Atomic Structure Study Material Assignment PDF

Chapter
Erwin Schrödinger
CONTENTS
2.1 Composition of atom
2.2 Atomic number, Mass number and Atomic species
2.3 Electromagnetic radiation’s
2.4 Atomic spectrum- Hydrogen spectrum
2.5 Thomson's model
2.6 Rutherford's nuclear model
2.7 Planck's Quantum theory and Photoelectric effect
2.8 Bohr’s atomic model
2.9 Bohr – Sommerfeld’s model
2.10 Dual nature of electron
2.11 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
2.12 Schrödinger wave equation

Science has produced a microscopic
structure of the atom, but it’s structure is so
detailed and so subtle of something which is
2.13 Quantum numbers and Shapes of orbitals
far removed from our immediate experience
that it is difficult to see how many of its
2.14 Electronic configuration principles
features were constructed. Yet among all the
experiments used to form the theory of atomic
2.15 Electronic configurations of elements
structure, there stand a few which have been
most in-fluential in shaping its major features.
Assignment (Basic and Advance Level)
Answer Sheet of Assignment
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John Dalton 1808, believed that matter is made up of extremely minute indivisible particles, called
atom which can takes part in chemical reactions. These can neither be created nor be destroyed. However,
modern researches have conclusively proved that atom is no longer an indivisible particle. Modern structure of
atom is based on Rutherford’s scattering experiment on atoms and on the concepts of quantization of energy.
2.1 Composition of atom.
The works of J.J. Thomson and Ernst Rutherford actually laid the foundation of the modern picture of the
atom. It is now believed that the atom consists of several sub-atomic particles like electron, proton, neutron,
positron, neutrino, meson etc. Out of these particles, the electron, proton and the neutron are called
fundamental subatomic particles and others are non-fundamental particles.
Electron (–1eo)
(1) It was discovered by J.J. Thomson (1897) and is negatively charged particle. Electron is a
component particle of cathode rays.
(2) Cathode rays were discovered by William Crooke's & J.J. Thomson (1880) using a cylindrical
hard glass tube fitted with two metallic electrodes. The tube has a side tube with a stop cock. This tube was
known as discharge tube. They passed electricity (10,000V) through a discharge tube at very low pressure
( 10 −2 to 10 −3 mm Hg ) . Blue rays were emerged from the cathode. These rays were termed as Cathode rays.
Cathode rays Gas at low
pressure TC Vaccum pump
Cathode Anode
High voltage
– +
Discharge tube experiment for production of cathode

rays
(3) Properties of Cathode rays
(i) Cathode rays travel in straight line.
(ii) Cathode rays produce mechanical effect, as they can rotate the wheel placed in their path.
(iii)Cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles known as electron.
(iv) Cathode rays travel with high speed approaching that of light (ranging between 10 −9 to 10 −11
cm/sec)
(v) Cathode rays can cause fluorescence.
(vi) Cathode rays heat the object on which they fall due to transfer of kinetic energy to the object.
(vii) When cathode rays fall on solids such as Cu, X − rays are produced.
(viii) Cathode rays possess ionizing power i.e., they ionize the gas through which they pass.
(ix) The cathode rays produce scintillation the photographic plates.
(x) They can penetrate through thin metallic sheets.
(xi) The nature of these rays does not depend upon the nature of gas or the cathode material used in
discharge tube.
(xii) The e/m (charge to mass ratio) for cathode rays was found to be the same as that for an e −
(−1 . 76 × 10 8 coloumb per gm). Thus, the cathode rays are a stream of electrons.
Note :q When the gas pressure in the discharge tube is 1 atmosphere no electric current flows
through the tube. This is because the gases are poor conductor of electricity.
qThe television picture tube is a cathode ray tube in which a picture is produced due to fluorescence
on the television screen coated with suitable material. Similarly, fluorescent light tubes are also
cathode rays tubes coated inside with suitable materials which produce visible light on being hit
with cathode rays.
(4) R.S. Mullikan measured the charge on an electron by oil drop experiment. The charge on each
electron is − 1 . 602 × 10 −19 C.
(5) Name of electron was suggested by J.S. Stoney. The specific charge (e/m) on electron was first
determined by J.J. Thomson.
(6) Rest mass of electron is 9 . 1 × 10 −28 gm = 0 . 000549 amu = 1 / 1837 of the mass of hydrogen atom.
Rest mass of electron(m )
(7) According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, mass of electron in motion is, m ′ =
[1 − (u / c) 2 ]
Where u = velocity of electron, c= velocity of light.
When u=c than mass of moving electron =∞.
(8) Molar mass of electron = Mass of electron × Avogadro number = 5 . 483 × 10 −4 .
(9) 1.1 × 10 27 electrons =1gram.
(10) 1 mole electron = 0 . 5483 mili gram.
(11) Energy of free electron is ≈ 0. The minus sign on the electron in an orbit, represents attraction
between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electron.
(12) Electron is universal component of matter and takes part in chemical combinations.
(13) The physical and chemical properties of an element depend upon the distribution of electrons in outer
shells.
(14) The radius of electron is 4 .28 × 10 −12 cm .
(15) The density of the electron is = 2 . 17 × 10 −17 g / mL .
•
+ Examples based on Einstein’s theory of
relativity
Example : 1 The momentum of electron moving with 1/3rd velocity of light is (in g cm sec–1)
(a) 9 . 69 × 10 −8 (b) 8 . 01 × 10 10 (c) 9 . 652 × 10 −18 (d) None
Solution: (c) Momentum of electron, ‘p’ = m ′ × u
m
Where m ′ is mass of electron in motion = ; Also u = c / 3
1 − (u / c )2
9. 108 × 10 −28 3 × 10 10 9 .108 × 10 −28 × 3 × 10 10

∴ Momentum = × = = 9 .652 × 10 −18 g cm sec −1
2 3 0 . 94 × 3
 c 
1− 
3×c
Example: 2 An electron has a total energy of 2 MeV. Calculate the effective mass of the electron in kg and its speed.
Assume rest mass of electron 0.511 MeV.
(a) 2 . 9 × 10 (b) 8 . 01 × 10 (c) 9 . 652 × 10

8 8 8
(d) None
2
Solution: (a) Mass of electron in motion = amu (1 amu = 931 MeV)
931
2
= × 1 . 66 × 10 − 27 kg = 3 .56 × 10 −30 kg (1 amu = 1. 66 × 10 −27 kg )
931
Let the speed of the electron be u.
0 . 511
× 1. 66 × 10 − 27
m − 30 931 0 .911 × 10 − 30
m′ = or 3 .56 × 10 = =
1 − (u / c )
2 2 2
 u   u 
1−  1 −  
 3 × 10 8   3 × 10 8 
2
 u 
or 1 −   = 0 .06548 or u 2 = 9 × 10 16 × 0 .93452 or u = 2 .9 × 10 8 m
 3 × 10 8 
Example: 3 A electron of rest mass 1. 67 × 10 −27 kg is moving with a velocity of 0.9c (c = velocity of light). Find its
mass and momentum.
−19 −18
(a) 10 . 34 × 10 (b) 8 . 01 × 10 (c) 9 . 652 × 10
10
(d) None
Solution: (a) Mass of a moving object can be calculated using Einsten’s theory of relativity :
m
m′ = m = rest mass (given), u = velocity (given), c = velocity of light
1 − (u / c )
2
1. 67 × 10 −27
m′ = = 3 .83 × 10 − 27 kg
2
 0. 9 c 
1− 
 c 
Momentum ' p ' = m ′ × u
p = 3 . 83 × 10 −27 × 0 .9 c = 10 .34 × 10 −19 kg ms −1
Proton (1H1, H+, P)

(1) Proton was discovered by Goldstein and is positively charged particle. It is a component particle of
anode rays.
(2) Goldstein (1886) used perforated cathode in the discharge tube and repeated Thomson's
experiment and observed the formation of anode rays. These rays also termed as positive or canal rays.
Cathode rays
Anode rays
TC Vaccum pump
Perforated High voltage

cathode – +
Perforated tube experiment for production of anode

rays
(3) Properties of anode rays
(i) Anode rays travel in straight line.
(ii) Anode rays are material particles.
(iii) Anode rays are positively charged.
(iv) Anode rays may get deflected by external magnetic field.
(v) Anode rays also affect the photographic plate.
(vi) The e/m ratio of these rays is smaller than that of electrons.
(vii) Unlike cathode rays, their e/m value is dependent upon the nature of the gas taken in the tube. It is
maximum when gas present in the tube is hydrogen.
(viii) These rays produce flashes of light on ZnS screen.
(4) Charge on proton = 1 . 602 × 10 −19 coulombs = 4 .80 × 10 −10 e .s. u.
(5) Mass of proton = Mass of hydrogen atom= 1 . 00728 amu = 1 . 673 × 10 −24 gram = 1837 of the mass of
electron.
(6) Molar mass of proton = mass of proton × Avogadro number = 1 . 008 (approx).
(7) Proton is ionized hydrogen atom (H + ) i.e., hydrogen atom minus electron is proton.
(8) Proton is present in the nucleus of the atom and it's number is equal to the number of electron.
(9) Mass of 1 mole of protons is ≈ 1.007 gram.
(10) Charge on 1 mole of protons is ≈ 96500 coulombs.
4 3
(11) The volume of a proton (volume = πr ) is ≈ 1.5 × 10 −38 cm 3 .
3
(12) Specific charge of a proton is 9 . 58 × 10 4 Coulomb/gram.
Neutron (on1, N)
(1) Neutron was discovered by James Chadwick (1932) according to the following nuclear reaction,
4 Be 9 + 2 He 4 → 6 C 12 + o n 1 or 5 B 11 + 2 He 4 → 7 N 14 + o n 1
(2) The reason for the late discovery of neutron was its neutral nature.
(3) Neutron is slightly heavier (0.18%) than proton.
(4) Mass of neutron = 1 . 675 × 10 −24 gram = 1 . 675 × 10 −27 kg = 1 . 00899 amu ≈ mass of hydrogen atom.
(5) Specific charge of a neutron is zero.
(6) Density = 1 . 5 × 10 −14 gram / c.c.
(7) 1 mole of neutrons is ≈ 1.008 gram.
(8) Neutron is heaviest among all the fundamental particles present in an atom.
(9) Neutron is an unstable particle. It decays as follows :
0n
1
→ 1 H 1 + −1 e +
0
0ν
0
neutron proton electron anti nutrino
(10) Neutron is fundamental particle of all the atomic nucleus, except hydrogen or protium.
Comparison of mass, charge and specific charge of electron, proton and neutron
Name of constant Unit Electron(e–) Proton(p+) Neutron(n)
amu 0.000546 1.00728 1.00899
Mass (m) kg 9.109 × 10–31 1.673 × 10–27 1.675 × 10–24
Relative 1/1837 1 1
Coulomb (C) – 1.602 × 10–19 +1.602 × 10–19 Zero

Charge(e) esu – 4.8 × 10–10 +4.8 × 10–10 Zero
Relative –1 +1 Zero
Specific charge (e/m) C/g 1.76 × 108 9.58 × 104 Zero
• The atomic mass unit (amu) is 1/12 of the mass of an individual atom of 6 C 12 , i.e. 1 . 660 × 10 −27 kg .
Other non fundamental particles
Particle Symbol Nature Charge Mass Discovered by
esu (amu)
×10–10
Positron e + , 1e 0 , β + + + 4.8029 0.000548 Anderson (1932)
6
Neutrino ν 0 0 < Pauli (1933) and Fermi (1934)
0.00002
Anti-proton p− – – 4.8029 1.00787 Chamberlain Sugri (1956) and
Weighland (1955)
Positive mu meson µ+ + + 4.8029 0.1152 Yukawa (1935)
Negative mu meson µ− – – 4.8029 0.1152 Anderson (1937)
Positive pi meson π+ + + 4.8029 0.1514

Negative pi meson π− – – 4.8029 0.1514 Powell (1947)
Neutral pi meson π0 0 0 0.1454
2.2 Atomic number, Mass number and Atomic species.

