Traffic Management and Monitoring
Applications of USN

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 Home automation/Ambient Intelligence

• Domestics or Home automation

– Application
•Security
– Accidents
– Intrusion detection
• Lightning control
• Living condition control
– Air conditioning
– Heater
• Electronic device control
– TV set
– Stereo

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Traffic Management & Monitoring

 Cars could use

wireless sensors to:
 Handle Accidents
 Handle Thefts

Sensors embedded in
the roads to:
– Monitor traffic flows
– Provide real-time
route updates
 WSN application examples…
 Disaster relief operations
Drop sensor nodes from an aircraft over a
wildfire
Each node measures temperature
Derive a “temperature map”
 Biodiversity mapping
Use sensor nodes to observe wildlife

 Intelligent buildings (or bridges)

Needs measurements about room occupancy,
temperature, air flow, …
Monitor mechanical stress after
earthquakes

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 Other Examples

 The ring sensor

Monitors the physiological
status of the wearer and
transmits the information to
the medical professional over
the Internet

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Application in Environment Monitoring

 Measuring pollutant
concentration
Pollutants monitored by sensors
in the river

 Pass on information
to monitoring station
 Predict current ST

location of pollutant
volume based on Sensors report to the base
monitoring station

various parameters
 Take corrective
action
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 More on WSN application scenarios
 Facility management
Intrusion detection into industrial sites
Control of leakages in chemical plants, …
 Machine surveillance and preventive maintenance
Embed sensing/control functions into places no cable has
gone before
E.g., tire pressure monitoring
 Precision agriculture
Bring out fertilizer/pesticides/irrigation only where needed
 Medicine and health care
Post-operative or intensive care
Long-term surveillance of chronically ill patients or the
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elderly
 Promising Applications of Ubiquitous
Sensor Networks
Sensor Network Daily Life
Applications Environment Public Service

Industrial Business

Transportation
Civil Engineering National Defense

Building
Sensor
s Homes Sensor
platforms
platforms
Cities

Bridges
Sensor
platforms
Sensor
Sensor Deployment Road Sensor
platforms
s platforms

Sensor Networks for Ubiquitous/Pervasive Service

 Ad-hoc and Sensor Network
Common Applications
Military applications
Command, control, communications, computing
Intelligence, surveillance
Targeting system

Health care
Monitoring/Tracking patients
Assist disabled persons

Commercial applications
Managing inventory
Monitoring product quality
Monitoring disaster area
 Ad-hoc and Sensor Network (USN)
Common Applications…
Agriculture and environment
Air/Water/Noise/Light monitoring
Soil/weather/plant monitoring
Food/animal monitoring

Industrial
Process control
Equipment monitoring
Asset tracking
Personnel safety

Batch identification
Automatic clocking in marathon and other races
Automatic luggage sorting
Automatic inventory
 Network characteristics of WSN

 Generally, the network:

Consists of a large number of sensors (103 to 106)
Spread over large geographical region (radius = 1
to 103 km)
Spaced out in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions
Is self-organizing
Uses wireless media

72
 Sensor Network Topology
 Hundreds of nodes require careful handling of topology
maintenance.
 Pre-deployment and deployment phase
Numerous ways to deploy the sensors (mass, individual
placement, dropping from plane..)
 Post-deployment phase
Factors are:
•sensor nodes position change,
•reachability due to jamming, noise, obstacles etc,
•available energy, malfunctioning, theft, sabotage
 Re-deployment of additional nodes phase
Redeployment because of malfunctioning of units
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 Deployment options for WSN
 How are sensor nodes deployed in their environment?
Dropped from aircraft ! Random deployment
•Usually uniform random distribution for nodes over
finite area is assumed
Well planned, fixed ! Regular deployment
•
Not necessarily geometric structure, but that is often a
convenient assumption

Mobile sensor nodes

•Can move to compensate for deployment shortcomings
•Can be passively moved around by some external force
(wind, water)

74
 Organization into Ad Hoc Net
 Individual sensors are quite limited.
 Full potential is realized only by using a large number
of sensors.
 Sensors are then organized into an ad hoc network.
 Need efficient protocols to route and manage data in
this network.

