MAMOLO, ZHAREIGHNEILE C.

10/ 23 /2019
STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO

A. Define the following terms.

1. Ayurveda – or ayurvedic medicine, is a healthy-lifestyle system that people in India have

used for more than 5,000 years. Ayurveda emphasizes good health and prevention and
treatment of illness through lifestyle practices (such as massage, meditation, yoga, and
dietary changes) and the use of herbal remedies.
2. Social Darwinism – the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws
of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature.. Social
Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by
“survival of the fittest,” a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert
Spencer.
3. Sociology – a fundamental social science discipline that studies social structures and their
changes as well as social activities, values and attitudes.
4. Positivism – describes an approach to the study of society that specifically utilizes
scientific evidence such as experiments, statistics, and qualitative results to reveal a truth
about the way society functions. It is based on the assumption that it's possible to observe
social life and establish reliable knowledge about its inner workings.
5. Ontology – The branch of metaphysics (philosophy concerning the overall nature of what
things are) is concerned with identifying, in the most general terms, the kinds of things that
actually exist. In other words addressing the question: What is existence? and What is the
nature of existence? When we ask deep questions about "what is the nature of the
universe?" or "Is there a god?" or "What happens to us when we die?" or "What principles
govern the properties of matter?" we are asking inherently ontological questions.
6. Epistemology – The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge itself,
its possibility, scope, and general basis. More broadly: How do we go about knowing
things? or How do we separate true ideas from false ideas? or How do we know what is
true? or "How can we be confident when we have located 'truth'?" "What are the
systematic ways we can determine when something is good or bad?”.
7. Axiology – the study of the nature, types, and criteria of values and of value judgments
especially in ethics.
8. Phenomenology – a broad discipline and method of inquiry in philosophy, developed
largely by the German philosophers Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, which is based
on the premise that reality consists of objects and events ("phenomena") as they are
perceived or understood in the human consciousness, and not of anything independent of
human consciousness.
9. Imperialism – a type of government that seeks to increase its size, either by forcing
(through war) or influencing (through politics) other countries to submit to their rule.
10. Colonialism – the practice of establishing territorial dominion over a colony by an outside
political power characterized by exploitation, expansion, and maintenance of that territory.
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO

B. Answer the following questions.

1. What is demography? Discuss briefly the Malthusian Theory of population,

Optimum Theory of population and natural increase in population.

Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution
across space – and the process through which populations change. Births, deaths and
migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing population stability or
change.

 The Malthusian theory is a static concept which applies to a period of time. It is a

is a theory of exponential population growth and arithmetic food supply growth and
a general theory which studies the population problem of a country in keeping with
its economic conditions.
 The Optimum theory does not establish relationship between population growth
and food supply. Rather, it is concerned with the relation between the size of
population and production of wealth. It is more realistic than the Malthusian theory
of population.
 The Natural increase in population is the difference between the numbers of births
and deaths in a population; the rate of natural increase is the difference between the
birthrate and the death rate. Natural Increase (or natural decrease) is negative when
the number of deaths exceeds the number of births.

2. Who is Alfred Wallace? (in relation to C. Darwin)

His formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection, which predated Charles
Darwin’s published contributions, is his most outstanding legacy, but it was just one of
many controversial issues he studied and wrote about during his lifetime.

3. In 3 sentences discuss the following civilizations:

a.) Aztec
- The Aztecs, who probably originated as a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico,
arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century.
- The Aztecs were also known as the Tenochca (from which the name for their
capital city, Tenochtitlan, was derived) or the Mexica (the origin of the name
of the city that would replace Tenochtitlan, as well as the name for the entire
country).
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO
- The Aztec calendar, common in much of Mesoamerica, was based on a solar
cycle of 365 days and a ritual cycle of 260 days; the calendar played a central
role in the religion and rituals of Aztec society.