(1) Atomic number or Nuclear charge
(i) The number of protons present in the nucleus of the atom is called atomic number (Z).
(ii) It was determined by Moseley as,
ν = a( Z − b) or aZ − ab
where, ν = X − rays frequency
ν s −1
Z= atomic number of the metal
a & b are constant. Z
(iii) Atomic number = Number of positive charge on nucleus = Number of protons in nucleus =
Number of electrons in nutral atom.
(iv) Two different elements can never have identical atomic number.
(2) Mass number
(i) The sum of proton and neutrons present in the nucleus is called mass number.
Mass number (A) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons or Atomic number (Z)
or Number of neutrons = A – Z .
(ii) Since mass of a proton or a neutron is not a whole number (on atomic weight scale), weight is not
necessarily a whole number.
(iii) The atom of an element X having mass number (A) and atomic number (Z) may be represented
by a symbol, Element Mass number
A
Atomic number
Z
X
e.g. 9 F 19 , 8 O 16 , 7 N 14 etc.
Note :q A part of an atom up to penultimate shell is a kernel or atomic core.
q Negative ion is formed by gaining electrons and positive ion by the loss of electrons.
q Number of lost or gained electrons in positive or negative ion =Number of protons ± charge on
ion.
(3) Different Types of Atomic Species
Atomic species Similarities Differences Examples
(i) Atomic No. (Z) (i) Mass No. (A) (i) 11 H , 12 H , 13 H
(ii) No. of protons (ii) No. of neutrons 16
(ii) 8 O, 17 18
8 O, 8 O
(iii) No. of electrons (iii) Physical properties
35 37
Isotopes (iv) Electronic (iii) 17 Cl , 17 Cl
(Soddy) configuration
(v) Chemical properties
(vi) Position in the periodic
table
(i) Mass No. (A) (i) Atomic No. (Z) (i) 40 40
Ar, 19 K , 40
18 20 Ca
(ii) No. of nucleons (ii) No. of protons, electrons 130
(ii) 52 Te , 130 130
54 Xe , 56 Ba
and neutrons
Isobars (iii)Electronic configuration
(iv) Chemical properties
(v) Position in the perodic
table.
No. of neutrons (i) Atomic No. (i) 30
14 Si , 1531 P, 1632 S
(ii) Mass No., protons and 39
(ii) 19 K , 40
20 Ca
electrons.
3 4
(iii) Electronic (iii) 1 H , 2 He
Isotones configuration 13
(iv) 6 C , 14
7 N
(iv) Physical and chemical
properties
(v) Position in the periodic
table.
Isotopic No. (i) At No., mass No., (i) U 235 , Th 231
92 90
(N – Z) or (A – 2Z) electrons, protons,
Isodiaphers neutrons. (ii) 19 K 39 , 9 F 19
(ii) Physical and chemical (iii) 29 Cu 65 , 24 Cr 55
properties.
(i) No. of electrons At. No., mass No. (i) N 2 O, CO 2 , CNO − (22 e − )
(ii) Electronic
(ii) CO , CN − , N 2 (14 e − )
Isoelectronic configuration
species (iii) H − , He , Li + , Be 2 + (2 e − )
(iv)
P 3 − , S 2 − , Cl − , Ar , K + and Ca 2 + (18 e − )
(i) No. of atoms (i) N 2 and CO

(ii) No. of electrons (ii) CO 2 and N 2 O
(iii) Same physical and
Isosters (iii) HCl and F2
chemical properties.
(iv) CaO and MgS
(v) C 6 H 6 and B 3 N 3 H 6
Note : q In all the elements, tin has maximum number of stable isotopes (ten).
q Average atomic weight/ The average isotopic weight
% of 1st isotope × relative mass of 1st isotope + % of 2nd isotope × relative mass of 2nd isotope
=
100
Examples based on Moseley equation
Example : 4 The characteristics X- ray wavelength for the lines of the k α series in elements X and Y are 9.87Å and
2.29Å respectively. If Moseley’s equation ν = 4 .9 × 10 7 (Z − 0. 75 ) is followed, the atomic numbers of X and
Y are
(a) 12, 24 (b) 10, 12 (c) 6, 12 (d) 8, 10
c
Solution : (a) ν =
λ
3 × 10 8
νx = = 5 .5132 × 10 8
9 . 87 × 10 −10
3 × 10 8
νy = = 11 . 4457 × 10 8
2. 29 × 10 −10
using Moseley’s equation we get
∴ 5 . 5132 × 10 8 = 4 . 9 × 10 7 (Z x − 0 . 75 ) …..(i)
and 11 . 4457 × 10 8 = 4 .90 × 10 7 (Z y − 0 . 75 ) ….. (ii)

On solving equation (i) and (ii) Z x = 12, Z y = 24 .
Example : 5 If the straight line is at an angle 45° with intercept, 1 on ν − axis, calculate frequency ν when atomic
number Z is 50.
−1 −1 −1
(a) 2000 s (b) 2010 s (c) 2401 s (d) None
Solution : (c) ν = tan 45 ° = 1 = a
ab=1 a= tan θ
−1 ab=intercept
∴ ν = 50 − 1 = 49 νs
θ
−1
ν = 2401 s . Z
Example : 6 What is atomic number Z when ν = 2500 s −1 ?
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 51 (d) 53
Solution : (c) ν = 2500 = Z − 1, Z = 51 .
A
ZX Examples based on Atomic number, Mass number and Atomic
species
Example : 7 Atomic weight of Ne is 20.2. Ne is a mixutre of Ne 20 and Ne 22 . Relative abundance of heavier isotope
is
(a) 90 (b) 20 (c) 40 (d) 10
Solution:(d) Average atomic weight/ The average isotopic weight

=
100
a × 20 + (100 − a) × 22
∴ 20 .2 = ; ∴ a = 90 ; per cent of heavier isotope = 100 − 90 = 10
100
Example : 8 The relative abundance of two isotopes of atomic weight 85 and 87 is 75% and 25% respectively. The
average atomic weight of element is
(a) 75.5 (b) 85.5 (c) 87.5 (d) 86.0
Solution:(b) Average atomic weight/ The average isotopic weight
=
100
85 × 75 + 87 × 25
= = 85 . 5
100
Example : 9 Nitrogen atom has an atomic number of 7 and oxygen has an atomic number of 8. The total number of
electrons in a nitrate ion is
(a) 30 (b) 35 (c) 32 (d) None
Solution : (c) Number of electrons in an element = Its atomic number
So number of electrons in N=7 and number of electrons in O=8.
Formula of nitrate ion is NO 3−
So, in it number of electrons
= 1 × number of electrons of nitrogen +3 × number of electrons of oxygen +1 (due to negative charge)
= 1 × 7 + 3 × 8 + 1 = 32
Example :10 An atom of an element contains 11 electrons. Its nucleus has 13 neutrons. Find out the atomic
number and approximate atomic weight.
(a) 11, 25 (b) 12, 34 (c) 10, 25 (d) 11, 24
Solution : (d) Number of electrons =11
∴ Number of protons = Number of electron =11
Number of neutrons = 13
Atomic number of element = Number of proton = Number of electrons =11
Further, Atomic weight = Number of protons + Number of neutrons =11 + 13=24
31 40 108
Example : 11 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in (a) 15 P (b) 18 Ar (c) 47 Ag ?
Solution : The atomic number subscript gives the number of positive nuclear charges or protons. The neutral atom
contains an equal number of negative electrons. The remainder of the mass is supplied by neutrons.
Atom Protons Electrons Neutrons
31
P 15 15 31 – 15=16
15
40
Ar 18 18 40 – 18=22
18
108
Ag 47 47 108 – 47=61
47
Example :12 State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in C 12 and C 14 .
Solution : The atomic number of C 12 is 6. So in it number of electrons = 6

Number of protons =6; Number of neutrons =12 – 6=6
The atomic number of C 14 is 6. So in it number of electrons = 6

Number of protons = 6; Number of neutrons =14 – 6=8
Example :13 Predict the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the two isotopes of magnesium with
atomic number 12 and atomic weights 24 and 26.
Solution : Isotope of the atomic weight 24, i.e. 12 Mg 24 . We know that
Number of protons = Number of electrons =12

Further, Number of neutrons = Atomic weight – Atomic number =24 – 12 =12
Similarly, In isotope of the atomic weight 26, i.e. 12 Mg 26
Number of protons = Number of electrons =12

