Retaining Wall For Various Ht. - LSM PDF

ACME STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT
ATHARVA FERYEZ PLAZA, OFFICE NO 406, OPP. SHANKAR

MAHARAJ MATH, PUNE - SATARA ROAD, DHANKAWADI,
PUNE- 411 043 PH. NO. (020) 4050 26 45.
NAME OF PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION OF ROB AND PUP INCLUDING SLIP ROAD MEDIAN, RCC DRAIN,
FOOTPATH etc. FROM KM.441.970 TO KM 443.560 AT SAUNDAD ON NH-53 (OLD NH-6)
IN THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA ON EPC MODE.
CONTENT
DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT
DESIGN NOTE NO.: ASC/2018/BR-07/DN - 40 DATE : 9-Nov-19
REV. NO DESCRIPTION DATE

0 First Submission 9-Nov-19
DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY
TANAY K . MEGHARE ANIL R. PANJWANI
CLIENT
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA
G- 5 & 6, SECTOR-10, DWARKA, NEW DELHI -110 075.
DESIGNED FOR
RAJDEEP BUILDCON PVT LTD

'Rajdeep House' Savedi, Ahmednagar - 414 001. (M.S.). India
AUTHORITY ENGINEER
M/S. MALVIYA INFRA PROJECTS PVT . LTD
T-10 , 3 RD FLOOR, ABOVE VISHAL MEGA MART,
CITY CENTER ZONE -1, M-P NAGAR BHOPAL
PROOF CONSULTANT
VNIT, NAGPUR.
THIS DESIGN NOTE IS A PROPERTY OF M/s ACME STRUCTURAL CONSULTANTS. IT SHALL NOT BE COPIED,
USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION.
ACME STRUCTURAL CONSULTANTS

PREAMBLE
Brief Description of the proposal
Widening of existing box culvert is Proposed on NH-53 (OLD NH-6) at Saundad in Maharashtra. The retaining
walls are proposed at site to suppoert the drains. The General Arrangement proposed is as shown in GAD
drawing (Dwg. No. …….).
The analysis and design is carried out for the heights of 2.7m and 4.4m. The earth pressure is calculated
taking into consideration columbs theory. The design is by using limit state method.
Materials :-
a) Concrete & Steel :-
Controlled concrete of M 30 Grade giving Characteristic strength of 300 kg/cm2 on 150 mm cubes tested at
28 days is proposed for the retaining wall.
The Steel is Fe 500.
Loading Consideration :-
The following loads and load combination as per IRC-6 : 2014 have been considered as given below :
1) Dead Load ( Self weight of structure)

2) Live load Surcharge
3) Earth Pressure Load On Walls
Codes referred for design purpose are as follows :-
IRC- 6 : 2014 Standard specification & code of practice for road bridges
( Section II- Loads & Stresses )
IRC- 112 : 2011 Code of practice for concrete road bridges
IRC- 78 : 2014 Standard specification & code of practice for road bridges
( Section VI - Foundation & Substructure )
IS- 456 : 2000 Plain & reinforced concrete
( Section II- Loads & Stresses )
PREAMBLE
DESIGN DATA SHEET
1.0 Material Data

Design constants: As per IRC 112:2011 As per Annexure A-2
Grade of Concrete = M 30
Grade of Steel = Fe 500
Conditions of Exposure = Moderate 1
Density of Reinforced Concrete = 2.5 t/m3
Density of Wearing Coat = 2.6 t/m3
Density of Plain Concrete = 2.4 t/m3
Minimum Clear Cover to the reinforcement = 40 mm
Minimum Clear Cover to the reinforcement for eathern side = 75 mm
( As per IRC:6-2017 )
2
Chara. Compressive Strength = 30 N/mm
ŋfcd ŋ = 1
λ = 0.8
λx Fc x = 0.456
ŋfcd = 13.40
z Fyk = 500 N/mm2
fyd = 435 N/mm2
fctm = 2.5 N/mm2
Fs
λx = 0.365
fcm Mean value of concrete cube strength, = 40 N/mm2
Ecm Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete, = 31186.6 N/mm2
Long term Concrete Modulus Ecm = 32 x 103 Mpa
Steel Reinforcement Modulus Es = 200 x 103 Mpa
fc = 0.36 X 13.40 X (1-0.3648/2) = 4
z = (1-0.3648/2) x d = 0.8176 d
αe = Es/Ecm = 6.45
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES (As per IRC 112:2011)

1) Permissible Compressive Stress in concrete ( s )
c = 14.4 N/mm2
Cl 12.2.2 Pg No 120
2) Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Es Cl 6.3.5 Pg No. 32 = 200000 N/mm2
3) Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec Cl No. 6.4.2 Table
= 31000 N/mm2
No 6.5 Pg No 30
4) Flexural tensile stress in steel ( sst ) = 240 N/mm2
Under Service Condition

Permissible stress ratio in concrete = 0.48
Allowable stress in concrete σc = 14.4 N/mm2
fctm 2
Mean value of axial tensile strength = 2.5006 N/mm
2
Allowable stress in steel σs = 400 N/mm
Long term creep coefficient φ = 1
DATA SHEET
Live Load Surcharge = 1.2 m ht.

