Heat Transfer

Module 7

Heat Exchanger

Course Instructor
G.Nataraj
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore

MEE 2005
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Temperature variation in a heat exchanger

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HEAT EXCHANGERS
Applications
• Automobiles (Radiators, Air preheater, Exhaust gas heat removal)
• Gas turbines
• Cooling towers
• Industrial Furnaces (Economizers)

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LMTD Method

ME 308 / HMT/ FINS 9

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LMTD Formulae
1) Rate of heat transfer, Q = U A (ΔT)lm
where
U – Overall heat transfer co-efficient, W/m2K
A – Area, m2
(∆T)lm – Logarithmic mean temperature difference.

For a parallel flow:

[(T1  t1 )  (T2  t 2 )]
(T ) lm 
 (T  t ) 
ln  1 1 
 (T2  t 2 ) 
For a Counter flow:
where
[(T  t )  (T2  t1 )]
(T ) lm  1 2 T1 – Entry temperature of hot fluid
 (T1  t 2 )  T2 – Exit temperature of hot fluid
ln  
(T 
 2 1  t ) t1 – Entry temperature of cold fluid
t2 – Exit temperature of cold fluid
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LMTD Formulae
2) Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid

Qh = Qc

Q = mhCph(T1 – T2) = mcCpc(t2 – t1)

Where
mh – Mass flow rate of hot fluid
mc – Mass flow rate of cold fluid
Cph – Specific heat of hot fluid
Cpc – Specific heat of cold fluid

3) Surface area of cylindrical tube 4) In case of evaporators / Condensers

A = π Di L Q = m x hfg

Where Where
Di – Inner diameter hfg – Latent heat (J/kg K)

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DATA BOOK:

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PROBLEMS

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1. In a double pipe heat exchanger, hot fluid with a specific heat of 2300
J/kg-K enters at 380 oC and leaves at 300 oC. Cold fluid enters at 25oC and
leaves at 210 oC. Calculate the heat exchanger area required for
(i) Counter flow
(ii) Parallel flow.
Take overall heat transfer coefficient as 750 W/m2 K and mass flow rate of
hot fluid is 1 kg/s.

2. In a counter flow single pass heat exchanger is used to cool the engine
oil from 150o C to 55o C with water, available at 23o C as the cooling
medium. The specific heat of oil is 2125 J/kg K. The flow rate of cooling
water through the inner tube of 0.4 m diameter is 2.2 kg/s. The flow rate of
oil through the outer tube of 0.75 m diameter is 2.4 kg/s. If the value of the
overall heat transfer co-efficient is 240 W/m2K, how long must the heat
exchanger be to meet its cooling requirement?

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 LMTD Problems
1. In a double pipe heat exchanger, hot fluid with a specific heat of 2300
J/kg-K enters at 380 oC and leaves at 300 oC. Cold fluid enters at 25oC and
leaves at 210 oC. Calculate the heat exchanger area required for
(i) Counter flow
(ii) Parallel flow.
Take overall heat transfer coefficient as 750 W/m2 K and mass flow rate of
hot fluid is 1 kg/s.
Given:
Hot fluid Cold fluid
(T1, T2) (t1,t2)
Mass flow rate of hot fluid), mh = 1 kg/sec

Entry temperature of cold fluid, t1 = 25o C

Exit temperature of cold fluid, t2 = 210o C

Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), Cph = 2300 J/kg K

Entry temperature of hot fluid, T1 = 380o C
Exit temperature of hot fluid, T2 = 300o C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 750 W/m2K
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LMTD Problems
To find: Heat exchanger area (A) for (i) Counter flow (ii) Parallel flow

Solution:
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mcCpc(t2 – t1) = mh Cph(T1 – T2)
=> Q = mhCph(T1 – T2)
[since Specific heat & flow rate of hot fluid is known]
Q = 184 x 103 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = UA (∆T) lm  (1)
[From HMT book, Pg no: 151]
where (∆T) lm - Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)

(i) For counter flow

(∆T) lm = [(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)] / ln ((T1 – t2) / (T2 – t1))

= 218.3o C
Substitute (∆T) lm, Q and U values in Equation (1),
(1)  Q = UA (∆T) lm
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A = Q/U (∆T)lm = 1.12 m2
LMTD Problems
(ii) For parallel flow

(∆T) lm = [(T1 – t1) – (T2 – t2)] / ln ((T1 – t1) / (T2 – t2))

