CHAPTER 6

STATES OF MATTER

cool or increase pressure

SOLID:
A SUBSTANCE is said to be solid if its melting point is above room
temperature under atmospheric pressure.
Liquid:
A substance whose melting point is below room temperature and
boiling point is room temperature.
Gas:
A substance is a gas if its boiling point is below room temperature
under atm pressure.
A substance can co exists in all 3 states under certain specific
condition of temperature and pressure.
SOLID
Close packing of molecule i.e.
orderly arrangement
Mutual forces of attraction
strong
Density is higher
Empty spaces b/w particles is
very less
Molecules are fixed in crystal
lattice & hence no rotatory
motion or transilatory motion
but molecules posses only
vibratory motion
Very low K.E.
These are in compressible
Least thermal expansion
Diffuse very slowly
LIQUID
Less close packing i.e.
disordered structure of
particle
Mutual forces of attraction are
weaker than in solids
Lower than solids higher than
gases
Empty spaces b/w particles is
higher than solids but less than
gas
Disordered structure of
particles hence random motion
have some transilatory &
rotational in addition to
vibrating motion
K.E. higher than solids but less
than gases
Slightly compressible
Thermal expansion is higher
than solids but less than gas
Diffusion is less than solids but
high than gas
GASEOUS
Molecules are far apart i.e.
extremely disordered particles
Mutual forces of attraction are
almost negligible
Generally very low
Large spaces present
Extremely disordered
arrangement & hence show
transilatory , rotatory
&vibratory motion
Very high K.E.
Highly compressible
Highest thermal expansion
Highly diffusible

Gaseous state
Characteristics of gases can be described as follows:

Volume

SI unit = m3

1 litre = 1000 ml

1ml = 10-3 L

1dm3 = 103 cm3

1m3 = 106 cm3

1m3 = 106 ml

1m3 = 103 L

Mass

SI unit = kg
Pressure

Pressure is the force exerted by the gas per unit area on the walls of the container. The instrument
used to measure it.

Barometer used to measure atm. Pressure

Manometer used to measure gas pressure

1 atm = 760mm of hg

=76 cm of hg

SI unit = Pascal

1 atm = 101,325 Pa or Nm2

=1.101325 * 105 Pa

=105 Pa (APPROX)

S.T.P. OR N.T.P.

A standard or normal atm. Pressure is defined as pressure exerted by a mercury column of exactly
76 cm at 0o c . this is the pressure exerted by atm at sea level.

Temperature

It is the extent of hotness or coldness its measurement is based on principle that substance expands
on heating. The commonly used substance for expansion is mercury. It can be measured in

1. Centigrade scale
2. Fahrenheit scale
3. Kelvin scale
oC OF Kelvin
Water B.P. 100oc 212oc 373
Water F.P. 0o c 32of 273
SI UNIT = Kelvin

Conversion factor

k = o c + 273
GAS LAWS

1.BOYLES LAW: it was given by Robert boyle in 1662 the law states that temperature remaining
constant the volume of sample of gas varies inversely with pressure

V 1/P or PV= K

PV= constant

Thus Boyle’s law can also be stated as “ temperature remaining constant the product of pressure &
volume of a given mass of gas is constant.”

Note

The value of constant depends upon the amount of gas & temperature.

If P1V1 are the initial pressure &volume of gas & keeping pressure constant if pressure is changing
to P2 then volume will be changed to V2

P1V1 = P2V2 = constant