30
W5
1
w2 30
H1 Ph1
Ph2
W4 0.42 H
W1
W3
325
Trial section
Data :-
Depth of retaining wall below G.L Df = 1.686 m
Height of retaining wall above G.L H' = 2.814 m
Total Height of retaining wall H = 4.5 m
Angle of Surcharge I = 00
3
Density of soil ( Saturated) γs = 2 t/m
Angle of internal friction φ = 30 0
Coefficient of friction between the soil and
µ = 0.5
concrete
Slope S1 1(H) = 30 V
0
Angle of Inclination of wall with vertical α2 = 0.00
0
Angle of Inclination of wall with horizontal α1 = 90.00
0
Angle of wall friction δ = 20
2
Safe bearing capacity of foundation ω = 20 t/m
Trial section :
Provided
Base width = 3/5*h B = 2700 mm 3250 mm
Toe width = B/3 Bt = 1083 mm 700 mm
Heel width = 2B/3 Bh = 2167 mm 2100 mm
Stem top width = h/24 b = 188 mm 300 mm
Stem bottom width = h/12 b' = 375 mm 450 mm
Thickness of base slab = h/12 d = 375 mm 500 mm
Thickness of base slab at tip 300 mm
4.5 M-LSM
30
400
45 50
30
325
Section provided
Stability Check
Factor of safety against overturning. =
Stabilising moment/Overturning moment = 2.91
>2 Hence ok
Factor of safety against sliding =
Resisting Force/ Sliding Force = 1.515
> 1.5 Hence ok
Check For Base Pressure

2
Pmax = 14.00 t/m
2
Pmin = 2.92 t/m
Earth Pressure Calculations :
Active earth pressure constant :
Coloumb's theory is used to calculate the active earth pressure. The formula is as below.
Ka = Sin2(α1+φ) cosδ
2
sin α1 sin (α1−δ) 1 + sin(φ+δ)sin(φ−ι)
sin(α1−δ)sin(α1+ι)
Where α1 = Angle made by soil side face with horizontal

φ = Angle of internal friction.
δ = Angle of wall friction.
i = Angle of backfill with horizontal
4.5 M-LSM
4.5 M-LSM

For abutment back slope
α1 = 88.09
o
φ
o
= 30.00
δ
o
= 20.00
o
i = 0.00
and
Kah = 0.2924
Kav = 0.1064
Active Earth pressure calculations :

For stability Check
Ordinates of earth pressure
Kah g h Pa
(t/m3) (m) (t/m2)
O1 = 0.292 x 2.00 x 4.50 = 2.632
O2 = 0.292 x 2.00 x 1.20 = 0.702
Earth pressure due to backfill PH1

PH = (γsxH2/2)xkah
kah = 0.292
PH = 5.922 T
Horizontal pressure PH is acting at a height 0.42 H above the base.

Moment @ the Base = 0.42 x 4.5 x 5.922
= 11.193 t-m
Earth pressure due to backfill PH2 ( Live Load Surcharge)

PH = (γsx1.2 x H)xkah
kah = 0.292
PH = 3.158 T

= 7.106 t-m
Load along the stem Pv = (γsxH2/2)xkav

Pv = 2.2 T
STEM DESIGN :

PH = (γsxH2/2)xkah
4.5 M-LSM
kah = 0.292
PH = 4.679 T

Moment @ the Base = 0.42 x 4 x 4.679
= 7.861 t-m

kah = 0.292
PH = 2.807 T

Moment @ the Base = 0.5 x 4 x 2.807
= 5.615 t-m

Pv = 1.7 T
Maximum bending moment at the junction of the stem and the base M = Phx0.42 xh
M = 13.48 t-m
Factored moment Mu = 15.16 t-m
Effective depth required "d" = Mu = 151602833.7

fc X b 4 x 1000
d = 195 mm
Bar diameter provided = 16 mm
Overall Depth D = d+Clear Cover+Bar Dia/2 D = 278 mm
Depth Provided D = 450 mm HENCE OK
Effective depth provided d = 367 mm
CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT
MAIN STEEL
Area of steel required Ast = Mu / (fydxZxd) = 15.16 x 10000000

435 x 0.8176 x 367
2
Ast = 1161 mm
(As per IRC 112-2011, Cl 16.5.1.1)
Minimum steel required = 0.13% of gross area = 0.13% x 1000 x 450
4.5 M-LSM
= 585 mm2
Ast min 0.26 x fctm
= bd
Fyk
= 0.65 x 1000 x 367

500
= 477.1 mm2
Area of steel required = 1161 mm2
2
Providing bar 12 φ Bar 1 Area of one bar = 113 mm
2
Spacing required for steel S = 270 mm
Hence provide spacing at S = 200 mm C/C
2
Area of Steel Provided Ast = 1570 mm Hence ok
Distribution Reinforcement
(As per IRC112-2011,Clause 16.6.1.1 )
2
Ast minimum is 20% of the main reinforcement = 232 mm
2
Ref IRC 78-2014 Cl 707.2.8 = 250 mm
2
Providing bar 10 φ Area of one bar = 79 mm
Hence provide spacing = 200 mm C/C
Compression side bars 10 mm dia 200 mm C/C
Vertical Steel on exposed face is 10 mm dia bar @ 200 c/c
Distribution Steel is 10 mm @ 200 c/c
CALCULATION OF SHEAR
Shear force V = 9.1 T
Factored shear force VED = 12.7 T
VRDC = 0.12K (80 ρ fck)0.33 + 0.15 σcp bw d IRC 112-2011

Eq No. 10.1
K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

d
Where d is depth in mm
= 1 + 0.7382
K = 1.738
ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 1570

b.d 1000 x 367
= 0.004 ≤ 0.020
4.5 M-LSM
VRDC = 0.12 x 1.738 x ( 80 x 0.004 x 30 )^0.33
+ 0.15 x 0 1000 x 367
VRDC = 16.51 T
3/2
γmin = 0.031 Κ x fck1/2
= 0.3891
VRDC = γmin + 0.15 δcp bw d
VRDC = 14.280 T
16.509 > 12.7 Shear reinforcement not reqiured

