Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

250
247

CHAPTER 9

P.E. 9.1
(a) Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl = 8 ( 0.5 )( 0.1) = 0.4 V
Vemf 0.4
(b) I = = = 20 mA
R 20

(c) Fm = Il × B = 0.02 ( −0.1a y × 0.5a z ) = −a x mN

(d) P = FU = I 2 R = 8 mW

or P=
Vemf
=
(0.4)2 = 8 mW
R 20

P.E. 9.2
(a) Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl
where B = Bo a y = Bo ( sin φ a ρ + cos φ aφ ) , Bo = 0.05 Wb/m2

( u × B ) ⋅ dl = − ρω Bo sin φ dz = −0.2π sin (ωt + π 2 ) dz

0.03
Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = −6π cos (100π t ) mV
0

At t = 1ms,
Vemf = −6π cos 0.1π = − 17.93 mV
Vemf
i= = −60π cos(100π .t ) mA
R
At t = 3ms, i = −60π cos 0.3π = −110.8 mA

(b) Method 1:
ρ o zo
Ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  Bot ( cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) ⋅ d ρ dzaφ = −   Bot sin φ d ρ dz = − Bo ρo zot sin φ
0 0

where Bo = 0.02 , ρ o = 0.04 , zo = 0.03

φ = ωt + π 2
Ψ = − Bo ρo zot cos ωt

∂Ψ
Vemf = − = Bo ρ o zo cos ωt − Bo ρo zotω sin ωt
∂t

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= ( 0.02 )( 0.04 )( 0.03) [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ]

= 24 [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ] μV

Method 2:
∂B
Vemf = −  • dS +  (u × B ).dl
∂t
B = Bo ta x = Bot (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ), φ = ωt + π
2

∂B
= Bo (cos φ aρ − sin φ aφ )
∂t

Note that only explicit dependence of B on time is accounted for, i.e. we make φ

= constant because it is transformer (stationary) emf. Thus,

ρo zo 0
Vemf = − Bo   (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ )d ρ dzaφ +  − ρoω Bot cos φ dz
0 0 zo

= Bo ρo zo (sin φ − ωt cos φ ), φ = ωt + π
2

= Bo ρo zo (cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ) as obtained earlier.

At t = 1ms,

Vemf = 24[cos18o − 100π × 10−3 sin 18o ]μV

= 20.5μV

At t = 3ms,
i = 240[cos54o − .03π sin 54o ]mA
= -41.93 mA

P.E. 9.3
dψ dψ
V1 = − N 1, V2 = − N 2
dt dt
V2 N 2 N 300 × 120
= → V2 = 2 V1 = = 72V
V1 N 1 N1 500

P.E. 9.4
∂D
(a) Jd = = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y A / m 2
∂t

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∂H z
(b) ∇ × H = Jd → − a y = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y
∂x
20ωε o
or H = cos(ωt − 50 x)a z
50

= 0.4ωε o cos(ωt − 50 x)a z A/m

∂H ∂E y
(c) ∇ × E = − μo → a z = 0.4 μoω 2ε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a z
∂t ∂x
ω2
1000 = 0.4μoε oω = 0.4 2

c2
10
or ω = 1.5 x 10 rad/s

P.E. 9.5
2 2
 2∠45o 
(a) 3  1+ j 
j 
2− j
 = − j  o
 5∠ − 26.56 
= − j 2 ∠143.13o
5 ( )
= 0.24 + j0.32
o
(b) 6∠30o + j 5 − 3 + e j 45 = 5.196 + j 3 + j 5 − 3 + 0.7071(1 + j )

= 2.903 + j8.707

P.E. 9.6

4 4 2 (
P = 2sin(10t + x − π )a y = 2 cos 10t + x − π − π a y , w = 10 )
= Re 2e ( j ( x − 3π )
4
)
a y e jwt = Re ( Ps e jwt )

j ( x −3π )
i.e. Ps = 2e 4
ay

Q = Re ( Qs e jwt ) = Re ( e j ( x + wt ) (a x − a z ) ) sin π y

= sin π y cos( wt + x)(a x − a z )