Number of neutrons = 26 – 12 = 14
2.3 Electromagnetic Radiations.
(1) Light and other forms of radiant energy propagate without any medium in the space in the form of
waves are known as electromagnetic radiations. These waves can be produced by a charged body moving in a
magnetic field or a magnet in a electric field. e.g. α − rays, γ − rays, cosmic rays, ordinary light rays etc.
(2) Characteristics : (i) All electromagnetic radiations travel with the velocity of light. (ii) These consist
of electric and magnetic fields components that oscillate in directions perpendicular to each other and
perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is travelling.
(3) A wave is always characterized by the following five characteristics:
(i) Wavelength : The distance between two
Crest
nearest crests or nearest troughs is called Wavelength
the wavelength. It is denoted by Vibrating

source
λ (lambda) and is measured is terms of
Energy
centimeter(cm), angstrom(Å), micron( µ )
or nanometre (nm).
1 Å = 10 −8 cm = 10 −10 m Trough
1µ = 10 −4 cm = 10 −6 m
1nm = 10 −7 cm = 10 −9 m
1cm = 10 8 Å = 10 4 µ = 10 7 nm
(ii) Frequency : It is defined as the number of waves which pass through a point in one second. It is
denoted by the symbol ν (nu) and is expressed in terms of cycles (or waves) per second (cps) or hertz
(Hz).
λν = distance travelled in one second = velocity =c
c
ν=
λ
(iii) Velocity : It is defined as the distance covered in one second by the wave. It is denoted by the
letter ‘c’. All electromagnetic waves travel with the same velocity, i.e., 3 × 10 10 cm / sec .
c = λν = 3 × 10 10 cm / sec
Thus, a wave of higher frequency has a shorter wavelength while a wave of lower frequency has a
longer wavelength.
(iv) Wave number : This is the reciprocal of wavelength, i.e., the number of wavelengths per
centimetre. It is denoted by the symbol ν (nu bar). It is expressed in cm −1 or m −1 .
1
ν =
λ
(v) Amplitude : It is defined as the height of the crest or depth of the trough of a wave. It is denoted by
the letter ‘A’. It determines the intensity of the radiation.
The arrangement of various types of electromagnetic radiations in the order of their increasing or
decreasing wavelengths or frequencies is known as electromagnetic spectrum.
Name Wavelength (Å) Frequency (Hz) Source
Radio wave 3 × 10 14 − 3 × 10 7 1 × 10 5 − 1 × 10 9 Alternating current of high
frequency
Microwave 3 × 10 7 − 6 × 10 6 1 × 10 9 − 5 × 10 11 Klystron tube
Infrared (IR) 6 × 10 6 − 7600 5 × 10 11 − 3 . 95 × 10 16 Incandescent objects
Visible 7600 − 3800 3 . 95 × 10 16 − 7 . 9 × 10 14 Electric bulbs, sun rays
Ultraviolet (UV) 3800 − 150 7.9 × 10 14 − 2 × 10 16 Sun rays, arc lamps with
mercury vapours
X-Rays 150 − 0 . 1 2 × 10 16 − 3 × 10 19 Cathode rays striking metal
plate
γ − Rays 0 .1 − 0 . 01 3 × 10 19 − 3 × 10 20 Secondary effect of radioactive
decay
Cosmic Rays 0.01- zero 3 × 10 20 − infinity Outer space
2.4 Atomic spectrum - Hydrogen spectrum.

Atomic spectrum
(1) Spectrum is the impression produced on a photographic film when the radiation (s) of particular
wavelength (s) is (are) analysed through a prism or diffraction grating. It is of two types, emission and
absorption.
(2) Emission spectrum : A substance gets excited on heating at a very high temperature or by giving
energy and radiations are emitted. These radiations when analysed with the help of spectroscope, spectral lines
are obtained. A substance may be excited, by heating at a higher temperature, by passing electric current at a
very low pressure in a discharge tube filled with gas and passing electric current into metallic filament.
Emission spectra is of two types,
(i) Continuous spectrum : When sunlight is passed through a prism, it gets dispersed into continuous
bands of different colours. If the light of an incandescent object resolved through prism or
spectroscope, it also gives continuous spectrum of colours.
(ii) Line spectrum : If the radiations obtained by the excitation of a substance are analysed with help
of a spectroscope a series of thin bright lines of specific colours are obtained. There is dark space
in between two consecutive lines. This type of spectrum is called line spectrum or atomic
spectrum..
(3) Absorption spectrum : When the white light of an incandescent substance is passed through any
substance, this substance absorbs the radiations of certain wavelength from the white light. On analysing the
transmitted light we obtain a spectrum in which dark lines of specific wavelengths are observed. These lines
constitute the absorption spectrum. The wavelength of the dark lines correspond to the wavelength of light
absorbed.
Hydrogen spectrum
(1) Hydrogen spectrum is an example of line emission spectrum or atomic emission spectrum.
(2) When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas at low pressure, a bluish light is emitted.
(3) This light shows discontinuous line spectrum of several isolated sharp lines through prism.
(4) All these lines of H-spectrum have Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Barckett, Pfund and Humphrey series.
These spectral series were named by the name of scientist discovered them.
(5) To evaluate wavelength of various H-lines Ritz introduced the following expression,
1 ν 1 1 
ν = = = R 2 − 2 
λ c  n1 n 2 
Where R is universal constant known as Rydberg’s constant its value is 109, 678 cm −1 .
2.5 Thomson's model.

(1) Thomson regarded atom to be composed of positively charged protons and negatively charged
electrons. The two types of particles are equal in number thereby making atom Positively charged
+ – + sphere
electrically neutral.
– –
+ – +
(2) He regarded the atom as a positively charged sphere in which –
+ Electron
+
negative electrons are uniformly distributed like the seeds in a water melon. – +
Positive charge spreaded throughout the sphere
(3) This model failed to explain the line spectrum of an element and the
scattering experiment of Rutherford.
2.6 Rutherford's nuclear model.
(1) Rutherford carried out experiment on the bombardment of thin (10–4 mm) Au foil with high speed
positively charged α − particles emitted from Ra and gave the following observations, based on this experiment
:
(i) Most of the α − particles passed without any deflection.
(ii) Some of them were deflected away from their path.
(iii) Only a few (one in about 10,000) were returned back to their original direction of propagation.
1
(iv) The scattering of α − particles ∝ .
4θ 
sin  
2
Scattering of α -particle
θ
b
r0 Nucleus
α-particle
(energy E eV)
(2) From the above observations he concluded that, an atom consists of
(i) Nucleus which is small in size but carries the entire mass i.e. contains all the neutrons and
protons.
(ii) Extra nuclear part which contains electrons. This model was similar to the solar system.
Planetry electron
–
Nucleus
+
10–15 m
10 –10 m
Size of the nucleus = 1 Fermi = 10–15 m
Size of the atom 1 Å = 10–10 m
(3) Properties of the Nucleus

(i) Nucleus is a small, heavy, positively charged portion of the atom and located at the centre of the
atom.
(ii) All the positive charge of atom (i.e. protons) are present in nucleus.
(iii) Nucleus contains neutrons and protons, and hence these particles collectively are also referred to as
nucleons.
(iv) The size of nucleus is measured in Fermi (1 Fermi = 10–13 cm).
(v) The radius of nucleus is of the order of 1 . 5 × 10 −13 cm . to 6 . 5 × 10 −13 cm . i.e. 1 . 5 to 6 . 5 Fermi.
Generally the radius of the nucleus ( rn ) is given by the following relation,
rn = ro ( = 1 . 4 × 10 − 13
cm ) × A 1 / 3
This exhibited that nucleus is 10 −5 times small in size as compared to the total size of atom.
(vi) The Volume of the nucleus is about 10 −39 cm 3 and that of atom is 10 −24 cm 3 , i.e., volume of the
nucleus is 10 −15 times that of an atom.
(vii) The density of the nucleus is of the order of 10 15 g cm −3 or 10 8 tonnes cm −3 or 10 12 kg / cc . If
nucleus is spherical than,
mass of the nucleus mass number
Density = =
volume of the nucleus 4
6 . 023 × 10 23 × πr 3
3
(4) Drawbacks of Rutherford's model
(i) It does not obey the Maxwell theory of electrodynamics, according to it “A small charged
particle moving around an oppositely charged centre continuously loses its energy”. If an electron
does so, it should also continuously lose its energy and should set up spiral motion ultimately
failing into the nucleus.
(ii) It could not explain the line spectra of H − atom and discontinuous spectrum nature.
e–
Unstability of atom
+
Examples based on Properties of the nucleus
Example:14 Assuming a spherical shape for fluorine nucleus, calculate the radius and the nuclear density of fluorine
nucleus of mass number 19.
Solution : We know that,
r = (1. 4 × 10 −13 ) A 1 / 3 = 1 .4 × 10 −13 × 19 1 / 3 = 3 .73 × 10 −13 cm (A for F=19)
4 3 4
Volume of a fluorine atom = πr = × 3 .14 × (3 . 73 × 10 −13 ) 3 = 2 . 18 × 10 −37 cm 3
3 3
Mass of one mol of nucleus 19
Mass of single nucleus = = g
Avogadro' s number 6 . 023 × 10 23
Mass of single nucleus 10 1
Thus Density of nucleus = = × = 7 . 616 = 10 13 g cm −1
Volume of single nucleus 6 . 023 × 10 23
2 .18 × 10 −37
Example: 15 Atomic radius is the order of 10 −8 cm, and nuclear radius is the order of 10 −13 cm . Calculate what
fraction of atom is occupied by nucleus.
Solution : Volume of nucleus = (4 / 3)pr 3 = (4 / 3)p × (10 −13 )3 cm 3
Volume of atom = (4 / 3)pr 3 = (4 / 3)p × (10 −8 )3 cm 3

Vnucleus 10 −39
∴ = − 24 = 10 −15 or Vnucleus = 10 −15 × Vatom
Vatom 10
2.7 Planck's Quantum theory and Photoelectric effect.
Planck's Quantum theory
(1) Max Planck (1900) to explain the phenomena of 'Black body radiation' and 'Photoelectric effect'
gave quantum theory. This theory extended by Einstein (1905).
(2) If the substance being heated is a black body (which is a perfect absorber and perfect radiator of
energy) the radiation emitted is called black body radiation.
(3) Main points
(i) The radiant energy which is emitted or absorbed by the black body is not continuous but
discontinuous in the form of small discrete packets of energy, each such packet of energy is
called a 'quantum'. In case of light, the quantum of energy is called a 'photon'.
(ii) The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to the frequency (ν ) of the
radiation, i.e.
hc
E ∝ ν or E = h ν =
λ
where, h = Planck's constant = 6.62×10–27 erg. sec. or 6 . 62 × 10 −34 Joules sec .
(iii) The total amount of energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be some whole number quanta.
Hence E = nh ν , where n is an integer.
(iv) The greater the frequency (i.e. shorter the wavelength) the greater is the energy of the radiation.
E1 ν 1 λ 2
thus, = =
E 2 ν 2 λ1
hc hc hc 1 1 1
(v) Also E = E1 + E 2 , hence, = + or = + .
λ λ1 λ 2 λ λ1 λ 2
hc
E=
λ Examples based on Planck's Quantum theory
Example: 16 Suppose 10 −17 J of energy is needed by the interior of human eye to see an object. How many photons of
green light (λ = 550 nm ) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy
(a) 14 (b) 28 (c) 39 (d) 42
Solution : (b) Let the number of photons required =n
hc 10 −17 × λ 10 −17 × 550 × 10 −9
n = 10 −17 ; n = = = 27 . 6 = 28 photons
λ hc 6. 626 × 10 − 34 × 3 × 10 8
Example: 17 Assuming that a 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wave length 0 .57 µ. The rate of
emission of quanta per sec. will be
(a) 5 .89 × 10 13 sec −1 (b) 7. 28 × 10 17 sec −1 (c) 5 × 10 10 sec −1 (d) 7 .18 × 10 19 sec −1
Solution: (d) Let n quanta are evolved per sec.
 hc  6 .626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
n   = 25 J sec −1 ; n = 25 ; n = 7. 18 × 10 19 sec −1
λ 0 . 57 × 10 −6
Photoelectric effect
(1) When radiations with certain minimum frequency (ν 0 ) strike the surface of a metal, the electrons are
ejected from the surface of the metal. This phenomenon is called photoelectric effect and the electrons emitted
are called photo-electrons. The current constituted by photoelectrons is known as photoelectric current.
(2) The electrons are ejected only if the radiation striking the surface of the metal has at least a minimum
frequency (ν 0 ) called Threshold frequency. The minimum potential at which the plate photoelectric current
becomes zero is called stopping potential.
(3)The velocity or kinetic energy of the electron ejected depend upon the frequency of the incident
radiation and is independent of its intensity.
(4) The number of photoelectrons ejected is proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
(5) Einstein’s photoelectric effect equation : According to Einstein,
Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron = absorbed energy – threshold energy
1 1 1 
2
mv max = h ν − h ν 0 = hc  − 
2  λ λ0 
where, ν 0 and λ0 are threshold frequency and threshold wavelength.
Note :q Nearly all metals emit photoelectrons when exposed to u.v. light. But alkali metals like
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium emit photoelectrons even when exposed to
visible light.
U.V. light Metal Photo electrons
Metal other
Visible light
than alkali No photo electrons
metals
Visible light Alkali