b.) Mayan
- The history of Mesoamerica is usually divided into specific periods which,
taken together, reveal the development of culture in the region and, for the
purposes of this definition, the emergence and cultivation of the Maya
Civilization.
- The Maya believed deeply in the cyclical nature of life – nothing was ever
`born’ and nothing ever `died’ – and this belief inspired their view of the gods
and the cosmos.
- There are two calendars at work simultaneously in the Maya system: the Haab,
or civil calendar of 365 days in an 18 month period of 20 days each, and the
Tzolkin, or sacred calendar, of 260 days divided into three groups of months of
20 days.

c.) Incan
- The Inca civilization flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400 and 1533 CE,
and their empire eventually extended across western South America from Quito
in the north to Santiago in the south, making it the largest empire ever seen in
the Americas and the largest in the world at that time.
- Famed for their unique art and architecture, they constructed finely-built and
imposing buildings wherever they conquered, and their spectacular adaptation
of natural landscapes with terracing, highways, and mountaintop settlements
continues to impress modern visitors at such world famous sites as Machu
Picchu.
- The Incas, specifically, were brought into existence at Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco)
from the sun god Inti, hence, they regarded themselves as the chosen few, the
'Children of the Sun', and the Inca ruler was Inti's representative and
embodiment on earth.

4. Give characteristics of Islamic culture(the Middle East)

o The Quran is considered to be the source of many aspects of Islamic culture. Certain
acts or rituals that Muslims do almost subconsciously are actually encouraged, or
allowed by Allah, or mandated, in the Quran.
o Festivals and Marriage: Festivals like Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Lailat al Miraj are
classic examples of the influence of religion in the lives of Muslim people. According
to Muslim culture, marriage is, in the words of Mohammed, 'half of religion'. The
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO
bonding of two souls in holy matrimony is looked upon as a legal bond and social
contract.
o Art and Architecture Art is an important part of Muslim culture. The abstract,
decorative and floral designs are unique to Islamic art and architecture. Muslim art is
always devoid of depictions of the animate, especially human beings according to the
dictates of Islam or Muslim religion. Islamic art focuses on the omnipresence of Allah,
the 'One who cannot be represented by imagery'.
o c Arabic calligraphy is a recognized art form used to write verses from the Qur'an. As
Islam spread, the first mosques to be built outside Arabia were definitely influenced by
the local houses of worship and churches. Though the architectural form and simplicity
of the mosque remained, frequently, materials for columns and beams were taken from
other edifices of previous cultures.
o Islamic architecture is common in the following features:
• Large courtyards
• Central prayer halls
• Minarets
• A wall niche indicating the direction to Mecca
• Domes
• Iwans to separate sections
• Repetitive art forms
• Arabic calligraphy
• Fountains
• Bright color.
o Music Islamic music is mostly played in public services. Devotional music is enjoyed
by contemporary Muslims all over the world. The common music forms include Arab
classical and North Indian classical music. The musical preferences of Muslim people
have traversed the trade routes. The Sufis are credited with taking the music of the
mystics far and wide. Muslim Customs and Traditions The Quran does not mention
many practices that are prevalent in the Muslim world today. Instead, the traditions,
sayings, and stories of Prophet Muhammad and his companions provided basis for
today's traditions and practices that are called the Hadith. The term Muslim means
'submission to God'. Islam is now recognized as the second-largest world religion.
Muslims believe that the Quran is the outcome of dialogs between the God and the
Prophet.
o Islam propagates the five laws that are fundamental duties to unite Muslims in spirit.
These are:
• Shahadah or the worship of one God only.
• Salah or prayer, at least five times a day.
• Zakat, or donation of alms.
• Sawm, or fasting during Ramadan.
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO
• Haj, the pilgrimage to the Holy City of Mecca.

o In today's troubled world, it is important to differentiate between what is truly Islamic

and what is just culture as Muslim culture covers a wide variety of subjects. Many
Islamic customs or traditions that are practiced today are not supported by the Word of
Allah in the Quran or the teachings of Prophet Muhammad in the Hadith, but are simply
local customs assumed to be Muslim culture.

5. What is the difference between theft and robbery?

The crimes of theft (sometimes known as “larceny”) and robbery both involve
taking someone else's money or property without permission. The main difference
between the offenses is that robbery involves the use of force or intimidation.