P.E. 9.7
∂H 1 ∂ 1 ∂
−μ = ∇× E = ( Eφ sin θ )ar − (rEφ )aθ
∂t r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r

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 ψ = B  S = (0.2)2 π 40 × 10−3 sin104 t
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∂ψ Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V =− = −16π cos104 t
∂t
V 16π
i= = cos104 t 253
250
R 4
= −12.57 cos104 t A

2 cos θ β
= 2
cos(ωt − β r )ar − sin θ sin(ωt − β r )aθ
r r
Prob. 9.3 2 cos θ β
H =− sin(ωt − β r )ar − sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aθ
∂ψ μω ∂r 2
∂B μω r
Vemf = − = −  B • dS = −  dxdya z
∂t ∂t ω 6 ×107 ∂t
0.1 0.8 β= = 8
= 0.2 rad/m
=   30π × 40sin(30 c 3 ×π10 t − 3 y )dxdy mV
1 1
y = 0H
x = 0= − cos θ sin(6 × 107 − 0.2r )ar − sin θ cos(6 ×107 − 0.2r )aθ
0.8 12π 120π r
2
0.1r
= 1200π  dx  sin(30π t − 3 y )dy
0 0
P.E. 9.8
= 1200 π 3  − 1 3cos(30
(0.8) c 9 t×−1038y ) 0.1
π
ω= = −3 =  × 10 8 rad/s
= 02.846
με  μ r ε r 10 
= 320π [ cos(30
1 π t − 0.3) − 6cos(30π t ) ] mV
E =  ∇ × Hdt = − cos(ωt − 3 y )a x
Vemf Vεemf 320π ωε
I= = = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
R 10 +=4 14 −6 cos(ωt − 3 y )a x
8 −9
9 × 10
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) 10
• sin(0.15)
(5)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15)36
10 π
mA
E = −476.86 cos(2.846 × 108 t − 3 y )a x V/m

P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = −  B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Prob. 9.1
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
Measuring the induced
= 0.4738 sin377temf
V in the clockwise253
direction,
Vemf =  (u × B )dl
P.E. 9.10
1.2 0

V =  (u × Bx)dl z
= (5a × 0.2a )dya y +  (15a x × 0.2a z )dya x
0 1.2
1.2 0
u = =ρω
- aφ(1)
, dyB− = Bo ady
 
(3) z
 0 1.2
1  ω Bo  2
V == −1.2
ρω+B1.2
o d ρ×=3 = ω
− B
1.2
o ρ+
2
3.6=
ρ =0 2 0 2
= 2.4 V
30
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2

Prob. 9.8

Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z < 
 = x / 3 = 5t / 3

Vemf =  (u × B )dl =  5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x  dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−

Method 2: Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

The flux linkage is given by

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 • (5)
10 36π
Sadiku & Kulkarni
E = −476.86 cos(2.846 × 108 t − 3 y )a x V/m Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

254

Prob. 9.1

Measuring the induced emf in the clockwise direction,

Vemf =  (u × B )dl
1.2 0
=  (5ax × 0.2az )dya y +  (15ax × 0.2az )dyax
0 1.2
1.2 0
= -  (1) dy −  (3)dy
0 1.2

= −1.2 + 1.2 × 3 = −1.2 + 3.6

= 2.4 V 251

Prob. 9.2

ψ = B  S = (0.2)2 π 40 × 10−3 sin104 t

∂ψ
V =− = −16π cos104 t
∂t
V 16π
i= = cos104 t
R 4
= −12.57 cos104 t A

Prob. 9.3
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
Vemf = − = −  B • dS = −  dxdya z
∂t ∂t ∂t
0.1 0.8
=   30π × 40sin(30π t − 3 y)dxdy
y =0 x =0
mV