metals Photo electrons
q Caesium (Cs) with lowest ionisation energy among alkali metals is used in photoelectric cell.
2.8 Bohr’s atomic model.
(1) This model was based on the quantum theory of radiation and the classical law of physics. It gave new
idea of atomic structure in order to explain the stability of the atom and emission of sharp spectral lines.
(2) Postulates of this theory are :
(i) The atom has a central massive core nucleus where all the protons and neutrons are present. The
size of the nucleus is very small.
(ii) The electron in an atom revolve around the nucleus in certain discrete orbits. Such orbits are
known as stable orbits or non – radiating or stationary orbits.
(iii) The force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron is equal to centrifugal force of the
moving electron.
Force of attraction towards nucleus = centrifugal force
(iv) An electron can move only in those permissive orbits in which the angular momentum (mvr) of the
h
electron is an integral multiple of h / 2π . Thus, mvr = n
2π
Where, m = mass of the electron, r = radius of the electronic orbit, v = velocity of the electron in its
orbit.
h 2h 3 h nh
(v) The angular momentum can be , , ,...... . This principal is known as quantization of
2π 2π 2π 2π
angular momentum. In the above equation ‘n’ is any integer which has been called as principal
quantum number. It can have the values n=1,2,3, ------- (from the nucleus). Various energy levels
are designed as K(n=1), L(n=2), M(n=3) ------- etc. Since the electron present in these orbits is
associated with some energy, these orbits are called energy levels.
(vi) The emission or absorption of radiation by the atom takes place when an electron jumps from one
stationary orbit to another.
E1 E1
E1 – E2 = hν E1 – E2 = hν
E2 E2
Emission Absorption
(vii) The radiation is emitted or absorbed as a single quantum (photon) whose energy h ν is equal to
the difference in energy ∆E of the electron in the two orbits involved. Thus, h ν = ∆E
Where ‘h’ =Planck’s constant, ν = frequency of the radiant energy. Hence the spectrum of the atom
will have certain fixed frequency.
(viii) The lowest energy state (n=1) is called the ground state. When an electron absorbs energy, it gets
excited and jumps to an outer orbit. It has to fall back to a lower orbit with the release of energy.
(3) Advantages of Bohr’s theory
(i) Bohr’s theory satisfactorily explains the spectra of species having one electron, viz. hydrogen atom,
He + , Li 2 + etc.
(ii) Calculation of radius of Bohr’s orbit : According to Bohr, radius of orbit in which electron moves
is
 h2  n2
r= 2 2 
.
 4 π me k  Z
[ ]
where, n =Orbit number, m =Mass number 9 . 1 × 10 −31 kg , e =Charge on the electron 1 . 6 × 10 −19 [ ]
Z =Atomic number of element, k = Coulombic constant 9 × 10 Nm c [ 9 2 −2
]
After putting the values of m,e,k,h, we get.
n2 n2
rn = × 0 . 529 Å or rn = × 0 . 529 nm
Z Z
(a) For a particular system [e.g., H, He+ or Li+2]
r ∝ n 2 [Z = constant]
r1 n12
Thus we have = i.e., r1 : r2 : r3 .......... . :: 1 : 4 : 9 ....... r1 < r2 < r3
r2 n 22
(b) For particular orbit of different species
1 r Z
r∝ [Z =constant] Considering A and B species, we have A = B
Z rB ZA
Thus, radius of the first orbit H, He + , Li +2 and Be +3 follows the order: H > He + > Li +2 > Be +3
(iii) Calculation of velocity of electron
1/ 2
2πe 2 ZK  Ze 2 
Vn = , Vn =  
nh  mr 
2 . 188 × 10 8
For H atom, Vn = cm . sec −1
n
(a) For a particular system [H, He+ or Li+2]
1 V n
V∝ [Z = constant] Thus, we have, 1 = 2
n V2 n 1
1 1
The order of velocity is V1 > V2 > V3 ......... or V1 : V2 : V3 .......... :: 1 : : ........
2 3
(b) For a particular orbit of different species
V ∝ Z [n =constant] Thus, we have H < He + < Li +2
(c) For H or He+ or Li+2, we have
V1 : V2 = 2 : 1 ; V1 : V3 = 3 : 1 ; V1 : V4 = 4 : 1
(iv) Calculation of energy of electron in Bohr’s orbit
kZe 2 kZe 2 kZe 2
Total energy of electron = K.E. + P.E. of electron = − =−
2r r 2r
− 2π 2 mZ 2 e 4 k 2
Substituting of r, gives us E = Where, n=1, 2, 3………. ∞
n 2h2
Putting the value of m, e, k, h, π we get
Z2 Z2
E = 21 . 8 × 10 −12 × erg per atom = −21 . 8 × 10 −19
× J per atom (1 J = 10 7 erg )
n2 n2
Z2 Z2
E = −13 .6 × eV per atom (1eV = 1.6 × 10 -19
J ) = −313 . 6 × kcal . / mole (1 cal = 4.18J)
n2 n2
− 1312 2
or Z kJmol −1
n2
(a) For a particular system[H, He+ or Li+2]
1 E1 n 22
E∝− [Z =constant] Thus, we have =
n2 E 2 n12
The energy increase as the value of n increases
(b) For a particular orbit of different species
EA Z2
E ∝ − Z 2 [n =constant] Thus, we have = A2
EB ZB
For the system H, He+ , Li+2, Be+3 (n-same) the energy order is H > He + > Li +2 > Be +3
The energy decreases as the value of atomic number Z increases.
When an electron jumps from an outer orbit (higher energy) n 2 to an inner orbit (lower
energy) n1 , then the energy emitted in form of radiation is given by
2π 2 k 2 me 4 Z 2  1 1   1 1 
∆E = E n 2 − E n1 =  2 − 2  ⇒ ∆E = 13 . 6 Z 2  2 − 2  eV / atom
h2  n1 n 2   n1 n 2 
1 ∆E 2π 2 k 2 me 4 Z 2  1 1 
As we know that E = h ν , c = νλ and ν = = , =  
λ hc ch 3 n2 − n2 
 1 2 
1  1 1  2π 2 k 2 me 4
This can be represented as= ν = RZ 2  2 − 2  where, R = R is known as Rydberg
λ  n1 n 2  ch 3
constant. Its value to be used is 109678 cm −1 .
(4) Quantisation of energy of electron
(i) In ground state : No energy emission. In ground state energy of atom is minimum and for 1st orbit
of H-atom, n=1.
∴ E1 = −13 . 6 eV .
(ii) In excited state : Energy levels greater than n 1 are excited state. i.e. for H- atom n 2 , n 3 , n 4 are
excited state. For H- atom first excitation state is = n 2
(iii) Excitation potential : Energy required to excite electron from ground state to any excited state.
Ground state → Excited state
Ist excitation potential = E 2 − E1 = −3 . 4 + 13 . 6 = 10.2 eV.
IInd excitation potential = E 3 − E1 = −1 . 5 + 13 .6 = 12 . 1 eV .
(iv) Ionisation energy : The minimum energy required to relieve the electron from the binding of nucleus.
2
Z eff.
E ionisation = E ∞ − E n = +13 . 6 eV .
n2
E ionisation
(v) Ionisation potential : Vionisation =
e
(vi) Separation energy : Energy required to excite an electron from excited state to infinity.
S.E. = E ∞ − E excited .
(vii) Binding energy : Energy released in bringing the electron from infinite to any orbit is called its
binding energy (B.E.).
13 . 6
Note : q Principal Quantum Number 'n' = .
(B. E.)
(5) Spectral evidence for quantisation (Explanation for hydrogen spectrum on the basisof bohr atomic
model)
(i) The light absorbed or emitted as a result of an electron changing orbits produces characteristic
absorption or emission spectra which can be recorded on the photographic plates as a series of
lines, the optical spectrum of hydrogen consists of several series of lines called Lyman, Balmar,
Paschen, Brackett, Pfund and Humphrey. These spectral series were named by the name of
scientist who discovered them.
(ii) To evaluate wavelength of various H-lines Ritz introduced the following expression,
1 ν 1 1
ν = = = R 2 − 2 
λ c  n1 n 2 
2π 2 me 4
where, R is = = Rydberg's constant
ch 3
It's theoritical value = 109,737 cm–1 and It's experimental value = 109 ,677 . 581 cm −1
This remarkable agreement between the theoretical and experimental value was great achievment
of the Bohr model.
(iii) Although H- atom consists only one electron yet it's spectra consist of many spectral lines as shown in
fig.
n=8
n=7
n=6 Humphrey series
n=5 Pfund
series
n=4
Bracket
t
Energy level
series
n=3
Paschen
series
n=2
Balmer
series
n=1
Lyman
series
(iv) Comparative study of important spectral series of Hydrogen