6. What is the difference between murder and homicide?

“Murder” is specific. A homicide is any killing of a human being by another human
being. Homicides can be justifiable, excusable, or criminal. Justifiable means that you
intended to kill the other person, or at least intended to inflict deadly force, but that the
surrounding circumstances made that act lawful.

7. Give the top 7 New Industrialized countries

As of September 27, 2019, here are the top New Industrialized Countries
1) Brazil
2) China
3) India
4) Indonesia
5) Malaysia
6) Mexico
7) Philippines

8. Name the third world countries.

Third World Countries by Population 2019
1.) Somalia
2.) Tuvalu
3.) Niger
4.) Central African Republic
5.) South Sudan
6.) Chad
7.) Burundi
8.) Sierra Leone
9.) Burkina Faso
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO
10.) Mali
11.) Liberia
12.) Mozambique
13.) Eritrea
14.) Yemen
15.) Guinea Bissau
16.) Dr Congo
17.) Guinea
18.) Gambia
19.) Ethiopia
20.) Djibouti
21.) Malawi
22.) Haiti
23.) Afghanistan
24.) Sudan
25.) Comoros
26.) Togo
27.) Senegal
28.) Benin
29.) Uganda
30.) Madagascar
31.) Lesotho
32.) Mauritania
33.) Rwanda
34.) Tanzania
35.) Solomon Islands
36.) Nepal
37.) Myanmar
38.) Angola
39.) Cambodia
40.) Zambia
41.) Sao Tome and Principe
42.) Laos
43.) Vanuatu
44.) Bangladesh
45.) Kiribati
46.) Bhutan
47.) Timor Leste
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO
9. Globalization(who coined the term)

Theodore Levitt, a former professor at the Harvard Business School credited with
coining the term "globalization" and with championing the undervalued role of marketing
in defining what businesses should make and sell, died June 28 at his home in Belmont,
Mass.

10. What provinces comprise the different regions of the Philippines.

Philippines Regions:

ARMM (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao)

CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
NCR (National Capital Region)
Region 1 (Ilocos Region)
Region 2 (Cagayan Valley)
Region 3 (Central Luzon)
Region 4A (CALABARZON)
Region 4B (MIMAROPA)
Region 5 (Bicol Region)
Region 6 (Western Visayas)
Region 7 (Central Visayas)
Region 8 (Eastern Visayas)
Region 9 (Zamboanga Peninsula)
Region 10 (Northern Mindanao)
Region 11 (Davao Region)
Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN)
Region 13 (Caraga Region)
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STS9 Assignment MA’AM LOZANO

References:

https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/ayurvedic-treatments#1
https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-Darwinism
https://www.helsinki.fi/en/faculty-of-social-sciences/research/disciplines-and-research/sociology
https://www.thoughtco.com/positivism-sociology-3026456
https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/engl257/classical/ontology_and_epistemology.htm
https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_phenomenology.html
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/imperialism
https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/malthusian-theory/
https://www.suda.su.se/education/what-is-demography
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/population/the-optimum-theory-of-population-
economics/10891
https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6637
https://www.britannica.com/science/population-biology-and-anthropology/Natural-increase-and-
population-growth
https://www.famousscientists.org/alfred-russel-wallace/
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/aztecs
https://www.ancient.eu/Maya_Civilization/
https://www.ancient.eu/Inca_Civilization/
https://www.quora.com/Legally-speaking-what-is-the-difference-between-murder-and-homicide
Newly Industrialized Countries Population. (2019-09-27). Retrieved 2019-10-19, from
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/newly-industrialized-countries/
https://www.lawyers.com/legal-info/criminal/types-of-crimes/what-s-the-difference-between-
theft-and-robbery.html
Third World Countries Population. (2019-10-04). Retrieved 2019-10-19, from
http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/third-world-countries/
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/06/business/06levitt.html
https://www.slideshare.net/falaknawaz/islamic-culture-and-civilization
https://www.slideshare.net/falaknawaz/islamic-culture-and-civilization
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/SUMWEBPROV-MAR2017-
CODED-HUC-FINAL_0.pdf