0.8 0.1
= 1200π  dx  sin(30π t − 3 y)dy
0 0

 1 0.1
= 1200π (0.8)  − cos(30π t − 3 y ) 
 −3 0 
= 320π [ cos(30π t − 0.3) − cos(30π t ) ] mV
Vemf Vemf
320π
I= = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
=
R 10 + 4 14
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(0.15)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15) mA

P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = −  B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
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= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
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252

Prob. 9.4
∂ ∂B
Vemf = −  B • dS = −  • dS
∂t ∂t
= -  (-4ω )sin ωt x 2 + y 2 dxdy = 4ω sin ωt  x 2 + y 2 dxdy
We change variables from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates.

2π 3
ρ3 3
Vemf = 4ω sin ωt  
φ =0 ρ =0
ρ ⋅ ρ d ρ dφ = 4ω sin ωt (2π )
3 0
= 72πω sin ωt = 226.2ω sin ωt V

Prob. 9.5
μI
B = o ( −a x )
2π y

a ρ +a
μo I dzdy μo Ia ρ + a
ψ =  B • dS =  ρ = ln
2π z =0 y =
y 2π ρ
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ρ μ Ia d
Vemf = − =− • = − o uo [ln( ρ + a ) − ln ρ ]
∂t ∂ρ ∂t 2π dρ
μ o Ia  1 1 μ o a 2 Iu o
=− uo  − =
2π  ρ + a ρ  2πρ ( ρ + a)
where ρ = ρo + u o t

Prob. 9.6
ρ +a
μo I 3μ I ρ + a
Vemf = ρ 3a z ×
2πρ
aφ • d ρ a ρ = − o ln
2π ρ
4π × 10 −7 60
=− × 15 × 3 ln = −9.888μV
2π 20
Thus the induced emf = 9.888μV, point A at higher potential.

Prob. 9.7
∂ψ ∂ dS
Vemf = − N = − N  B dS = − NB
∂t ∂t dt
d dφ
= − NB ( ρφ ) = − NBρ = − NBρω
dt dt
= −50(0.2)(30 × 10−4 )(60) = −1.8V

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 u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni 
1  ω Bo  2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V =  ρω Bo d ρ = ω Bo ρ 2
=
ρ =0 2 0 2
30 256
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2

Prob. 9.8

Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z < 
 = x / 3 = 5t / 3

Vemf =  (u × B )dl =  5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x  dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−

Method 2:
The flux linkage is given by
5t x. 3
2
ψ=  
x = o y =− x / 3
0.6 xdxdy = 0.6 ×
3
×125t 3 / 3 = 28,8675t 3

dψ
Vemf = − = −86.602t 2
dt

Prob. 9.9

Vemf = uB = 410 × 0.4 ×10−6 × 36 = 5.904 mV

Prob. 9.10
u

B
B
u θ

Vemf =  (u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl cos θ

 120 ×103 
= m / s  ( 4.3 × 10−5 ) (1.6 ) cos 65o
 3600 
o
= 2.293cos 65 = 0.97 mV

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Prob. 9.11

dψ = 0.64 – 0.45 = 0.19, dt = 0.02

dψ  0.19 
Vemf = N = 10   = 95V
dt  0.02 
Vemf  95 
I= =   = 6.33 A
R  15 

Using Lenz’s law, the direction of the induced current is counterclockwise.

Prob. 9.12

V =  (u × B ) • dl , where u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
ρ2
ω Bo
V=  ρω B d ρ =
ρ
o
2
( ρ 2 2 − ρ 21 )
1

60 ×15
V= • 10−3 (100 − 4) • 10−4 = 4.32 mV
2

Prob. 9.13
Vs
J ds = jωDs → J ds = ωεE s = ωε
max
d
10−9 2π × 20 × 106 × 50
= ×
36π 0.2 × 10− 3