VRDC > VED
Bending Moment Variation

Bending moment at any depth H'
2
M = 0.42( H' ) x0.5* γsx( H') x Kah + 0.5 H' x H' x 1.2 x kah x γs
= 0.123 ( H' )3 + 0.35 ( H' )2
CURTAILMENT OF REINFORCEMENT:
Sr. Effective depth Overall depth Effective depth

H' BM
No required provided provided
1 4 m 18.53 t-m 215.23 mm 450 mm 369 mm
2 2.60 m 6.08 t-m 123.34 mm 387 mm 306 mm
Sr. Bar diameter Area of bar spacing Spacing

Area of steel Ast provided
No provided mm2 required provided
1 1420 mm2 12 mm 113.10 mm 200 mm

221 1570.796
16 mm 201.06 200 mm
2 466 mm2 12 mm 113.10 193 mm 200 mm 565.487
BASE DESIGN :
Moments @ toe
Stability Calculations
Force L.A Moments
4.5 M-LSM
W1 = 1/2 x ( b' - b ) x H1 x γc = 0.750 t 1.05 m 0.79 t-m
W2 = b x H2 X γc = 3.000 t 0.85 m 2.55 t-m
W3a = B xd x γc = 4.063 t 1.63 m 6.60 t-m
W3b = B xd x γc = 0.175 t 0.47 m 0.08 t-m
W3c = B xd x γc = 0.525 t 1.85 m 0.97 t-m
W3c = B xd x γc = 0.113 t 0.93 m 0.10 t-m
W4 = H x B' x γs = 16.8 t 2.20 m 36.96 t-m
W4a = H x B' x γs = 0.84 t 2.55 m 2.14 t-m
W5 = 1/2 x ( b' - b ) x H x γs = 0.68 t 1.100 m 0.74 t-m
W6 = 1/2 x Bt x H x γs = 1.66 t 0.350 m 0.58 t-m
W7 = Psinδ = 2.2 t 3.250 m 7.01 t-m
Buoyancy 100% = -3.3 t 1.625 m -5.2813 t-m

TOTAL 27.51 t 53.25 t-m
Point of application of resultant vertical load from toe X
x = 1.94 m from toe

Resultant of Horizontal Forces on the Wall
Y = 0.42 x H Y = 1.89 m
Point of Application of Resultant Forces on the Base

W(x-xr) = Ph x Y xr = 1.27 m
Eccentricity of the Resultant
e =B/2 - xr e = 0.354 m
B/6 = 0.542 m
Pressure Distribution under the Base
Base pressure = W(1±6e/B)/B

2
Pmax = 14.00 T/m
2
Pmin = 2.92 T/m
0.7 2.1
4.5 M-LSM

11.62 10.1 2.92
14.00
. F1
HEEL DESIGN :
. F2
2
2.92 t/m
10.1
F3
F4
Forces acting on the heel,
Magnitude Lever
Forces B.M.
tonnes Arm
1 F1 18.90 T 1.05 m 19.85 T-m
2 F2 2.10 T 1.05 m 2.21 T-m
3 F3 6.14 T 1.05 m -6.45 T-m
4 F4 7.52 T 0.70 m -5.26 T-m

Total 10.34 T-m
Net B.M. = 10.34 T-m

Factored B.M = 15.51 T-m
Effective = Mu
depth fc X b
d = 197 mm
MAIN STEEL
Area of steel required Ast = Mu / fyd x Z x d = 15.51 x 10000000
435 x 0.8176 x 417
2
Ast = 1046 mm
4.5 M-LSM

(As per IRC 112-2011, Cl 16.5.1.1)
4.5 M-LSM

2
= 650 mm
Ast min 0.26 x fctm
= bd
Fyk
= 0.65 x 1000 x 500

500
2
= 650 mm
2
Providing bar 16 φ Bar 1 Area of one bar = 201 mm Main Bar
2
Providing bar 12 φ Bar 2 Area of one bar = 113 mm Nominal Bar
Spacing required for tor steel S = 300 mm

Hence provide spacing at S = 200 mm Main Bar
Hence provide spacing at S = 200 mm Nominal Bar
2
(As per IRC112-2011,Clause 16.6.1.1 )
2
2
Ref IRC 78-2014 Cl 707.2.8 = 250 mm
2
Hence provide spacing at say = 200 mm C/C
Bottom bar or Compression face bars 16 mm 125 mm C/C
Shear force is critical at effective depth
Factored Shear force Vu = 11.0 T

Eq No. 10.1
K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

d
where d is depth in mm
= 1 + 0.6925
K = 1.693
ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 1570

b.d 1000 x 417
4.5 M-LSM

= 0.004 ≤ 0.020
VRDC = 0.12 x 1.693 x ( 80 x 0.004 x 30 )^0.33
+ 0.15 x 0 1000 x 417
VRDC = 17.51 T
VRDC min = γmin + 0.15 δcp bw d
3/2
γmin = 0.031 Κ x fck1/2
= 0.3739
VRDC min = 15.591 T

VRDC > VED
TOE DESIGN :
. F1
11.6
14.0 . F2
. F3
Forces acting on the toe,
Magnitude Lever
Forces tonnes Arm B.M.
1 F1 0.88 T 0.35 m 0.31 T-m
2 F2 8.13 T 0.35 m -2.85 T-m
3 F3 0.84 T 0.5 m -0.39 T-m

Total -2.93 T-m
Net B.M. = 2.93 T-m

Factored BM = 4.39 T-m
Effective depth required "d" = M = 4.39 x 10000000

fc x b 4 x 1000
4.5 M-LSM
d = 105 mm
Depth Provided D = 500 mm
MAIN STEEL
Area of steel required Ast = M / fyd x Z x d = 4.39 x 1E+07
435 x 0.8176 x 454
Ast = 272.13 mm2

