the request of his boss, Naismith was tasked to create
Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most
commonly of five players each, opposing one another
on a rectangular court, compete with the primary
objective of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4
inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the defender's
hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted
10 feet (3.048 m) high to a backboard at each end of
the court) while preventing the opposing team from
shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth
two points, unless made from behind the three-point
line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play
stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a
technical foul is given one or more one-point free
throws. The team with the most points at the end of
the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the
score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is
mandated.
Basketball is played with two teams, with 5 players
from each team on the court at one time. The
maximum number of players on the bench differs by
league. In international play, a maximum of 7 players
are allowed on the bench, resulting in a roster of 12
players. The NBA has 13-player rosters; college and
high school teams have 15-player rosters. When a
player wants to substitute for another player on the
court, they let the score bench know. The referees will
signal for the player waiting to come into the court.
The player that went into the game is now playing and
the player that was playing is sitting on the bench
known as substitutes.
History
The game of basketball as it is known today was
created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in
Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young
athletes during cold months. Naismith was a physical
education instructor at the YMCA International
Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. Upon
offence from scoring by either blocking a
an indoor sports game to help athletes keep in shape in shot or preventing a shot from being fired.
cold weather. It consisted of peach baskets and a  After each successful basket the ball is then
soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new turned over to the opposition.
game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams  Fouls committed throughout the game will be
of nine players each and set about to teach them the accumulated and then when reached a certain
basics of his new game. The objective of the game number will be eventually be awarded as a
was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets free throw. A free throw involves one
nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every playerfrom the offensive team (the player
time a point was scored, the game was halted so the fouled) to take a shot unopposed from the free
janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. throw line. Depending on where the foul was
After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were committed will depend on the number free
removed. The first public basketball game was played throws a player gets.
in Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.  Violations in basketball include travelling
(taking more than one step without bouncing
Basketball Rules
the ball), double dribble (picking the ball up
 Each team can have a maximum of 5 players dribbling, stopping then dribbling again with
on the court at any one time. Substitutions two hands), goaltending (a defensive player
can be made as many times as they wish interferes with the ball travelling downwards
within the game. towards the basket) and back court violation
(once the ball passes the half way line the
 The ball can only be moved by either
offensive team cannot take the ball back over
dribbling (bouncing the ball) or passing the
the half way line).
ball. Once a player puts two hands on the ball
(not including catching the ball) they cannot
then dribble or move with the ball and the
ball must be passed or shot.
 After the ball goes into a team’s half and they
win possession back the ball must then make
it back over the half way line within 10
seconds. If the ball fails to do so then a foul
will be called and the ball will be turned over.
 Each team has 24 seconds to at least shot at
the basket. A shot constitutes either going in
the basket or hitting the rim of the basket. If
after the shot is taken and the ball fails to go
in the basket then the shot clock is restarted
for another 24 seconds.
 The team trying to score a basket is called the
offence whilst the team trying to prevent
them from scoring is called the defence. The
defence must do all they can to stop the

Football
Football, also called association football or soccer,
game in which two teams of 11 players, using any part
of their bodies except their hands and arms, try to
maneuver the ball into the opposing team’s goal. Only
the goalkeeper is permitted to handle the ball and may
do so only within the penalty area surrounding the
goal. The team that scores more goals wins. Football
is the world’s most popular ball game in numbers of
participants and spectators. Simple in its principal
rules and essential equipment, the sport can be played
almost anywhere, from official football playing fields
(pitches) to gymnasiums, streets, school playgrounds,
parks, or beaches. Football’s governing body, the
Fédération Internationale de Football Association
(FIFA), estimated that at the turn of the 21st century
there were approximately 250 million football players
and over 1.3 billion people “interested” in football; in
2010 a combined television audience of more than 26
billion watched football’s premier tournament, the
quadrennial month-long World Cup finals.
History
Modern football originated in Britain in the 19th
century. Since before medieval times, “folk football”
games had been played in towns and villages
according to local customs and with a minimum of
rules. Industrialization and urbanization, which
reduced the amount of leisure time and space available
to the working class, combined with a history of legal
prohibitions against particularly violent and
destructive forms of folk football to undermine the
game’s status from the early 19th century onward.
However, football was taken up as a winter game
between residence houses at public (independent)
schools such as Winchester, Charterhouse, and Eton.
Each school had its own rules; some allowed limited
handling of the ball and others did not. The variance
in rules made it difficult for public schoolboys
entering university to continue playing except with
former schoolmates. As early as 1843 an attempt to
standardize and codify the rules of play was made at
the University of Cambridge, whose students joined
most public schools in 1848 in adopting these
“Cambridge rules,” which were further spread by
Cambridge graduates who formed football clubs. In
1863 a series of meetings involving clubs from
metropolitan London and surrounding counties
produced the printed rules of football, which
prohibited the carrying of the ball. Thus, the
“handling” game of rugby remained outside the newly
formed Football Association (FA). Indeed, by 1870 all
handling of the ball except by the goalkeeper was
prohibited by the FA.