= 277.8 A/m2

1000
I ds = J ds • S = × 2.8 × 10 − 4 = 77.78 mA
3.6

Prob. 9.14

∂D ∂E
Jc = σ E, Jd = =ε
∂t ∂t
| J c |= σ | E |, | J d |= εω | E |
If I c = I d , then | J c |=| J d | → σ = εω
⎯⎯
σ
ω = 2π f =
ε
σ 4
f = = = 8 GHz
2πε 10−9
2π × 9 ×
36π

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255

Jc σE σ
Prob. 9.15 = =
J d ωεE ωε
σ 2 × 10−3
(a) = = 0.444 × 10−3
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 81×
36π

σ 25
(b) = = 5.555
ωε 10−9
2π ×10 × 81×
9

36π

σ 2 × 10−4
(c) = = 7.2 × 10−4
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 5 ×
36π

Prob. 9.16

J d ωε E ωε σ 10−4
= = =1 → ω= =
⎯⎯ = 12π × 105
J σE σ ε 10 −9
3×
36π
2π f = 12π × 105 ⎯⎯
→ f = 600 kHz

Prob. 9.17

J c = σ E = 0.4 cos(2π ×103 t )

0.4
E= cos(2π × 103 t )
σ
∂E 0.4ε
Jd = ε =− (2π ×103 ) sin(2π ×103 t )
∂t σ
10−9
0.4 × 4.5 ×
=− 36π (2π ×103 ) sin(2π ×103 t )
−4
10
= −100sin(2π ×103 t ) A/m 2

Prob. 9.18
∇ • Es =
ρs
(a)
ε ,∇ • Hs = 0

∇ × E s = jωμ H s , ∇ × H s = (σ − jωε ) E s

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256

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

(b) ∇ • D = ρv → + + = ρv (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂B ∂By ∂Bz
∇•B = 0 → x + + =0 (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂B ∂E ∂E ∂B
∇× E = − → z − y =− x (3)
∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂Ex ∂Ez ∂By
− =− (4)
∂z ∂x ∂t
∂E y ∂E x ∂B
− =− z (5)
∂x ∂y ∂t
∂D ∂H z ∂H y ∂D
∇× H = J + → − = Jx + x (6)
∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂H x ∂H z ∂D y
− = Jy + (7)
∂z ∂x ∂t
∂H y ∂H x ∂D z
− = Jz + (8)
∂x ∂y ∂t

Prob. 9.19

If J = 0 = ρv , then ∇•B = 0 (1)

∇ • D = ρv (2)
∂B
∇× E = − (3)
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J + (4)
∂t
Since ∇ • ∇ × A = 0 for any vector field A,
∂
∇•∇× E = − ∇•B = 0
∂t
∂
∇•∇× H = − ∇• D = 0
∂t
showing that (1) and (2) are incorporated in (3) and (4). Thus Maxwell’s equations can be
reduced to (3) and (4), i.e.

∂B ∂D
∇× E = − , ∇× H =
∂t ∂t

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Prob. 9.20

∇ E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (1)
∇ H = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (2)
∂H
∇ × E = −μ ⎯⎯
→ (3)
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
∇× E =  
0 E y ( x, t ) 0 

 
∂E y
= a z = − Eo sin x cos ta z
∂x

1 Eo
μ
H =− ∇ × Edt = sin× sin ta z
μ o

∂E
∇× H = ε ⎯⎯
→ (4)
∂t
∂ ∂  ∂
 ∂x ∂y  ∂z
 
∇× H =  
0 0 H z ( x, t ) 

 
∂H z E
=− a y = − o cos x sin ta y
∂x μo
1 Eo
ε
E = ∇ × Hdt = cos x cos ta y
με o

which is off the given E by a factor. Thus, Maxwell’s equations (1) to (3) are satisfied,
but (4) is not. The only way (4) is satisfied is for μoε = 1 which is not true.