= 650 mm2
Ast min 0.26 x fctm
= bd
Fyk
= 0.65 x 1000 x 500

500
= 650 mm2
2
2

2
(As per IRC112-2011,Clause 16.6.1.1 )
2
2
Ref IRC 78-2014 Cl 707.2.8 = 250 mm
2
Hence provide spacing at say = 200 mm
Top bar or Compression face bars 16 mm 200 mm C/C
4.5 M-LSM

4.5 M-LSM

V = 8.1 T
Vu = 12.1 T

Eq No. 10.1
K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

d
= 1 + 0.6325
K = 1.632
ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 1397

b.d 1000 x 500
= 0.003 ≤ 0.020
VRDC = 0.12 x 1.632 x ( 80 x 0.003 x 30 )^0.33
+ 0.15 x 2.88 1000 x 500
VRDC = 39.95 T
3/2
γmin = 0.031 Κ x fck1/2
= 0.3541
VRDC min = 39.307 T

VRDC > VED
STABILITY CHECK
Factor of safety against overturning.
Stabilising Moment = 53.25 t-m
Overturning Moment = 11.193 + 7.11 = 18.299 t-m

>2 Hence ok
Factor of safety against sliding

Resisting Force = 0.50 x 27.51 = 13.7529 t
4.5 M-LSM

Sliding Force = 5.922 + 3.16 = 9.080 t
Resisting Force/ Sliding Force
= 13.75291 / 9.080 = 1.5146
>1.5 Hence ok
CHECK FOR STRESSES
Bending Moment
1) At Toe = 2.93 T-m
2) At Heel = 10.34 T-m
3) At Steam = 13.48 T-m
To find cracked second moment of area " M.I.cr "
M.I.cr = As (d - dc)2 + 1 Eceff. b dc3

3 Es
Toe Slab Heel Slab Stem

Med in ton-m 2.929 10.340 13.476
b in mm 1000 1000 1000
d in mm 454 417 367
As in mm2/m 1397 1570 1570
Es in GPa 200 200 200
f 1 1 1
Ec,eff in GPa 31.187 31.187 31.187
dc = Depth of concrete in compression

2
dc = - AsEs+sqrt((AsEs) +2bAsEsEc,eff d) IRC SP: 105-2015
b Eff Pg No 140
σc = M
Ec,eff
dc in mm 81.686 82.119 76.486

M Icracked 222021364 204851847 155762923
Zc = Icrack / dc 2717997 2494585 2036499 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
2
σc in N/mm 1.6706 6.4248 10.2566 IRC:112-2011,Pg no 20
Allowable σc
14.4 14.4 14.4
in N/mm2
Zs = I/(d-dc) 596327.74 611714.60 536162.52 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
2
σs in N/mm 49.12 169.04 251.34 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
Allowable σs 400 400 400
2
Status of
SAFE SAFE SAFE
Concrete Stress
4.5 M-LSM
Status of Steel
SAFE SAFE SAFE
Stress
Crack Width Calculation
Bending Moment
1) At Toe = 2.93 T-m
2) At Heel = 10.34 T-m
3) At Steam = 11.19 T-m
Toe Slab Heel Slab Stem As Per IRC : 112-2011

BM (t-m) 2.93 10.34 11.19
φ (mm) 16.00 16.00 12.00
D (mm) 500.00 500.00 450.00
Top Cover 40 75 40
Bottom Cover 75 75 75
deff (mm) 454.00 417.00 367.00
m 6.45 6.45 6.45
Ast (mm²) 1397.30 1570.00 1570.00
Ac (mm²) 1004.80 1607.68 392.50
Pt 0.00308 0.00376 0.00428
bt (mm) 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00
Kt 0.50 0.50 0.50 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.7
hc,eff (mm) 115.00 140.81 124.38
X (mm) 77.988 77.58 76.85 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
Qud. Equation -87155.84 -504238.83 0.00
Ac,eff (mm²) 115000.00 140806.53 124382.92 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.7
K1 0.80 0.80 0.80 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.9
K2 0.50 0.50 0.50 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.9
Icr (mm4) 1432674191 1322566756 1004023150
Stress @
compression
1.59 6.07 8.57
Face (σcc -
N/mm2)
Stress in tension
R/F 49.60 171.21 208.68
(σsc - N/mm2)
P p.eff 0.01 0.01 0.01
Sr.max (mm) 359.86 498.95 416.62 IRC:112 Pg no. 127
εsm - εcm -0.000307 0.000255 0.000508 IRC:112 Pg no. 125
0.6xσsc / Es 0.000149 0.000514 0.000626
εsm - εcm 0.00015 0.00051 0.00063
Crack width
(Wk) (mm) 0.0535 0.2563 0.2608
4.5 M-LSM

Allowable
Crackwidth, 0.30 0.30 0.30
mm
As per IRC 112-
2011 ; table SAFE SAFE SAFE
12.1
Sample Calculations for Crack width IRC:112-2011

Crack width Wk = Sr.max ( ɛsm - ɛcm ) Clause12.3.4
Where, Sr.max = maximum crack spacing

ɛsm = mean strain in reinforcement under loading
ɛcm = mean strain in concrete between crack
Design Bending Moment M = 11.19 T-m

Dia of bar φ = 12.00 mm
Effective depth deff = 367.00 mm
2
Area of Tension reinforcement provided Ast = 1570 mm
2
Area of Compression Reinforcement Ac = 392.5 mm
Ratio of reinforcement provided Pt = As/b d1 = 0.004
Width of Section at Tensile steel level bt = 1000 mm
Factor dependant on duration of load Kt = 0.5
Depth of concrete in tension hc,eff = 124.4 mm
I) Step I:- To Calculate Depth of Neutral Axis
Depth of N.A. X = 76.9 mm