S.No. Spectral Lies in Transitio n12 n 22 n12 λ max n2
λmax = λ min = = 2 2 2
series the region n (n 22− n12 )R R λ min n 2 − n1
n 2 > n1
(1) Lymen Ultraviolet n1 = 1 n1 = 1 and n 2 = 2 n 1 = 1 and n 2 = ∞

series region 4
n 2 = 2,3,4 .... ∞ 4 1
λ max = λ min = 3
3R R
(2) Balmer Visible n1 = 2 n1 = 2 and n 2 = 3 n1 = 2 and n2 = ∞

series region
n 2 = 3,4 ,5 .... ∞ 36 4 9
λ max = λ min =
5R R 5
(3) Paschen Infra red n1 = 3 n 1 = 3 and n 2 = 4 n 1 = 3 and n 2 = ∞

series region 16
n 2 = 4 ,5,6 .... ∞ 144 9
λ max = λ min = 7
7R R
(4) Brackett Infra red n1 = 4 n1 = 4 and n2 = 5 n 1 = 4 and n 2 = ∞
series region 25
n 2 = 5 ,6,7 .... ∞ 16 × 25 16
λmax = λ min = 9
9R R
(5) Pfund series Infra red n1 = 5 n 1 = 5 and n 2 = 6 n 1 = 5 and n 2 = ∞

region 36
n 2 = 6 ,7,8 .... ∞ 25 × 36 25
λ max = λ min = 11
11 R R
(6) Humphrey Far n1 = 6 n 1 = 6 and n 2 = 7 n 1 = 6 and n 2 = ∞
series infrared 49
n 2 = 7 ,8 .... ∞ 36 × 49 36
region λ max = λ min = 13
13 R R
(v) If an electron from nth excited state comes to various energy states, the maximum spectral lines
n(n − 1)
obtained will be = . n= principal quantum number.
2
6(6 − 1) 30
as n=6 than total number of spectral lines = = = 15 .
2 2
(vi) Thus, at least for the hydrogen atom, the Bohr theory accurately describes the origin of atomic spectral
lines.
(6) Failure of Bohr Model
(i) Bohr theory was very successful in predicting and accounting the energies of line spectra of
hydrogen i.e. one electron system. It could not explain the line spectra of atoms containing more
than one electron.
(ii) This theory could not explain the presence of multiple spectral lines.
(iii) This theory could not explain the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field (Zeeman effect) and
in electric field (Stark effect). The intensity of these spectral lines was also not explained by the
Bohr atomic model.
(iv) This theory was unable to explain of dual nature of matter as explained on the basis of De broglies
concept.
(v) This theory could not explain uncertainty principle.
(vi) No conclusion was given for the concept of quantisation of energy.
Examples based on Bohr’s atomic model and Hydrogen
spectrum
Example: 18 If the radius of 2nd Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is r2. The radius of third Bohr orbit will be
4 9
(a) r2 (b) 4r2 (c) r3 (d) 9r2
9 4
n2h2 r2 22 9
Solution : (c) r = ∴ = 2 ∴ r3 = r2
4π 2 mZe 2 r3 3 4
Example: 19 Number of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in 3rd orbit is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
Solution : (b) Circumference of 3rd orbit = 2πr3
According to Bohr angular momentum of electron in 3rd orbit is
h h 2πr3
mvr3 = 3 or =
2π mv 3
h
by De-Broglie equation, λ =
mv
2πr3
∴λ = ∴2πr3 = 3λ
3
i.e. circumference of 3rd orbit is three times the wavelength of electron or number of waves made by Bohr
electron in one complete revolution in 3rd orbit is three.
R
Example: 20 The degeneracy of the level of hydrogen atom that has energy − 11 is
16
(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
RH RH RH
Solution : (a) En = − 2 ∴ − 2 = −
n n 16
i.e. for 4 th sub-shell
n=4 1 2 3
1=0
m=0 +1 0 +2 –1 0 +1 +2 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3
+1
one s three p five d seven f
i.e. 1+3+5+7=16, ∴ degeneracy is 16

Example: 21 The velocity of electron in the ground state hydrogen atom is 2.18 × 10 8 ms −1 . Its velocity in the second
orbit would be
(a) 1 . 09 × 10 8 ms −1 (b) 4 . 38 × 10 8 ms −1 (c) 5 .5 × 10 5 ms −1 (d) 8 . 76 × 10 8 ms −1
Solution : (a) We know that velocity of electron in nth Bohr's orbit is given by
Z
v = 2 . 18 × 10 6 m /s
n
for H , Z = 1
2 .18 × 10 6
Q v1 = m/s
1
2 . 18 × 10 6
Q v2 = m / s = 1. 09 × 10 6 m / s
2
Example: 22 The ionization energy of the ground state hydrogen atom is 2 . 18 × 10 −18 J . The energy of an electron in its
second orbit would be
(a) − 1. 09 × 10 −18 J (b) − 2 . 18 × 10 −18 J (c) − 4 . 36 × 10 −18 J (d) − 5 . 45 × 10 −19 J
Solution : (d) Energy of electron in first Bohr's orbit of H-atom
− 2. 18 × 10 −18
E= J (Q ionization energy of H = 2 . 18 × 10 −18 J )
n2
− 2 .18 × 10 −18
E2 = J = −5. 45 × 10 −19 J
22
Example: 23 The wave number of first line of Balmer series of hydrogen atom is 15200 cm −1 . What is the wave number
of first line of Balmer series of Li 3 + ion.
(a) 15200 cm −1 (b) 6080 cm −1 (c) 76000 cm −1 (d) 1,36800 cm −1
Solution : (d) For Li 3 + v = v for H × z 2 =15200 ×9= 1,36800 cm −1
Example: 24 The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n = 1) is approximately 0.530Å. The radius for the first
excited state (n = 2) orbit is (in Å)
(a) 0.13 (b) 1.06 (c) 4.77 (d) 2.12
Solution : (d) The Bohr radius for hydrogen atom (n = 1) = 0.530Å
n2 (2)2
The radius of first excited state (n = 2) will be = 0 .530 × = 0 . 530 × = 2 .120 Å
Z 1
Example: 25 How many chlorine atoms can you ionize in the process Cl → Cl + + e − , by the energy liberated from the
following process :
Cl + e − → Cl − for 6 × 10 23 atoms
Given electron affinity of Cl = 3 .61 eV , and IP of Cl = 17 . 422 eV
(a) 1.24 × 10 23 atoms (b) 9 .82 × 10 20 atoms (c) 2 . 02 × 10 15 atoms (d) None of these
−
Solution : (a) Energy released in conversion of 6 × 10 23
atoms of Cl ions = 6 × 10 23
× electron affinity
= 6× 10 23
× 3 . 61 = 2 . 166 × 10 24
eV.
Let x Cl atoms are converted to Cl + ion
Energy absorbed = x × ionization energy
x × 17 . 422 = 2 . 166 × 10 24 ; x = 1 .243 × 10 23 atoms
Example: 26 The binding energy of an electron in the ground state of the He atom is equal to 24eV. The energy
required to remove both the electrons from the atom will be
(a) 59eV (b) 81eV (c) 79eV (d) None of these
Z2 22
Solution : (c) Ionization energy of He = 2
× 13 . 6 = 2 × 13 . 6 = 54 .4 eV
n 1
Energy required to remove both the electrons
= binding energy + ionization energy
= 24 . 6 + 54 . 4 = 79eV
Example: 27 The wave number of the shortest wavelength transition in Balmer series of atomic hydrogen will be
(a) 4215 Å (b) 1437Å (c) 3942Å (d) 3647Å
1  1 1   1 1 
Solution : (d) = RZ 2  2 − 2  = 109678 × 1 2 ×  2 − 2 
λ shortest  1
n n 2   2 ∞ 
λ = 3 . 647 × 10 −5 cm = 3647 Å
Example: 28 If the speed of electron in the Bohr's first orbit of hydrogen atom is x, the speed of the electron in the
third Bohr's orbit is
(a) x/9 (b) x/3 (c) 3x (d) 9x
Solution : (b) According to Bohr's model for hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms the velocity of an electron in an atom is
2πZe 2 1
quantised and is given by v ∝ so v ∝ in this cass n = 3
nh n
Example: 29 Of the following transitions in hydrogen atom, the one which gives an absorption line of lowest frequency
is
(a) n=1 to n=2 (b) n = 3 to n = 8 (c) n = 2 to n = 1 (d) n = 8 to n = 3
Solution : (b) Absorption line in the spectra arise when energy is absorbed i.e., electron shifts from lower to higher
orbit, out of a & b, b will have the lowest frequency as this falls in the Paschen series.
Example: 30 The frequency of the line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen when the atoms of the gas contain
electrons in the third energy level are
(a) 1 . 268 × 10 14 Hz and 2 . 864 × 10 16 Hz (b) 3 .214 × 10 10 Hz and 1 . 124 × 10 12 Hz
(c) 1 . 806 × 10 12 Hz and 6 . 204 × 10 15 Hz (d) 4 .568 × 10 14 Hz and 2 . 924 × 10 15 Hz
Solution : (d) If an electron is in 3rd orbit, two spectral lines are possible
(a) When it falls from 3rd orbit to 2nd orbit.
1 1 
In equation ν = 3. 289 × 10 15  2 − 2 
 n1 n 2 
1 1  5
ν 1 = 3. 289 × 10 15  2 − 2  = 3 . 289 × 10 15 × = 4 .568 × 14 14 Hz
 2 3  36
(b) When it falls from 3rd orbit to 1st orbit :
1 1  8
ν 2 = 3 . 289 × 10 15 ×  − 2  = 3 . 289 × 10 15 × = 2 . 924 × 10 15 Hz
 1 3  9
Example: 31 If the first ionisation energy of hydrogen is 2 . 179 × 10 −18 J per atom, the second ionisation energy of
helium per atom is
(a) 8 . 716 × 10 −18 J (b) 5 .5250 kJ (c) 7 .616 × 10 −18 J (d) 8 . 016 × 10 −13 J
Z2
Solution : (a) For Bohrs systems : energy of the electron ∝
n2
Ionisation energy is the difference of energies of an electron (E ∞ ), when taken to infinite distance and Er
when present in any Bohr orbit and Eα is taken as zero so ionisation energy becomes equal to the energy
of electron in any Bohr orbit.
Z2 Z2 E 1
E H ∝ 2H ; E He ∝ 2He or H = [as Z H = 1, Z He = 2, n H = 1, n He = 1]
nH n He E He 2×2
or E He = E H × 4 = 2 .179 × 10 −18 × 4 = 8 . 716 × 10 −18 Joule per atom.
Example: 32 The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6eV. What will be the ionization energy of He +
(a) 13.6eV (b) 54.4eV (c) 122.4eV (d) Zero
Solution : (b) I.E. of He + = 13 . 6 eV × Z 2
13 . 6 eV × 4 = 54 . 4 eV
Example: 33 The ionization energy of He + is 19 . 6 × 10 −18 J atom–1. Calculate the energy of the first stationary state of
Li +2
(a) 19 . 6 × 10 −18 J atom -1 (b) 4 .41 × 10 −18 J atom–1
(c) 19 . 6 × 10 −19 J atom -1 (d) 4. 41 × 10 −17 J atom −1
Solution : (d) I.E. of He + = E × 2 2 (Z for He = 2)
I.E. of Li 2 + = E × 3 3 (Z for Li=3)
I. E.(He + ) 4 9 9
∴ 2+
= or I.E. (Li 2 + ) = × I. E.(He + ) = × 19 .6 × 10 −18 = 4 . 41 × 10 −17 J atom–1
I. E.(Li ) 9 4 4
2.9 Bohr – Sommerfeld’s model.
(1) In 1915, Sommerfield introduced a new atomic model to explain the fine spectrum of hydrogen atom.
(2) He gave concept that electron revolve round the nucleus in elliptical orbit. Circular orbits are formed
in special conditions only when major axis and minor axis of orbit are equal.
nh
(3) For circular orbit, the angular momentum = where n= principal quantum number only one
2π
component i.e. only angle changes.
(4) For elliptical orbit, angular momentum = vector sum of 2 components. In elliptical orbit two components
are,
h
(i) Radial component (along the radius) = nr
2π
Where, n r = radial quantum number
h
(ii) Azimuthal component = n φ
2π
Where, n φ = azimuthal quantum number
h h
So angular momentum of elliptical orbit = nr + nφ
2π 2π rr
φ2
h
r φ2 r rr φ11
φ1
Angular momentum = (n r + n φ )
2π
(5) Shape of elliptical orbit depends on, φ = change φ = change
Length of major axis n n r + nφ r = change r = constant
= =
Length of minor axis nφ nφ
(6) n φ can take all integral values from l to ‘n’ values of n r depend on the value of n φ . For n = 3,
n φ can have values 1,2,3 and n r can have (n –1) to zero i.e. 2,1 and zero respectively.
Thus for n = 3, we have 3 paths
n nφ nr Nature of path K= 3
K= 2
3 1 3 elliptical K= 1
2 1 elliptical • Nuclear
3 0 circular
The possible orbits for n = 3 are shown in figure.