Prob. 9.21

∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂J ∂2 E
∇×∇× E = − ∇ × B = −μ ∇ × H = −μ − με 2
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

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But
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E

∂J ∂2 E
∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E = − μ − με 2 , J =σ E
∂t ∂t

In a source-free region, ∇ • E = ρ v / ε = 0 . Thus,

∂E ∂2 E
∇ E = μσ
2
+ με 2
∂t ∂t

Prob. 9.22

∂ρv
∇ • J = (0 + 0 + 3 z 2 )sin104 t = −
∂t

3z 2
ρv = −  ∇ • Jdt = −  3z sin10 tdt = 4 cos104 t + Co
2 4

10

If ρ v |z =0 = 0, then Co = 0 and

ρv = 0.3z 2 cos104 t mC/m3

Prob. 9.23
2
∂D ∂E 50ε o 4.421× 10−2
Jd = = εo = (−10 ) sin(10 t − kz )a ρ = −
8 8
sin(108 t − kz )a ρ A/m
∂t ∂t ρ ρ

∂H
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
∂Eρ 50k
∇× E = aφ = sin(108 t − kz )aφ
∂z ρ
1 1 50k
H =−
μo  ∇ × Edt = 4π ×10 −7
10 ρ
8
cos(108 t − kz )aφ

2.5k
H= cos(108 t − kz )aφ A/m
2πρ
∂H φ 2.5k 2
∇× H = − aρ = − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
∂z 2πρ

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4.421x10−2 −2.5k 2
∇ × H = Jd ⎯⎯
→ − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ = sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
ρ 2πρ

2π
k2 = × 4.421× 10−2 ⎯⎯
→ k = 0.333
2.5

Prob. 9.24

∂D ∂E 1
∇× H = J + = 0+ε ⎯⎯ → E =  ∇ × Hdt
∂t ∂t ε
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 10β sin(ωt + β x)a y
0 0 10 cos(ωt + β x)
1 −10 β
ε
E= 10 β sin(ωt + β x) dta y = cos(ωt + β x)a y
ωε
∂H 1
μ
But ∇ × E = − μ → H =−
⎯⎯ ∇ × Edt
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 10 β 2
∇× E = = sin(ωt + β x)a z
−10 β ωε
0 cos(ωt + β x) 0
ωε
1 10β 2 10β 2
μ  ωε
H =− sin(ωt + β x)dta z = cos(ωt + β x)a z
ω 2 με
Comparing this with the given H,
10 β 2 10−9
10 = → β = ω με = 2π × 109 4π ×10−7 ×
⎯⎯ × 81
ω 2 με 36π
β = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
−10β
E= cos(ωt + β x )a y = −148cos(ωt + β x )a y V / m
ωε

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Prob. 9.25

D = ε o E = ε o Eo cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂B
∇× E = − → B = −  ∇ × Edt
⎯⎯
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − β Eo sin(ωt − β z )a y
Eo cos(ωt − β z ) 0 0
β Eo
B= cos(ωt − β z )a y
ω
B β Eo
H= = cos(ωt − β z )a y
μo μoω

Prob. 9.26

∂D
(a) J d = ⎯⎯ → D =  J d dt
dt
−60 ×10−3
D= cos(109 t − β z )a x = −60 × 10−12 cos(109 t − β z )a x C/m 2
109
∂H D ∂H
∇× E = μ ⎯⎯ → ∇ × = −μ
∂t ε ∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
D 1 1
∇× = = (−60)(−1) ×10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a x
ε ε ε
Dx 0 0

60β
= × 10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a y
ε
1 D 1 60 β 10−12
H =−
μ ∇×
ε μ
dt = − (−1)
ε
× 9 cos(109 t − β z )a y
10
60β
= × 10−21 cos(109 t − β z )a y A/m
με

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(b) ∇ × H = J + Jφ = 0 + J d
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
(− β )(−1)60β
Jd = ∇ × H = = × (10−21 ) sin(109 t − β z )a x
με
0 Hy 0