Rules of Football (Soccer)
 A match consists of two 45 minutes halves
with a 15 minute rest period in between.
 Each team can have a minimum off 11
players (including 1 goalkeeper who is the
only player allowed to handle the ball within
the 18 yard box) and a minimum of 7 players
are needed to constitute a match.
 The field must be made of either artificial or
natural grass. The size of pitches is allowed to
vary but must be within 100-130 yards long
and 50-100 yards wide. The pitch must also
be marked with a rectangular shape around
the outside showing out of bounds, two six
yard boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a centre
circle. A spot for a penalty placed 12 yards
out of both goals and centre circle must also
be visible.
 The ball must have a circumference of 58-
61cm and be of a circular shape.
 Each team can name up to 7 substitute
players. Substitutions can be made at any
time of the match with each team being able
to make a maximum of 3 substitutions per
side. In the event of all three substitutes being
made and a player having to leave the field
for injury the team will be forced to play
without a replacement for that player.
 Each game must include one referee and two
assistant referee’s (linesmen). It’s the job of
the referee to act as time keeper and make
any decisions which may need to be made
such as fouls, free kicks, throw ins, penalties
and added on time at the end of each half.
The referee may consult the assistant referees
at any time in the match regarding a decision.
It’s the assistant referee’s job to spot offside’s
in the match (see below), throw ins for either
team and also assist the referee in all decision
making processes where appropriate.
 If the game needs to head to extra time as a
result of both teams being level in a match
then 30 minutes will be added in the form of
two 15 minute halves after the allotted 90
minutes.
 If teams are still level after extra time then a
penalty shootout must take place.
 The whole ball must cross the goal line for it
to constitute as a goal.
 For fouls committed a player could receive
either a yellow or red card depending on the
severity of the foul; this comes down to the
referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning
and a red card is a dismissal of that player.
Two yellow cards will equal one red. Once a
player is sent off then they cannot be
replaced.
 If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in
either of the side lines then it is given as a
throw in. If it goes out of play off an
attacking player on the base line then it is a
goal kick. If it comes off a defending player it
is a corner kick.

Tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually
against a single opponent (singles) or between two
teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses
a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a
hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a
net and into the opponent's court. The object of the
game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the
opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player
who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point,
while the opposite player will.
Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels
of society and at all ages. The sport can be played by
anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair
users. The modern game of tennis originated in
Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn
tennis.[1] It had close connections both to various
field (lawn) games such as croquet and bowls as well
as to the older racket sport today called real tennis.
During most of the 19th century, in fact, the term
tennis referred to real tennis, not lawn tennis.
History
Some historians believe that tennis first originated in
the Ancient Egypt. There is a general belief that the
word ‘racket’ derives from the Arabic word ‘rakhat’,
which means a ‘palm’. However, the most common
point of view is that French monks started to play
tennis in 11-12 centuries. Tennis started to develop
into a professional sport from 1872, when the first
lawn tennis club was established. Hoa Pereira, a
Portuguese merchant, and doctors Wellesley Tomkins
and Frederick Haynes played a Spanish game with the
ball called ‘pelota’ on lawns of the Leamington resort.
Later, the original rules for lawn tennis were secured
(tennis on a lawn).
Although it is impossible to state a definite origin of
this game, it is recognized that a British army officer
Walter Clopton Wingfield invented rules for tennis,
later calling it ‘lawn tennis’ in 1873. He had noticed a
significant commercial potential of lawn tennis and
patented the game, though he failed to justify its
creation. Mr. Winfield said that he had borrowed the
principles of the Greek game called “Sphairistike”
(Greek for playing ball). However, many researchers
believe that he just used the principles of popular
English games - playing at courts, squash rackets,
playing badminton outdoors. Very first tennis players
preferred to call Wingfield’s game “tennis on the
green”, because they would play tennis on a small,
grassy lawn.
Rules of Tennis
 A ball must land within bounds for play to
continue; if a player hits the ball outside of
bounds, this results in the loss of the point for
them.
 Players/teams cannot touch the net or posts or
cross onto the opponent’s side.
 Players/teams cannot carry the ball or catch it
with the racquet.
 Players cannot hit the ball twice.
Volleyball Court
 Players must wait until the ball passes the net
before they can return it.
 A player that does not return a live ball before
it bounces twice loses the point.
 If the ball hits or touches the players, that
counts as a penalty.
 If the racquet leaves the hand or verbal abuse
occurs, a penalty is given.
 Any ball that bounces on the lines of
boundary are considered good.
 A serve must bounce first before the
receiving player can return it.