Thus Sommerfield showed that Bohr’s each major level was composed of several sub-levels. therefore it
provides the basis for existance of subshells in Bohr's shells (orbits).
(7) Limitation of Bohr sommerfield model :
(i) This model could not account for, why electrons does not absorb or emit energy when they are
moving in stationary orbits.
(ii) When electron jumps from inner orbit to outer orbit or vice –versa, then electron run entire
distance but absorption or emission of energy is discontinuous.
nh
(iii) It could not explain the attainment of expression of for angular momentum. This model could
2π
not explain Zeeman effect and Stark effect.
2.10 Dual nature of electron.
(1) In 1924, the french physicist, Louis de Broglie suggested that if light has both particle and wave like
nature, the similar duality must be true for matter. Thus an electron, behaves both as a material particle and as
a wave.
(2) This presented a new wave mechanical theory of matter. According to this theory, small particles like
electrons when in motion possess wave properties.
(3) According to de-broglie, the wavelength associated with a particle of mass m , moving with velocity v
is given by the relation
h
λ= , where h = Planck’s constant.
mv
h.c  c
(4) This can be derived as follows according to Planck’s equation, E = h ν = Q ν = 
λ  λ
energy of photon (on the basis of Einstein’s mass energy relationship), E = mc 2
which is same as de-Broglie relation. (Q mc = p )

hc h
equating both = mc 2 or λ =
λ mc
(5) This was experimentally verified by Davisson and Germer by observing diffraction effects with an
electron beam. Let the electron is accelerated with a potential of V than the Kinetic energy is
1
mv 2 = eV ; m 2 v 2 = 2eVm
2
h
mv = 2eVm = P ; λ =
2eVm
(6) If Bohr’s theory is associated with de-Broglie’s equation then wave length of an electron can be
determined in bohr’s orbit and relate it with circumference and multiply with a whole number
2πr
2πr = n λ or λ =
n
h h 2πr nh
From de-Broglie equation, λ = . Thus = or mvr =
mv mv n 2π
Note :q For a proton, electron and an α -particle moving with the same velocity have de-broglie
wavelength in the following order : Electron > Proton > α - particle.
(7) The de-Broglie equation is applicable to all material objects but it has significance only in case of
microscopic particles. Since, we come across macroscopic objects in our everyday life, de-broglie relationship
has no significance in everyday life.
Examples based on de-Broglie’s
equation
Example: 34 An electron is moving with a kinetic energy of 4.55 × 10 −25 J. What will be de-Broglie
wavelength for this electron
(a) 5.28 × 10 −7 m (b) 7.28 × 10 −7 m (c) 2 × 10 −10 m (d) 3 × 10 −5 m
1
Solution : (b) KE = mv 2 = 4 .55 × 10 − 25 J
2
2 × 4. 55 × 10 −25
v2 = − 31
= 1 × 10 6 ; v = 10 3 m / s
9 . 1 × 10
h 6 . 626 × 10 −34
De-Broglie wavelength λ = = = 7 .28 × 10 −7 m
mv 9 .1 × 10 − 31 × 10 3
Example: 35 The speed of the proton is one hundredth of the speed of light in vacuum. What is the de Broglie
wavelength? Assume that one mole of protons has a mass equal to one gram, h = 6 .626 × 10 −27 erg sec
(a) 3.31 × 10 −3 Å (b) 1.33 × 10 −3 Å (c) 3.13 × 10 −2 Å (d) 1.31 × 10 −2 Å
1
Solution : (b) m= g
6. 023 × 10 23
h 6 .626 × 10 −27
λ= = × 6 .023 × 10 23 = 1 . 33 × 10 −11 cm
mv 1 × 3 × 10 8 cm sec −1
2.11 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
(1) One of the important consequences of the dual nature of an electron is the uncertainty principle,
developed by Warner Heisenberg.
(2) According to uncertainty principle “It is impossible to specify at any given moment both the position
and momentum (velocity) of an electron”.
h
Mathematically it is represented as , ∆x . ∆p ≥
4π
Where ∆x = uncertainty is position of the particle, ∆p = uncertainty in the momentum of the particle
Now since ∆p = m ∆v
h h
So equation becomes, ∆x . m ∆v ≥ or ∆x × ∆v ≥
4π 4πm
The sign ≥ means that the product of ∆x and ∆p (or of ∆x and ∆v ) can be greater than, or equal to but
h
never smaller than . If ∆x is made small, ∆p increases and vice versa.
4π
(3) In terms of uncertainty in energy, ∆E and uncertainty in time ∆t, this principle is written as,
h
∆E . ∆t ≥
4π
Note :q Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle cannot we apply to a stationary electron because its
velocity is 0 and position can be measured accurately.
h
∆x . ∆p ≥
4π
Examples based on uncertainty
principle
Example: 36 What is the maximum precision with which the momentum of an electron can be known if the
uncertainty in the position of electron is ± 0 .001 Å ? Will there be any problem in describing the
h
momentum if it has a value of , where a 0 is Bohr’s radius of first orbit, i.e., 0.529Å?
2πa 0
h
Solution : ∆x . ∆p =
4π
Q ∆x = 0 .001 Å = 10 −13 m
6. 625 × 10 −34
∴ ∆p = = 5 .27 × 10 − 22
4 × 3 . 14 × 10 −13
Example: 37 Calculate the uncertainty in velocity of an electron if the uncertainty in its position is of the order
of a 1Å.
Solution : According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
h
∆v . ∆x ≈
4 πm
h 6. 625 × 10 −34
∆v ≈ = = 5. 8 × 10 5 m sec −1
4πm .∆x 4×
22 − 31
× 9 .108 × 10 × 10 −10
7
Example: 38 A dust particle having mass equal to 10 −11 g, diameter of 10 −4 cm and velocity 10 −4 cm sec −1 . The
error in measurement of velocity is 0.1%. Calculate uncertainty in its positions. Comment on the result .
0. 1 × 10 −4
Solution : ∆v = = 1 × 10 −7 cm sec −1
100
h
Q ∆v . ∆x =
4 πm
6 . 625 × 10 −27
∴ ∆x = = 5 . 27 × 10 −10 cm
4 × 3. 14 × 10 −11 × 1 × 10 −7
The uncertainty in position as compared to particle size.
∆x 5 .27 × 10 −10
= = = 5 . 27 × 10 −6 cm
diameter 10 −4
The factor being small and almost being negligible for microscope particles.
2.12 Schrödinger wave equation.
(1) Schrodinger wave equation is given by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926 and based on dual nature of
electron.
(2) In it electron is described as a three dimensional wave in the electric field of a positively charged nucleus.
(3) The probability of finding an electron at any point around the nucleus can be determined by the help
of Schrodinger wave equation which is,
∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ 8π 2m
+ 2 + 2 + (E − V ) Ψ = 0
∂x 2 ∂y ∂z h2
Where x, y and z are the 3 space co-ordinates, m = mass of electron, h = Planck’s constant,
E = Total energy, V = potential energy of electron, Ψ = amplitude of wave also called as wave
function.
∂ = stands for an infinitesimal change.
(4) The Schrodinger wave equation can also be written as :
8π 2m
∇2 Ψ + (E − V ) Ψ = 0
h2
Where ∇ = laplacian operator.
(5) Physical Significance of Ψ and Ψ 2
(i) The wave function Ψ represents the amplitude of the electron wave. The amplitude Ψ is thus a
function of space co-ordinates and time i.e. Ψ = Ψ( x , y, z ...... times )
(ii) For a single particle, the square of the wave function (Ψ 2 ) at any point is proportional to the
probability of finding the particle at that point.
(iii) If Ψ 2 is maximum than probability of finding e − is maximum around nucleus. And the place
where probability of finding e − is maximum is called electron density, electron cloud or an
atomic orbital. It is different from the Bohr’s orbit.
(iv) The solution of this equation provides a set of number called quantum numbers which describe
specific or definite energy state of the electron in atom and information about the shapes and
orientations of the most probable distribution of electrons around the nucleus.
2.13 Quantum numbers and Shapes of orbitals.
Quantum numbers
(1) Each orbital in an atom is specified by a set of three quantum numbers (n, l, m) and each electron is
designated by a set of four quantum numbers (n, l, m and s).
(2) Principle quantum number (n)
(i) It was proposed by Bohr’s and denoted by ‘n’.
(ii) It determines the average distance between electron and nucleus, means it is denoted the size of
atom.
n2
r= × 0 . 529 Å
Z
(iii) It determine the energy of the electron in an orbit where electron is present.
Z2
E=− × 313 .3 Kcal per mole
n2
(iv) The maximum number of an electron in an orbit represented by this quantum number as 2n 2 . No
energy shell in atoms of known elements possess more than 32 electrons.
(v) It gives the information of orbit K, L, M, N------------.
(vi) The value of energy increases with the increasing value of n.
(vii) It represents the major energy shell or orbit to which the electron belongs.
(viii) Angular momentum can also be calculated using principle quantum number
nh
mvr =
2π
(3) Azimuthal quantum number (l)
(i) Azimuthal quantum number is also known as angular quantum number. Proposed by Sommerfield
and denoted by ‘l’.
(ii) It determines the number of sub shells or sublevels to which the electron belongs.
(iii) It tells about the shape of subshells.
(iv) It also expresses the energies of subshells s < p < d < f (increasing energy).
(v) The value of l = (n − 1) always where ‘n’ is the number of principle shell.
(vi) Value of l = 0 1 2 3………..(n-1)
Name of subshell = s p d f
Shape of subshell = Spherical Dumbbell Double Complex
dumbbell
h
(vii) It represent the orbital angular momentum. Which is equal to l(l + 1)
2π
(viii) The maximum number of electrons in subshell = 2(2l + 1)
s − subshell → 2 electrons d − subshell → 10 electrons
p − subshell → 6 electrons f − subshell → 14 electrons.
(ix) For a given value of ‘n’ the total value of ‘l’ is always equal to the value of ‘n’.
(x) The energy of any electron is depend on the value of n & l because total energy = (n + l). The
electron enters in that sub orbit whose (n + l) value or the value of energy is less.
(4) Magnetic quantum number (m)
(i) It was proposed by Zeeman and denoted by ‘m’.
(ii) It gives the number of permitted orientation of subshells.
(iii) The value of m varies from –l to +l through zero.
(iv) It tells about the splitting of spectral lines in the magnetic field i.e. this quantum number proved
the Zeeman effect.
(v) For a given value of ‘n’ the total value of ’m’ is equal to n 2 .
(vi) For a given value of ‘l’ the total value of ‘m’ is equal to (2l + 1).
(vii) Degenerate orbitals : Orbitals having the same energy are known as degenerate orbitals. e.g. for p
subshell p x p y p z
(viii) The number of degenerate orbitals of s subshell =0.