Equating this with the given J d

60 β 2
60 ×10−3 = × 10−21
με
10−9 2000
β 2 = με 1018 = 2 × 4π ×10−7 ×10 × =
36π 9
β = 14.907 rad/m

Prob. 9.27
∂H 1
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
⎯⎯
→ H =−
μo  ∇ × Edt
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇× E = (rEθ )aφ = [10sin θ cos(ωt − β r )] aφ
r ∂r r ∂r
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
r
10β
H =− sin θ  sin(ωt − β r )dtaφ
μr
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
ωμo r

Prob. 9.28

(a) ∇ • A = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ E z ( x, t )
∇× A = =− ay ≠ 0
∂x
0 0 E z ( x, t )

Yes, A is a possible EM field.

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(b) ∇•B =0

1 ∂
∇× B = [10 cos(ωt − 2ρ )] az ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ

Yes, B is a possible EM field.

1 ∂ sin φ sin ωt
(c) ∇•C =
ρ ∂ρ
( 3ρ 3
cot φ sin ωt −) ρ2
≠0

1 ∂ ∂
∇×C = ( cos φ sin ωt ) a z − 3ρ 2 (cot φ sin ωt )a z ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
No, C cannot be an EM field.
1 ∂
(d) ∇ • D = 2 sin(ωt − 5r ) (sin 2 θ ) ≠ 0
r sin θ ∂θ

∂ Dθ 1 ∂ 1
∇× D = − ar + (rDθ )aφ = sin θ (−5) sin(ωt − 5r )aφ ≠ 0
∂φ r ∂r r

No, D cannot be an EM field.

Prob. 9.29

From Maxwell’s equations,

∂B
∇× E = − (1)
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J + (2)
∂t 
Dotting both sides of (2) with E gives:
∂D
E • (∇ × H ) = E • J + E • (3)

∂t 
But for any arbitrary vectors A and B ,
∇ • ( A × B ) = B • (∇ × A) − A • (∇ × B )
Applying this on the left-hand side of (3) by letting A ≡ H and B ≡ E , we get
∂
H • (∇ × E ) + ∇ • ( H × E ) = E • J + 1 ( D • E ) (4)
2 ∂t
From (1),
 ∂B  1 ∂
H • (∇ × E ) = H •  −  = 2 (B • H )
 ∂t  ∂t
Substituting this in (4) gives:
∂ ∂
−1 (B • H ) − ∇ • (E × H ) = J • E + 1 (D • E)
2 ∂t 2 ∂t

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Rearranging terms and then taking the volume integral of both sides:

∂
 ∇ • ( E × H )dv = − ∂t 1 2  ( E • D + H • B)dv −  J • Edv
v v v

Using the divergence theorem, we get

∂W
 ( E × H ) • dS = −
s
∂t v
− J • Edv

∂W
or = −  ( E × H ) • dS −  E • Jdv as required.
∂t s v

Prob. 9.30

∂B
− = ∇ × E = β Eo sin(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z )
∂t
∂H 1
−μ = ∇× E ⎯⎯ → H = -  ∇ × Edt
∂t μ
β Eo
H= cos(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z ) A/m
μω

Prob. 9.31 Using Maxwell’s equations,

∂E 1
∇× H = σ E +ε
∂t
(σ = 0) ⎯⎯
→ E=
ε  ∇ × Hdt
But

1 ∂ Hθ 1 ∂ 12sin θ
∇× H = − ar + (rHθ )aφ = β sin(2π ×108 t − β r )aφ
r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r

12sin θ
E= β  sin(2π ×108 t − β r )dtaφ
εo

12sin θ
=− β cos(ωt − β r )aφ , ω = 2π ×108
ωε o r

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Prob. 9.32
With the given A, we need to prove that
∂2 A
∇ 2 A = με 2
∂t
∇ A = με ( jω )( jω ) A = −ω 2 με A
2