75
 WSN Network Topologies

 Star
Single Hop Network
All nodes communicate
directly with Gateway
No router nodes
Cannot self-heal
Range 30-100m
Consumes lowest
power

76
 WSN Network Topologies
 Mesh
Multi-hopping network
All nodes are routers
Self-configuring network
Node fails, network self-
heals
Re-routes data through
shortest path
Highly fault tolerant
network
Multi-hopping provides
much longer range
Higher power
consumption…nodes must
always listen, compute!
77
 WSN Network Topologies
 Star-Mesh Hybrid
Combines of star’s low
power and…
…mesh’s self-healing and
longer range
All endpoint sensor nodes
can communicate with
multiple routers
Improves fault tolerance
Increases network
communication range
High degree of flexibility
and mobility

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 Size and topology WSN
Use case Network size Topology
(order of
magnitude)
Industrial 102 – 103 Single- to multi-hop
monitoring

Structural 10 – 103 Star topology (potentially

monitoring hierarchical)
Healthcare 10 Mesh topology (home care
devices), star topology (in
patient’s body)
Home automation 102 Mesh topology

Vehicle telemetric 103 Mesh topology

Agricultural 102 – 103 Mesh topology

monitoring

Urban scenario 102 – 107 Mesh topology

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 How to get information
from Data-centric Sensor Networks?
 Types of Queries:
 Historical Queries: Analysis of data collected over
time
 One Time Queries: Snapshot view of the network
 Persistent Queries: Periodic monitoring at long and
regular intervals

80
Constraints and Challenges of USN
 Limited hardware:
Storage
Processing
Communication
Energy supply (battery power)
 Limited support for networking:
Peer-to-peer network
Unreliable communication
Dynamically changing
 Self-organizing network, that requires
configuration of sensors
Random or planned deployment of sensors
 Auto-service discovery
 Energy Efficiency of WSN
Need Solutions
 Sensors have very small
battery source. Solar Energy Better Battery
 Sensors need to be active for
long time durations.
 For implantable sensors, it is
not possible to replace
battery at short intervals.

Challenge
 Battery power not increasing
at same rate as processing
power.
 Small size (hence less energy)
of the batteries in sensors.
Vibration Body Thermal Power
Node Energy Consumption Projections

83
 Characteristic requirements for WSNs
Environmental Factors
 Wireless sensors need to operate in conditions
that are not encountered by typical computing
devices:
Rain, snow, hail, etc.
Wide temperature variations
•May require separating sensor from electronics
High humidity
Salty or other corrosive substances
High wind speeds

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 Characteristic requirements for WSNs

 Fault tolerance
Be robust against node failure (running out of energy, physical
destruction, …)
 Scalability
Support large number of nodes
 Wide range of densities
Vast or small number of nodes per unit area, very
application-dependent
 Maintainability
WSN has to adapt to changes, self-monitoring, adapt
operation
Incorporate possible additional resources, e.g., newly
deployed nodes
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 Required mechanisms to meet
requirements

 Multi-hop wireless communication

 Energy-efficient operation
Both for communication and computation, sensing,
actuating
 Auto-configuration
Manual configuration just not an option
 Collaboration & in-network processing
Nodes in the network collaborate towards a joint goal
Pre-processing data in network (as opposed to at the edge)
can greatly improve efficiency

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 Required mechanisms to meet
requirements…
 Data centric networking
Focusing network design on data, not on node identifies
(id-centric networking)
To improve efficiency
 Locality
Do things locally (on node or among nearby neighbors) as
far as possible

87
 Security Related Issues
New Attacks
 Fake emergency warnings.
 Legitimate emergency warnings
prevented from being reported in times. Technology
 Unnecessary communication by  Efficient cryptographic
malicious entity with sensors can cause: primitives
• Battery power depletion  Cheaper encryption

• System heating  Better sensor hardware

design
 Cheap, tamper-resistant
Security Requirements sensor hardware
 Integrity - Ensure that information is accurate,  Better communication
complete, and has not been altered in any way.
protocol design
 Confidentiality - Ensure that information is only
disclosed to those who are authorized to see it.
 Better techniques for
controlling access to
 Authentication – Ensure correctness of claimed information
identity.
 Authorization – Ensure permissions granted for
actions performed by entity.
 MANET vs. WSN

 Many commonalities: Self-organization, energy efficiency, (often)

wireless multi-hop
 Many differences
Applications, equipment: MANETs more powerful equipment
assumed, often “human in the loop”-type applications, higher data
rates, more resources
Application-specific: WSNs depend much stronger on application
specifics; MANETs comparably uniform
Environment interaction: core of WSN, absent in MANET
Scale: WSN might be much larger (although contestable)
Energy: WSN tighter requirements, maintenance issues
Dependability/QoS: in WSN, individual node may be dispensable
(network matters), QoS different because of different applications
Data centric vs. id-centric networking
Mobility: different mobility patterns like (in WSN, sinks might be
89 mobile, usual nodes static)
 Sensor vs. other ad hoc networks
Sensor networks Mobile ad hoc networks

 Special communication  General-purpose

patterns: many-to-one, communication involving
one-to-many, attribute- mobile devices
based  Devices are often mobile
 Static sensors in many
applications
 Constraints more severe
than general ad hoc
networks
 Distributed collaborative
computing