(5) Spin quantum numbers (s)
(i) It was proposed by Goldshmidt & Ulen Back and denoted by the symbol of ‘s’.
(ii) The value of ' s' is + 1/2 and - 1/2, which is signifies the spin or rotation or direction of electron on
it’s axis during movement.
(iii) The spin may be clockwise or anticlockwise.
h
(iv) It represents the value of spin angular momentum is equal to s(s + 1).
2π
(v) Maximum spin of an atom = 1 / 2 × number of unpaired electron.
Magnetic field
N S
+1/2 –1/2
S N
(vi) This quantum number is not the result of solution of schrodinger equation as solved for H-atom.
Distribution of electrons among the quantum levels
Designation of Electrons Total no. of
n l m s
orbitals present electrons
1 (K shell) 0 0 +1/2, –1/2 1s 2 2
2 (L shell) 0 0 +1 / 2, − 1 / 2 2s 2
+1 + 1 / 2, − 1 / 2  8

1 0 + 1 / 2, − 1 / 2 2p 6 
–1 + 1 / 2, − 1 / 2
3 (M shell) 0 0 +1 / 2,−1 / 2 3s 2 
+1 + 1 / 2,−1 / 2 

1 0 + 1 / 2,−1 / 2 3p 6 

–1 +1 / 2,−1 / 2 
 18


+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 

+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2
+2

+1 3d 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2
2 0  
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
–1 + 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
10 
–2
0 0 4s
+1 / 2,−1 / 2
+1 2 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
1 0  4p 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 6 
–1
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 




+2 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
+1 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
2 0 4d 32
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
–1  10 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
–2
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
4(N shell) 

+3 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 
+2 
+1
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 

+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 4f

3 +0 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2 14 
–1
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2
–2 
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2
+ 1 / 2,−1 / 2
–3
Shape of orbitals
(1) Shape of ‘s’ orbital
(i) For ‘s’ orbital l=0 & m=0 so ‘s’ orbital have only one unidirectional Z
orientation i.e. the probability of finding the electrons is same in all Y
directions.
(ii) The size and energy of ‘s’ orbital with increasing ‘n’ will be
X
1s < 2 s < 3 s < 4 s.
(iii)It does not possess any directional property. s orbital has spherical Nucleus
shape.
(2) Shape of ‘p’ orbitals
(i) For ‘p’ orbital l=1, & m=+1,0,–1 means there are three ‘p’ orbitals, which is symbolised as p x , p y , p z .
(ii) Shape of ‘p’ orbital is dumb bell in which the two lobes on opposite side separated by the nodal
plane.
(iii) p-orbital has directional properties.
Z Z
Y Z
Y Y
Nodal Nodal
Plane Plane Nodal
X Nodal X Plane X
Plane
Px orbital Py orbital Nodal Pz orbital
Plane
(3) Shape of ‘d’ orbital

(i) For the ‘d’ orbital l =2 then the values of ‘m’ are –2,–1,0,+1,+2. It shows that the ‘d’ orbitals has five
orbitals as d xy , d yz , d zx , d x 2 − y 2 , d z 2 .
(ii) Each ‘d’ orbital identical in shape, size and energy.

(iii) The shape of d orbital is double dumb bell .
(iv) It has directional properties.
Z Z Z Y Y
Y Y Y
Z
X X X X X
dZX dXY dYZ dX2–Y2 dZ2
(4) Shape of ‘f’ orbital

(i) For the ‘f’ orbital l=3 then the values of ‘m’ are –3, –2, –1,0,+1,+2,+3. It shows that the ‘f’ orbitals
have seven orientation as fx (x 2 − y 2 ) , fy ( x 2 − y 2 ), fz ( x 2 − y 2 ), fxyz , fz 3 , fyz 3 and fxz 2 .
(ii) The ‘f’ orbital is complicated in shape.

2.14 Electronic configuration principles.
The distribution of electrons in different orbitals of atom is known as electronic configuration of the
atoms.
Filling up of orbitals in the ground state of atom is governed by the following rules:
(1) Aufbau principle
(i) Auf bau is a German word, meaning ‘building up’.
(ii) According to this principle, “In the ground state, the atomic orbitals are filled in order of
increasing energies i.e. in the ground state the electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbitals
available”.
(iii)In fact the energy of an orbital is determined by the quantum number n and l with the help of (n+l)
rule or Bohr Bury rule.
(iv) According to this rule
(a) Lower the value of n + l, lower is the energy of the orbital and such an orbital will be filled up
first.
(b) When two orbitals have same value of (n+l) the orbital having lower value of “n” has lower
energy and such an orbital will be filled up first .
Thus, order of filling up of orbitals is as follows:
1s < 2 s < 2 p < 3 s < 3 p < 4 s < 4 p < 5 s < 4 d < 5 p < 6 s < 6 f < 5 d
(2) Pauli’s exclusion principle

(i) According to this principle, “No two electrons in an atom can have same set of all the four
quantum numbers n, l, m and s .
(ii) In an atom any two electrons may have three quantum numbers identical but fourth quantum
number must be different.
(iii)Since this principle excludes certain possible combinations of quantum numbers for any two
electrons in an atom, it was given the name exclusion principle. Its results are as follows :
(a) The maximum capacity of a main energy shell is equal to 2n 2 electron.

(b) The maximum capacity of a subshell is equal to 2(2l+1) electron.
(c) Number of sub-shells in a main energy shell is equal to the value of n.
(d) Number of orbitals in a main energy shell is equal to n 2 .

(e) One orbital cannot have more than two electrons.
(iv) According to this principle an orbital can accomodate at the most two electrons with spins
opposite to each other. It means that an orbital can have 0, 1, or 2 electron.
(v) If an orbital has two electrons they must be of opposite spin.
Correct Incorrect
(3) Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity
(i) This rule provides the basis for filling up of degenerate orbitals of the same sub-shell.
(ii) According to this rule “Electron filling will not take place in orbitals of same energy until all the
available orbitals of a given subshell contain one electron each with parallel spin”.
(iii)This implies that electron pairing begins with fourth, sixth and eighth electron in p, d and f
orbitals of the same subshell respectively.
(iv) The reason behind this rule is related to repulsion between identical charged electron present in
the same orbital.
(v) They can minimise the repulsive force between them serves by occupying different orbitals.
(vi) Moreover, according to this principle, the electron entering the different orbitals of subshell have
parallel spins. This keep them farther apart and lowers the energy through electron exchange or
resonance.
(vii) The term maximum multiplicity means that the total spin of unpaired e − is maximum in case of
correct filling of orbitals as per this rule.
Energy level diagram
The representation of relative energy levels of various atomic orbital is made in the terms of energy level
diagrams.
One electron system : In this system 1s 2 level and all orbital of same principal quantum number have
same energy, which is independent of (l). In this system l only determines the shape of the orbital.
Multiple electron system : The energy levels of such system not only depend upon the nuclear charge
but also upon the another electron present in them.
5
4s 4p 4d 4f 6p
5d
4 4f
6s
5p
3s 3p 3d 4d
5s
Energy
4p
3 3d
4s
2s 2p 3p
3s
2
2p
2s
Energy
1s
1s
Energy level diagram of one Energy level diagram of multiple

electron system electron system
Diagram of multi-electron atoms reveals the following points :

(i) As the distance of the shell increases from the nucleus, the energy level increases. For example energy
level of 2 > 1.
(ii) The different sub shells have different energy levels which possess definite energy. For a definite shell,
the subshell having higher value of l possesses higher energy level. For example in 4th shell.
Energy level order 4f > 4d > 4p > 4s
l= 3 l=2 l=1 l= 0
(iii)The relative energy of sub shells of different energy shell can be explained in the terms of the (n+l)
rule.
(a) The sub-shell with lower values of (n + l) possess lower energy.
For 3d n=3 l= 2 ∴ n+l=5
For 4s n=4 l=0 n+l=4
(b) If the value of (n + l) for two orbitals is same, one with lower values of ‘n’ possess lower energy level.
Extra stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals
Half-filled and completely filled sub-shell have extra stability due to the following reasons :
(i) Symmetry of orbitals
(a) It is a well kown fact that symmetry leads to stability.
(b) Thus, if the shift of an electron from one orbital to another orbital differing slightly in energy
results in the symmetrical electronic configuration. It becomes more stable.
(c) For example p 3 , d 5 , f 7 configurations are more stable than their near ones.
(ii) Exchange energy
(a) The electron in various subshells can exchange their positions, since electron in the same subshell
have equal energies.
(b) The energy is released during the exchange process with in the same subshell.
(c) In case of half filled and completely filled orbitals, the exchange energy is maximum and is greater
than the loss of orbital energy due to the transfer of electron from a higher to a lower sublevel e.g.
from 4s to 3d orbitals in case of Cu and Cr .
(d) The greater the number of possible exchanges between the electrons of parallel spins present in
the degenerate orbitals, the higher would be the amount of energy released and more will be the
stability.
(e) Let us count the number of exchange that are possible in d 4 and d 5 configuraton among electrons
with parallel spins.
d4 (1) (2) (3)

3 exchanges by 1st e– 2 exchanges by 2nd e– Only 1 exchange by 3rd e–
To number of possible exchanges = 3 + 2 + 1 =6
d5 (1) (2) (3)