2
Effective area of concrete in tension Ac,eff = 124383 mm
Coefficient for bond properties K1 = 0.8
Coefficient for distribution of strain K2 = 0.5
4
Moment of inertia of cracked section Icr = 1E+09 mm
((b X^3)/3) + (α As (d1 - X)^2)
II) Step II:- To Determine maximum crack spacing:-

Stress @ compression Face = Mser x X
assuming cracked section (σcc) Icr
= 8.567149 N/mm2
Stress in tension reinforcement = α x σcc x (d1-X)

assuming cracked section (σsc) X
2
= 208.677 N/mm
Sr.max = 3.4 x c + 0.425 x k1 x k2 x φ

P p.eff
= 416.6186
4.5 M-LSM
III) Step III:- To Determine strains in steel & concrete

εsm - εcm = σsc - kt x (fct,eff/Pp,eff) x (1 + αePp,eff)
Es
= 0.000507907
0.6xσsc = 0.0006260
Es
εsm - εcm < 0.6 x σsc / Es
εsm - εcm = 0.0006260
Crack width (W k) = Sr.max x (εsm - εcm)

Wk = 416.6186 x 0.00063
= 0.261 mm
Allowable Crackwidth = 0.300 mm SAFE
As per IRC 112-2011 ; table 12.1
4.5 M-LSM
Live Load Surcharge = 1.2 m ht.

30
W5
1
w2 270000001
H1 Ph1
Ph2
W4 0.42 H
W1
W3
240
Trial section
Data :-
Depth of retaining wall below G.L Df = 1.696 m
Height of retaining wall above G.L H' = 1.004 m
Total Height of retaining wall H = 2.7 m
Angle of Surcharge I = 00
3
Density of soil ( Saturated) γs = 2 t/m
Angle of internal friction φ = 30 0
Coefficient of friction between the soil and
µ = 0.5
concrete
Slope S1 1(H) = 270000001 V
0
Angle of Inclination of wall with vertical α2 = 0.00
0
Angle of Inclination of wall with horizontal α1 = 90.00
0
Angle of wall friction δ = 20
2
Safe bearing capacity of foundation ω = 20 t/m
Trial section :
Provided
Base width = 3/5*h B = 1620 mm 2400 mm
Toe width = B/3 Bt = 800 mm 500 mm
Heel width = 2B/3 Bh = 1600 mm 1600 mm
Stem top width = h/24 b = 113 mm 300 mm
Stem bottom width = h/12 b' = 225 mm 300 mm
Thickness of base slab = h/12 d = 225 mm 400 mm
Thickness of base slab at tip 300 mm
2.7 M-LSM
30
230
30 40
30
240
Section provided
Stability Check
Factor of safety against overturning. =
>2 Hence ok
Factor of safety against sliding =
Resisting Force/ Sliding Force = 1.526
>1.5 Hence ok
Check For Base Pressure

2
Pmax = 7.95 t/m
2
Pmin = 1.84 t/m
Earth Pressure Calculations :
Active earth pressure constant :
Coloumb's theory is used to calculate the active earth pressure. The formula is as below.
Ka = Sin2(α1+φ) cosδ
2
sin α1 sin (α1−δ) 1 + sin(φ+δ)sin(φ−ι)
sin(α1−δ)sin(α1+ι)
Where α1 = Angle made by soil side face with horizontal

φ = Angle of internal friction.
δ = Angle of wall friction.
i = Angle of backfill with horizontal
2.7 M-LSM
2.7 M-LSM

For abutment back slope
α1 = 90.00
o
φ
o
= 30.00
δ
o
= 20.00
o
i = 0.00
and
Kah = 0.2794
Kav = 0.1017
Active Earth pressure calculations :

For stability check
Ordinates of earth pressure
Kah g h Pa
(t/m3) (m) (t/m2)
O1 = 0.279 x 2.00 x 2.70 = 1.509
O2 = 0.279 x 2.00 x 1.20 = 0.671

PH = (γsxH2/2)xkah
kah = 0.279
PH = 2.037 T

= 2.310 t-m

kah = 0.279
PH = 1.810 T

= 2.444 t-m

Pv = 0.7 T
STEM DESIGN :

PH = (γsxH2/2)xkah
2.7 M-LSM
kah = 0.279
2.7 M-LSM
PH = 1.478 T

= 1.428 t-m

kah = 0.279
PH = 1.542 T

= 1.774 t-m

Pv = 0.5 T
Maximum bending moment at the junction of the stem and the base M = Phx0.42 xh
M = 3.20 t-m
Factored moment Mu = 4.27 t-m
Effective depth required "d" = Mu = 42697670.73

fc X b 4 x 1000
d = 103 mm
Depth Provided D = 300.00001 mm HENCE OK
Effective depth provided d = 220.00001 mm
MAIN STEEL
Area of steel required Ast = Mu / (fydxZxd) = 4.27 x 10000000

435 x 0.8176 x 220.00001
2
Ast = 546 mm
(As per IRC 112-2011, Cl 16.5.1.1)
Minimum steel required = 0.13% of gross area = 0.13% x 1000 x 300.00001
2
= 390 mm
Ast min 0.26 x fctm
= bd
2.7 M-LSM