Let β 2 = ω 2 με , then ∇ 2 A = − β 2 A is to be proved. We recognize that

μo jωt − jβ r
A= e e az
4π r
e− jβ r μ
Assume ϕ= , A = o e jωt ϕ a z
r 4π
1 ∂ 2 ∂ϕ  1  ∂ 2  − j β 1  − jβ r 
∇ 2ϕ = 2 (r sin θ ) = (r )  − 2 e
r sin θ  ∂r dr  r 2  ∂r  r r  

− jβ r
1 e
= 2 ( − β 2 r + j β − j β ) e− jβ r = − β 2 = − β 2ϕ
r r
Therefore, ∇2 A = −β 2 A
We can find V using Lorentz gauge.
−1 −1
V=
μ oε o  ∇ • Adt =
jωμoε o
∇• A

−1 ∂  μo − j β r jωt  −1  − j β 1  − jβ r jωt
=  e e =  − 2  e e cos θ
jωμoε o ∂r  4π r  jωε o (4π )  r r 
cos θ  1  j (ωt − β r )
V=  jβ +  e
j 4πωε o r  r

Prob. 9.33
Take the curl of both sides of the equation.

∂
∇ × E = −∇ × ∇V − ∇× A
∂t
But ∇ × ∇V = 0 and B =∇ × A. Hence,
∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
which is Faraday's law.

Prob. 9.34
∂Az x ∂V ∂V x x
∇⋅ A = = , = − xc, − μ oε o = 2c=
∂z c ∂t ∂t c c
(a)
∂V
Hence, ∇ ⋅ A = − μoε o
∂t

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∂A  ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V − = − ax + a z  + xa z = −( za x + xa z ) + xa z
(b) ∂t  ∂x ∂z 
E = − za x

Prob. 9.35
∂V
∇ A = 0 = − με → V = constant
⎯⎯
∂t
∂A
(a) E = −∇V − = 0 − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂t
= − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x

(b) Using Maxwell’s equations, we can show that

β = ω μ oε o

Prob. 9.36
(a)
z = 4∠30o − 10∠50o = 3.464 + 2 j − 6.427 − j 7.66 = −2.963 − j5.66
= 6.389∠ − 117.64o
z1/ 2 = 2.5277∠ − 58.82o
(b)
1 + j2 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o
= =
6 − j 8 − 7 ∠ 15 o 6 − j 8 − 7 .761 − j1.812 9.841∠ 265.57 o

= 0.2272∠ − 202.1o

(5∠ 53.13 o ) 2 25∠ 106 .26 o

(c) z= =
12 − j7 − 6 − j10 18.028 ∠ − 70.56 o

= 1.387 ∠ 176 .8 o

(d)
1.897 ∠ − 100 o
= 0.0349 ∠ − 68 o
. ∠ 90 o )(9.434∠ − 122 o )
(576

Prob. 9.37
(a) A = 5cos(2t + π / 3 − π / 2)a x + 3cos(2t + 30o )a y = Re( As e jωt ), ω = 2

o o
As = 5e − j 30 a x + 3e j 30 a y

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100
(b) B = cos(ωt − 2π z − 90o )a ρ
ρ
100 o
Bs = e − j (2π z +90 ) a ρ
ρ

cos θ
(c) C = cos(ωt − 3r − 90o )aθ
r
cos θ − j (3r +90o )
Cs = e az
r

(d) Ds = 10 cos(k1 x)e − jk2 z a y

267

Prob. 9.39
We can use Maxwell’s equations or borrow ideas from chapter 10.
μ 1 120π
η= = ηo =
ε εr 9
Eo 10 × 9
Ho = = = 0.2387
η 120π
ω 2π ×109
β = ω με = εr = 81 = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
c 3 × 108

Prob. 9.40
(a)
H = Re  40e j (10 t − β z ) a x  , ω = 109
9

 
= Re  40e − jβ z a x e jωt  = Re  H s e jωt 
H s = 40e− jβ z a x
(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z
40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
2
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m

Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2

= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )

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 (b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m
2 270

Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2

= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )

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