MUSCLE TISSUE

A. SMOOTH MUSCLE

A.1] SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

TX SOURCE: Mesenchyme
CELL: Smooth muscle fibers
SHAPE OF THE CELL: Spindle-shaped/ Fusiform/ Tapering
NUCLEUS: Mononucleated
SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS: Elongated
LOCATION OF THE NUCLEUS: Centrally-located
STRIATIONS: NONE
FIBERS: Type I and Type III collagen fibers (endomysium)
AUTORHYTHMIC: Yes
CONTROL: Involuntary, slow, and sustained
LOCATION: Wall of hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands
CONTRACTION MECHANISM: Calmodulin and Ca2+ sensitive Myosin-Light Chain Kinase
SOURCE OF CALCIUM: Extracellular calcium via calcium channels
CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION: Greatest capacity (mitotic cells)
FUNCTION: Compression of organs, ducts, and tubes
 A.2] CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

TX SOURCE: Splanchnic Mesenchyme (the myoepicardial mantle)

CELL: Cardiac muscle fibers
SHAPE OF THE CELL: Cylindrical, Branched
NUCLEUS: Mononucleated or Binucleated
SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS: Elongated
LOCATION OF THE NUCLEUS: Centrally-located
STRIATIONS: Striated
AUTORHYTHMIC: Yes
CONTROL: Involuntary, rhythmic, and automatic
LOCATION: Heart
CONTRACTION MECHANISM: Troponin and Tropomyosin
SOURCE OF CALCIUM: Extracellular calcium
CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION: Poor
FUNCTION: Heart contraction to propel blood through the body

A.3] SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

TX SOURCE: Mesenchyme
CELL: Skeletal muscle fibers
SHAPE OF THE CELL: Long, cylindrical
NUCLEUS: Multinucleated
SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS: Elongated
LOCATION OF THE NUCLEUS: Periphery
STRIATIONS: Striated
AUTORHYTHMIC: No
CONTROL: Voluntary, rapid, forceful, not sustained
LOCATION: Attached to bone
CONTRACTION MECHANISM: Troponin and Tropomyosin
SOURCE OF CALCIUM: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
CAPACITY FOR REGENERATION: Limited capacity (satellite cells)
FUNCTION: Move the whole body
 NERVOUS TISSUE

A.1] UNIPOLAR NEURON

TX SOURCE: Ectoderm (cells of the neural tube)

SHAPE OF THE CELL: Fish eye or Owl’s eye
TYPE OF NEURON: Sensory Neuron
NUCLEUS: Large, Pale staining
SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS: Round
LOCATION OF THE NUCLEUS: Center
PROCESSES: 1 extension from the cell body
LOCATION: Spinal and Cranial Ganglia
FUNCTION: Transmit nerve impulses

A.2] BIPOLAR NEURON

TX SOURCE: Ectoderm (cells of the neural tube)

SHAPE OF THE CELL: Fish eye or Owl’s eye
TYPE OF NEURON: Sensory Neuron
NUCLEUS: Large, Pale staining
SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS: Round
LOCATION OF THE NUCLEUS: Center
PROCESSES: 1 dendrite + 1 axon
LOCATION: neurons in the retina of the eye and neurons in the nasal cavity
FUNCTION: Transmit nerve impulses
 NERVOUS TISSUE

A.3] MULTIPOLAR NEURON

TX SOURCE: Ectoderm (cells of the neural tube)

SHAPE OF THE CELL: Fish eye or Owl’s eye
TYPE OF NEURON: Motor Neuron
NUCLEUS: Large, Pale staining
SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS: Round
LOCATION OF THE NUCLEUS: Center
PROCESSES: Many dendrites + 1 axon
LOCATION: neurons in the CNS
FUNCTION: Transmit nerve impulses
 A.1] CEREBELLUM

TX SOURCE: Ectoderm (cells of the neural tube)

LAYERS: Molecular Layer
Purkinje Layer (with Purkinje Cells)
Granular Layer
FUNCTION: Coordinates muscular activity

A.2] CEREBEBRUM

TX SOURCE: Ectoderm (cells of the neural tube)

LAYERS: Cerebral cortex (six layers of neurons)
NEURONS: Pyramidal Neurons
FUNCTION: Integration of sensory information
Initiation of voluntary motor responses
 A.3] SPINAL CORD

CELLS: Ependymal Cells

SHAPE OF CELLS: Low columnar/ cuboidal
FUNCTION: Lines the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord.
Contribute to formation of choroid plexus.
Transport and circulation of CSF.
 A.4] NEURONAL CELL IN MYELIN SHEATH

SOURCE: Oligodendrocytes – CNS

Schwann Cells (or Neurolemmocytes)

NODE OF RANVIER: Produce saltatory conduction of nerve impulses

(Rapid movement from node to node)