= bd
Fyk
= 0.65 x 1000 x 220.00001

500
2
= 286.000013 mm
2
Area of steel required = 546 mm
2
2
Hence provide spacing at S = 200 mm C/C
2
(As per IRC112-2011,Clause 16.6.1.1 )
2
2
Ref IRC 78-2014 Cl 707.2.8 = 250 mm
2
Hence provide spacing = 200 mm C/C
Compression side bars 10 mm dia 200 mm C/C
Vertical Steel on exposed face is 10 mm dia bar @ 200 c/c
Distribution Steel is 10 mm @ 200 c/c
Factored shear force VED = 5.2 T

Eq No. 10.1
K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

d
Where d is depth in mm
= 1 + 0.9535
K = 1.953
ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 565

b.d 1000 x 220
= 0.003 ≤ 0.020
VRDC = 0.12 x 1.953 x ( 80 x 0.003 x 30 )^0.33
2.7 M-LSM

+ 0.15 x 0 1000 x 220
VRDC = 9.40 T
3/2
γmin = 0.031 Κ x fck1/2
= 0.4636
VRDC = γmin + 0.15 δcp bw d
VRDC = 10.199 T

VRDC > VED
Bending Moment Variation

Bending moment at any depth H'
M = 0.42( H' ) x0.5* γsx( H')2 x Kah + 0.5 H' x H' x 1.2 x kah x γs
= 0.117 ( H' )3 + 0.34 ( H' )2
CURTAILMENT OF REINFORCEMENT:
Sr. Effective Overall depth Effective depth

H' BM
No depth required provided provided
1 2.3 m 4.27 t-m 103.32 mm 300 mm 219 mm
2 1.75 m 2.18 t-m 73.75 mm 300 mm 219 mm
Sr. Bar diameter Area of bar spacing Spacing

Area of steel Ast provided
No provided mm2 required provided
1 546 mm2 12 mm 113.10 mm 200 mm

207 565.487
0 mm 0.00 0 mm
2 278 mm2 12 mm 113.10 290 mm 200 mm 565.487
BASE DESIGN :
Moments @ toe
Stability Calculations
Force L.A Moments
W1 = 1/2 x ( b' - b ) x H1 x γc = 0.000 t 0.80 m 0.00 t-m
2.7 M-LSM
W2 = b x H2 X γc = 1.725 t 0.65 m 1.12 t-m
W3a = B xd x γc = 2.400 t 1.20 m 2.88 t-m
W3b = B xd x γc = 0.063 t 0.33 m 0.02 t-m
W3c = B xd x γc = 0.200 t 1.33 m 0.27 t-m
W3c = B xd x γc = 0.038 t 0.65 m 0.02 t-m
W4 = H x B' x γs = 7.36 t 1.60 m 11.78 t-m
W4a = H x B' x γs = 0.32 t 1.87 m 0.60 t-m
W5 = 1/2 x ( b' - b ) x H x γs = 0.00 t 0.800 m 0.00 t-m
W6 = 1/2 x Bt x H x γs = 1.30 t 0.250 m 0.32 t-m
W7 = Psinδ = 0.7 t 2.400 m 1.78 t-m
Buoyancy 100% = -2.4 t 1.200 m -2.88 t-m

TOTAL 11.74 t 15.91 t-m
Point of application of resultant vertical load from toe X
x = 1.35 m from toe

Resultant of Horizontal Forces on the Wall
Y = 0.42 x H Y = 1.13 m
Point of Application of Resultant Forces on the Base

W(x-xr) = Ph x Y xr = 0.95 m
Eccentricity of the Resultant
e =B/2 - xr e = 0.250 m
B/6 = 0.400 m
Pressure Distribution under the Base
Base pressure = W(1±6e/B)/B

2
Pmax = 7.95 T/m
2
Pmin = 1.84 T/m
0.5 1.6
6.7 5.9 1.84
7.95
2.7 M-LSM
2.7 M-LSM
. F1
HEEL DESIGN :
. F2
2
1.84 t/m
5.91
F3
F4
Forces acting on the heel,
Magnitude Lever
Forces B.M.
tonnes Arm
1 F1 8.64 T 0.80 m 6.91 T-m
2 F2 1.40 T 0.80 m 1.12 T-m
3 F3 2.94 T 0.80 m -2.35 T-m
4 F4 3.26 T 0.53 m -1.74 T-m

Total 3.94 T-m
Net B.M. = 3.94 T-m

Factored B.M = 5.92 T-m
Effective = Mu
depth fc X b
d = 122 mm
MAIN STEEL
Area of steel required Ast = Mu / fyd x Z x d = 5.92 x 10000000
435 x 0.8176 x 319
2
Ast = 521 mm
(As per IRC 112-2011, Cl 16.5.1.1)
2
= 520 mm
2.7 M-LSM

Ast min 0.26 x fctm
= bd
Fyk
= 0.65 x 1000 x 400

500
2
= 520 mm
2
Area of steel required = 521 mm
2
2

2
(As per IRC112-2011,Clause 16.6.1.1 )
2
2
Ref IRC 78-2014 Cl 707.2.8 = 250 mm
2
Hence provide spacing at say = 200 mm C/C
Bottom bar or Compression face bars 12 mm 150 mm C/C
Factored Shear force Vu = 5.8 T

Eq No. 10.1
K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

d
= 1 + 0.7918
K = 1.792
ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 754

b.d 1000 x 319
= 0.002 ≤ 0.020
2.7 M-LSM
VRDC = 0.12 x 1.792 x ( 80 x 0.002 x 30 )^0.33
2.7 M-LSM
+ 0.15 x 0 1000 x 319
VRDC = 12.16 T
3/2
= 0.031 Κ x
1/2
γmin fck
= 0.4072
VRDC min = 12.991 T