= 191.3o C

Substitute (∆T) lm, Q and U values in Equation (1),

(1)  Q = UA (∆T) lm
A = Q/U (∆T) lm = 1.27 m2

Area required for Counter flow = 1.12 m2

Area required for Parallel flow = 1.28 m2

Inference:
Counter flow heat exchanger is more effective compared to parallel flow heat
exchanger

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 LMTD Problems
2. Water flows at the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pipe, counter flow
heat exchanger. Water is heated from 50o C to 75o C by an oil flowing
through the tube. The specific heat of the oil is 1.780 kJ/kg K. The oil
enters at 115o C and leaves at 70o C. The overall heat transfer co-efficient
is 340 W/m2K. Calculate the following
1. Heat exchanger area
2. Rate of heat transfer
Given:
Hot fluid – oil, Cold fluid – Water
(T1, T2) (t1,t2)
Mass flow rate of water (cold fluid), mc = 65 kg/min = 65/60 kg/s =1.08 kg/s

Entry temperature of water, t1 = 50o C

Exit temperature of water, t2 = 75o C
Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), Cph = 1.780 kJ/kg K = 1.780 x 103 J/kg K

Entry temperature of oil, T1 = 115o C

Exit temperature of oil, T2 = 70o C
Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 340 W/m2K
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LMTD Problems
To find: 1. Heat exchanger area, (A)
2. Heat transfer rate, (Q)
Solution:
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = mcCpc(t2 – t1) = mh Cph(T1 – T2)
=> Q = mcCpc(t2 – t1)
[since Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4186 J/kg K]
Q = 113 x 103 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = UA (∆T) lm  (1)
[From HMT book, Pg no: 151]
where (∆T) lm - Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)

For counter flow,

(∆T) lm = [(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)] / ln ((T1 – t2) / (T2 – t1))
= 28.8o C
Substitute (∆T) lm, Q and U values in Equation (1),
(1)  Q = UA (∆T) lm
A = Q/U (∆T) lm = 11.54 m2 35
 LMTD Problems
3. In a counter flow single pass heat exchanger is used to cool the engine
oil from 150o C to 55o C with water, available at 23o C as the cooling
medium. The specific heat of oil is 2125 J/kg K. The flow rate of cooling
water through the inner tube of 0.4 m diameter is 2.2 kg/s. The flow rate of
oil through the outer tube of 0.75 m diameter is 2.4 kg/s. If the value of the
overall heat transfer co-efficient is 240 W/m2K, how long must the heat
exchanger be to meet its cooling requirement?
Given:
Hot fluid – oil, Cold fluid – Water
(T1, T2) (t1,t2)

Entry temperature of water, t1 = 23o C

Specific heat of oil (Hot fluid), Cph = 2125 J/kg K
Entry temperature of oil, T1 = 150o C
Exit temperature of oil, T2 = 55o C
Inner diameter, Di = 0.4 m Outer diameter, Do = 0.75 m
Flow rate of water, mc = 2.2 kg/s Flow rate of oil, mh = 2.4 kg/s

Overall heat transfer co-efficient, U = 240 W/m2K

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LMTD Problems
To find: Length of the heat exchanger, L
Solution:
We know that,
Heat lost by oil (Hot fluid) = Heat gained by water (cold fluid)
Qh = Qc
=> mh Cph(T1 – T2) = mcCpc(t2 – t1)
=> 2.4 x 2125 (150 - 55) = 2.2 x 4186 (t2 - 23)
[since Specific heat of water, Cpc = 4186 J/kg K]
=> t2 = 75.6o C
Exit temperature of water, t2 = 75.6o C

Heat transfer, Q = mcCpc(t2 – t1) = mh Cph(T1 – T2)

=> Q = mcCpc(t2 – t1)
Q = 484.4 x 103 W
We know that,
Heat transfer, Q = UA (∆T) lm  (1)
where (∆T) lm - Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD)

For counter flow,

(∆T) lm = [(T1 – t2) – (T2 – t1)] / ln ((T1 – t2) / (T2 – t1)) = 50.2o C 37
LMTD Problems
Substitute (∆T) lm, Q and U values in Equation (1),
(1)  Q = UA (∆T) lm
A = Q/ U(∆T) lm = 40.20 m2

We know that,
Area, A = π x Di x L
L = A / (π x Di ) = 31.9 m

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