VRDC > VED
TOE DESIGN :
. F1
6.68
7.9 . F2
. F3
Forces acting on the toe,
Magnitude Lever
Forces tonnes Arm B.M.
1 F1 0.50 T 0.25 m 0.13 T-m
2 F2 3.34 T 0.25 m -0.83 T-m
3 F3 0.32 T 0.3 m -0.11 T-m

Total -0.82 T-m
Net B.M. = 0.82 T-m

Factored BM = 1.22 T-m
Effective depth required "d" = M = 1.22 x 10000000

fc x b 4 x 1000
d = 55 mm
2.7 M-LSM

Depth Provided D = 400 mm
MAIN STEEL
Area of steel required Ast = M / fyd x Z x d = 1.22 x 1E+07
435 x 0.8176 x 355
2
Ast = 96.90 mm

= 520 mm2
Ast min 0.26 x fctm
= bd
Fyk
= 0.65 x 1000 x 400

500
= 520 mm2
2
2

2
(As per IRC112-2011,Clause 16.6.1.1 )
2
2
Ref IRC 78-2014 Cl 707.2.8 = 250 mm
2
Hence provide spacing at say = 200 mm
Top bar or Compression face bars 12 mm 200 mm C/C
V = 3.2 T
2.7 M-LSM

Vu = 4.7 T
2.7 M-LSM
0.12K (80 ρ fck)

0.33
VRDC = + 0.15 σcp bw d IRC 112-2011
Eq No. 10.1
K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

d
= 1 + 0.7071
K = 1.707
ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 523

b.d 1000 x 400
= 0.001 ≤ 0.020
VRDC = 0.12 x 1.707 x ( 80 x 0.001 x 30 )^0.33
+ 0.15 x 2.88 1000 x 400
VRDC = 29.23 T
3/2
γmin = 0.031 Κ x fck1/2
= 0.3787
VRDC min = 32.429 T

VRDC > VED
STABILITY CHECK
Factor of safety against overturning.
Stabilising Moment = 15.91 t-m
Overturning Moment = 2.310 + 2.44 = 4.754 t-m

>2 Hence ok
Factor of safety against sliding

Resisting Force = 0.50 x 11.74 = 5.87115 t
Sliding Force = 2.037 + 1.81 = 3.847 t
Resisting Force/ Sliding Force
= 5.87115 / 3.847 = 1.5261
2.7 M-LSM

>1.5 Hence ok
2.7 M-LSM
CHECK FOR STRESSES
Bending Moment
1) At Toe = 0.82 T-m
2) At Heel = 3.94 T-m
3) At Steam = 3.20 T-m
To find cracked second moment of area " M.I.cr "
2 3
M.I.cr = As (d - dc) + 1 Eceff. b dc
3 Es
Toe Slab Heel Slab Stem

Med in ton-m 0.816 3.943 3.201
b in mm 1000 1000 1000
d in mm 355 319 220.00001
As in mm2/m 523 754 565
Es in GPa 200 200 200
f 1 1 1
Ec,eff in GPa 31.187 31.187 31.187
dc = Depth of concrete in compression

2
dc = - AsEs+sqrt((AsEs) +2bAsEsEc,eff d) IRC SP: 105-2015
b Eff Pg No 140
σc = M
Ec,eff
dc in mm 45.574 50.905 36.475

M Icracked 55026293 61021372 21559076
Zc = Icrack / dc 1207414 1198729 591065 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
2
σc in N/mm 1.0471 5.0990 8.3948 IRC:112-2011,Pg no 20
Allowable σc
14.4 14.4 14.4
in N/mm2
Zs = I/(d-dc) 177833.26 227611.05 117472.12 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
2
σs in N/mm 45.87 173.25 272.51 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
Allowable σs 400 400 400
2
Status of
SAFE SAFE SAFE
Concrete Stress
Status of Steel
SAFE SAFE SAFE
Stress
2.7 M-LSM
2.7 M-LSM

Crack Width Calculation
Bending Moment
1) At Toe = 0.82 T-m
2) At Heel = 3.94 T-m
3) At Steam = 2.31 T-m
Toe Slab Heel Slab Stem As Per IRC : 112-2011

BM (t-m) 0.82 3.94 2.31
φ (mm) 10.00 12.00 12.00
D (mm) 400.00 400.00 300.00
Top Cover 40 75 40
Bottom Cover 75 75 75
deff (mm) 355.00 319.00 220.00
m 6.45 6.45 6.45
Ast (mm²) 523.33 753.60 565.20
Ac (mm²) 565.20 753.60 392.50
Pt 0.00147 0.00236 0.00257
bt (mm) 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00
Kt 0.50 0.50 0.50 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.7
hc,eff (mm) 112.50 113.79 81.11
X (mm) 47.246 58.63 56.68 IRC:SP 105 Pg no. 141
Qud. Equation 88031.12 306276.19 927805.70
Ac,eff (mm²) 112500.00 113791.31 81107.38 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.7
K1 0.80 0.80 0.80 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.9
K2 0.50 0.50 0.50 IRC:112-2011,Eq no 12.9
Icr (mm4) 354936021 396779130 157956194
Stress @
compression
1.09 5.83 8.29
Face (σcc -
N/mm2)
Stress in tension
R/F 45.63 166.95 154.07
(σsc - N/mm2)
P p.eff 0.00 0.01 0.01
Sr.max (mm) 501.45 563.03 547.74 IRC:112 Pg no. 127
εsm - εcm -0.001156 -0.000149 -0.000167 IRC:112 Pg no. 125
0.6xσsc / Es 0.000137 0.000501 0.000462
εsm - εcm 0.00014 0.00050 0.00046
Crack width
(Wk) (mm) 0.0686 0.2820 0.2532
Allowable
Crackwidth, 0.30 0.30 0.30
mm
2.7 M-LSM

As per IRC 112-
2011 ; table SAFE SAFE SAFE
12.1
2.7 M-LSM
Sample Calculations for Crack width IRC:112-2011

Crack width Wk = Sr.max ( ɛsm - ɛcm ) Clause12.3.4
Where, Sr.max = maximum crack spacing

ɛsm = mean strain in reinforcement under loading
ɛcm = mean strain in concrete between crack
Design Bending Moment M = 2.31 T-m

Dia of bar φ = 12.00 mm
Effective depth deff = 220.00 mm
2
Area of Tension reinforcement provided Ast = 565 mm
2
Area of Compression Reinforcement Ac = 392.5 mm
Ratio of reinforcement provided Pt = As/b d1 = 0.003
Width of Section at Tensile steel level bt = 1000 mm
Factor dependant on duration of load Kt = 0.5
Depth of concrete in tension hc,eff = 81.1 mm
I) Step I:- To Calculate Depth of Neutral Axis
Depth of N.A. X = 56.7 mm

2
Effective area of concrete in tension Ac,eff = 81107 mm
Coefficient for bond properties K1 = 0.8
Coefficient for distribution of strain K2 = 0.5
4
Moment of inertia of cracked section Icr = 1.6E+08 mm
((b X^3)/3) + (α As (d1 - X)^2)
II) Step II:- To Determine maximum crack spacing:-

Stress @ compression Face = Mser x X
assuming cracked section (σcc) Icr
= 8.287402 N/mm2
Stress in tension reinforcement = α x σcc x (d1-X)

assuming cracked section (σsc) X
2
= 154.070 N/mm
Sr.max = 3.4 x c + 0.425 x k1 x k2 x φ

P p.eff
= 547.7443
III) Step III:- To Determine strains in steel & concrete

εsm - εcm = σsc - kt x (fct,eff/Pp,eff) x (1 + αePp,eff)
Es
= -0.00016686
0.6xσsc = 0.0004622
2.7 M-LSM

Es
εsm - εcm < 0.6 x σsc / Es
εsm - εcm = 0.0004622
Crack width (W k) = Sr.max x (εsm - εcm)

Wk = 547.7443 x 0.000462
= 0.253 mm
Allowable Crackwidth = 0.300 mm SAFE
As per IRC 112-2011 ; table 12.1
2.7 M-LSM

Retaining Wall For Various Ht. - LSM PDF

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ACME STRUCTURAL CONSULTANT

ATHARVA FERYEZ PLAZA, OFFICE NO 406, OPP. SHANKAR

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

DESIGN NOTE NO.: ASC/2018/BR-07/DN - 40 DATE : 9-Nov-19

REV. NO DESCRIPTION DATE

RAJDEEP BUILDCON PVT LTD

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

1) Dead Load ( Self weight of structure)

Codes referred for design purpose are as follows :-

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

DESIGN DATA SHEET

1.0 Material Data

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES (As per IRC 112:2011)

Under Service Condition

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

Live Load Surcharge = 1.2 m ht.

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

Check For Base Pressure

Earth Pressure Calculations :

Active earth pressure constant :

Where α1 = Angle made by soil side face with horizontal

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

Active Earth pressure calculations :

Earth pressure due to backfill PH1

Horizontal pressure PH is acting at a height 0.42 H above the base.

Earth pressure due to backfill PH2 ( Live Load Surcharge)

Horizontal pressure PH is acting at a height 0.5 H above the base.

Load along the stem Pv = (γsxH2/2)xkav

Earth pressure due to backfill PH1

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

Horizontal pressure PH is acting at a height 0.42 H above the base.

Earth pressure due to backfill PH2 ( Live Load Surcharge)

Horizontal pressure PH is acting at a height 0.5 H above the base.

Load along the stem Pv = (γsxH2/2)xkav

Effective depth required "d" = Mu = 151602833.7

Area of steel required Ast = Mu / (fydxZxd) = 15.16 x 10000000

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

= 0.65 x 1000 x 367

VRDC = 0.12K (80 ρ fck)0.33 + 0.15 σcp bw d IRC 112-2011

K = 1 + 200 < 2 IRC 112-2011 Cl 10.3.2, Eq. 10.2

ρ1 = Asw ≤ 0.02 ρ1 = 1570

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

VRDC = 0.12 x 1.738 x ( 80 x 0.004 x 30 )^0.33

+ 0.15 x 0 1000 x 367

VRDC = γmin + 0.15 δcp bw d

16.509 > 12.7 Shear reinforcement not reqiured

Bending Moment Variation

Sr. Effective depth Overall depth Effective depth

1 4 m 18.53 t-m 215.23 mm 450 mm 369 mm

2 2.60 m 6.08 t-m 123.34 mm 387 mm 306 mm

Sr. Bar diameter Area of bar spacing Spacing

1 1420 mm2 12 mm 113.10 mm 200 mm

DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL OF VARIOUS HEIGHT

W1 = 1/2 x ( b' - b ) x H1 x γc = 0.750 t 1.05 m 0.79 t-m

W2 = b x H2 X γc = 3.000 t 0.85 m 2.55 t-m

W3a = B xd x γc = 4.063 t 1.63 m 6.60 t-m

W3b = B xd x γc = 0.175 t 0.47 m 0.08 t-m

W3c = B xd x γc = 0.525 t 1.85 m 0.97 t-m

W3c = B xd x γc = 0.113 t 0.93 m 0.10 t-m

W4 = H x B' x γs = 16.8 t 2.20 m 36.96 t-m

W4a = H x B' x γs = 0.84 t 2.55 m 2.14 t-m