4 exchanges by 1st e– 3 exchanges by 2nd e–
2 exchange by 3rd e–
(4)
1 exchange by 4th e–
To number of possible exchanges = 4 + 3 + 2 +1 = 10
2.15 Electronic configurations of Elements.
(1) On the basis of the elecronic configuration priciples the electronic configuration of various elements
are given in the following table :
Electronic Configuration (E.C.) of Elements Z=1 to 36
Atomic
Element 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f
Number
H 1 1
He 2 2
Li 3 2 1
Be 4 2 2
B 5 2 2 1
C 6 2 2 2
N 7 2 2 3
O 8 2 2 4
F 9 2 2 5
Ne 10 2 2 6
Na 11 2 2 6 1
Mg 12 2
Al 13 2 1
Si 14 10 2 2
P 15 electrons 2 3
S 16 2 4
Cl 17 2 5
Ar 18 2 2 6 2 6
K 19 2 2 6 2 6 1
Ca 20 2
Sc 21 1 2
Ti 22 2 2
V 23 3 2
Cr 24 5 1
Mn 25 5 2
Fe 26 6 2
Co 27 18 7 2
Ni 28 electrons 8 2
Cu 29 10 1
Zn 30 10 2
Ga 31 10 2 1
Ge 32 10 2 2
As 33 10 2 3
Se 34 10 2 4
Br 35 10 2 5
Kr 36 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
(2) The above method of writing the electronic configurations is quite cumbersome. Hence, usually the
electronic configuration of the atom of any element is simply represented by the notation.
NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS
PRESENT
x
nl
NUMBER OF SYMBOL OF
PRINCIPAL SUBSHELL
SHELL
e.g. 1s2 means 2 electrons are present in the s- subshell

of the 1st main shell.
(3) (i) Elements with atomic number 24(Cr), 42(Mo) and 74(W) have ns 1 (n − 1) d 5 configuration and not
ns 2 (n − 1) d 4 due to extra stability of these atoms.
(ii) Elements with atomic number 29(Cu), 47(Ag) and 79(Au) have ns 1 (n − 1) d 10 configuration instead
of ns 2 (n − 1) d 9 due to extra stability of these atoms.
Cr (24) [Ar] 3d5 Cu (29) [Ar] 3d10
4s1 4s1
(4) In the formation of ion, electrons of the outer most orbit are lost. Hence, whenever you are required to
write electronic configuration of the ion, first write electronic configuration of its atom and take electron from
outermost orbit. If we write electronic configuration of Fe 2 + ( Z = 26 , 24 e − ), it will not be similar to Cr (with
24 e − ) but quite different.
Fe [Ar ] 4 s 2 3 d 6  2+
 outer most orbit is 4th shell hence, electrons from 4s have been removed to make Fe .
Fe [ Ar ] 4 s 3 d 
2+ o 6

(5) Ion/atom will be paramagnetic if there are unpaired electrons. Magnetic moment (spin only) is
µ = n(n + 2) BM (Bohr Magneton). (1 BM = 9 . 27 × 10 −24 J / T ) where n is the number of unpaired electrons.
(6) Ion with unpaired electron in d or f orbital will be coloured. Thus, Cu + with electronic configuration
[Ar ] 3d 10
is colourless and Cu 2 + with electronic configuration [Ar ] 3d 9 (one unpaired electron in 3d) is
coloured (blue).
(7) Position of the element in periodic table on the basis of electronic configuration can be determined as,
(i) If last electron enters into s-subshell, p-subshell, penultimate d-subshell and anti penultimate f-
subshell then the element belongs to s, p, d and f – block respectively.
(ii) Principle quantum number (n) of outermost shell gives the number of period of the element.
(iii)If the last shell contains 1 or 2 electrons (i.e. for s-block elements having the configuration ns 1− 2 ),
the group number is 1 in the first case and 2 in the second case.
(iv) If the last shell contains 3 or more than 3 electrons (i.e. for p-block elements having the
configuration ns 2 np 1 −6 ), the group number is the total number of electrons in the last shell plus
10.
(v) If the electrons are present in the (n –1)d orbital in addition to those in the ns orbital (i.e. for d-
block elements having the configuration (n –1) d 1−10 ns 1− 2 ), the group number is equal to the total
number of electrons present in the (n –1)d orbital and ns orbital.
Composition of Atom (Electron, Proton and Neutron)
Basic Level
1. The fundamental particles present in the nucleus of an atom are [CPMT 1983, 84]
(a) Alpha particles and electrons (b) Neutrons and protons
(c) Neutrons and electrons (d) Electrons, neutrons and protons
2. Cathode rays were discovered by
(a) William Crookes (b) J. Stoney (c) Rutherford (d) None of these
3. Cathode rays are [JIPMER 1991; NCERT 1976]
(a) Protons (b) Electrons (c) Neutrons (d) α-particles
4. Cathode rays have [CPMT 1982]
(a) Mass only (b) Charge only (c) No mass and charge (d) Mass and charge both
5. Cathode rays are made up of [AMU 1983]
(a) Positively charged particles (b) Negatively charged particles
(c) Neutral particles (d) None of these
6. Cathode rays are produced when the pressure in the discharge tube is of the order of
(a) 76 cm of Hg (b) 10 −6 cm of Hg (c) 1 cm of Hg (d) 10 −2 to 10 −3 mm of Hg
7. Cathode-ray tube is used in
(a) Compound microscope (b) A ratio receiver (c) A television set (d) A Van de Graff generator
8. Which of the following statement is not correct regarding cathode rays
(a) Cathode rays originate from the cathode
(b) Charge and mass of the particles constituting cathode rays depends upon the nature of the gas
(c) Charge and mass of the particles present does not depend upon the material of the cathode
(d) The ratio charge/mass of the particles is much greater than that of anode rays
9. Which one is not true for the cathode rays
(a) They have kinetic energy (b) They cause certain substances to show fluorescence
(c) They travel in straight line (d) They are electromagnetic waves
10. The electron is [Delhi PMT 1982; MADT Bihar 1980]
(a) α-rays particle (b) β-ray particle (c) Hydrogen ion (d) Positron
11. The charge on an electron is
(a) − 4 . 8 × 10 −10 esu (b) − 1 . 6 × 10 −19 C (c) Unit negative (d) All
12. Mass of an electron is
(a) 9 .1 × 10 −28 g (b) 9 .1 × 10 −25 g (c) 9 .1 × 10 −10 g (d) 9 .1 × 10 −18 g
13. Which of the following has the same mass as that of an electron [AFMC 2002]
(a) Photon (b) Neutron (c) Positron (d) Proton
14. Density of the electron is
(a) 2 .17 × 10 −17 g / mL (b) 4 . 38 × 10 −17 g / mL (c) 2 .17 × 10 −14 g / mL (d) None of these
15. A strong argument for the particle nature of cathode rays is that they [CPMT 1986; MLNR 1986]
(a) Produce fluorescence (b) Travel through vacuum
(c) Get deflected by electric and magnetic fields (d) Cast shadow
16. In the discharge tube emission of cathode rays requires
(a) Low potential and low pressure (b) Low potential and high pressure
(c) High potential and high pressure (d) High potential and low
pressure
17. The minimum real charge on any particle which can exist is [Rajasthan PMT 2000]
−19 −10 −10
(a) 1 .6 × 10 Coulomb (b) 1 . 6 × 10 Coulomb (c) 4 .8 × 10 Coulomb (d) Zero
18. Which of the following statement is incorrect [CPMT 1973 ; BHU 1985]
(a) The charge on an electron and on a proton are equal and opposite
(b) Neutrons has no charge
(c) Electrons and protons have the same weight
(d) The mass of a proton and a neutron are nearly identical
19. Ratio of masses of proton and electron is [BHU 1998]
+3
(a) Infinite (b) 1 . 8 × 10 (c) 1.8 (d) None of these
20. The mass of a mole of proton and electron is
(a) 6 .023 × 10 23 g (b) 1 . 008 g and 0 .55 mg (c) 9 .1 × 10 −28 kg (d) 2 gm
21. A mass spectrograph is an instrument which is capable of differentiating and identifying particles [NCERT 1977]
(a) Of different masses (b) Bearing different magnitude of charge
(c) Bearing positive and negative charges respectively (d) Of different values of charge and mass ratio
22. Anode rays were discovered by [DPMT 1985]
(a) Goldstein (b) J. Stoney (c) Rutherford (d) J.J. Thomson
23. The nature of anode rays depends on [CPMT 1987]
(a) Nature of electrode (b) Nature of discharging tube (c) Nature of residual gas (d) All of these
24. Proton is [NCERT 1976 ; CPMT 1971]
(a) An ionized hydrogen molecule (b) An α-ray particle
(c) A fundamental particle (d) Nucleus of heavy hydrogen
25. Penetration power of proton is [BHU 1985 ; CPMT 1982, 88]
(a) More than electron (b) Less than electron (c) More than neutron (d) None of these
26. The ratio of specific charge of a proton and an α-particle is [MP PET 1999]
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
27. The e/m for positive rays in comparison to cathode rays is
(a) Very low (b) High (c) Same (d) None of these
28. What is false to say about anode rays
(a) Their e/m ratio depends upon the nature of residual gas
(b) They are deflected by electrical and magnetic field
(c) Their e/m ratio is constant
(d) These are produced by ionization of molecules of the residual gas
29. Nuclei tend to have more neutrons than protons at high mass numbers because [Roorkee Qualifying 1998]
(a) Neutrons are neutral particles (b) Neutrons have more mass than protons
(c) More neutrons minimize the coulomb repulsion (d) Neutrons decrease the binding energy
30. The proton and neutron are collectively called as [MP PMT 2001]
(a) Deutron (b) Positron (c) Meson (d) Nucleon
31. Which is correct statement about proton [CPMT 1979 ; MP PMT 1985; NCERT 1985 ; MP PMT 1999]
(a) Proton is nucleus of deuterium (b) Proton is ionized hydrogen molecule
(c) Proton is ionized hydrogen atom (d) Proton is α-particle
32. Who discovered neutron [IIT 1982 ; BITS 1988 ; CPMT 1977 ; NCERT 1974 ; MP PMT 1992 ; MP PET 2002]
(a) James Chadwick (b) William Crooks (c) J. J. Thomson (d) Rutherford
33. Which of the following reactions led to the discovery of the neutron
(a) 14
6 C +11 p → 14
7 N + 0n
1
(b) 11
5 B + 12 D → 12
6 C + 0n
1
(c) 9
4 Be + 42 He → 12
6 C +0 n
1
(d) 8
4 Be + 42 He → 11
6 C + 0n
1
34. Heaviest particle is [Delhi PMT 1983 ; MP PET 1999]

(a) Meson (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Electron
35. The density of neutrons is of the order [NCERT 1980]
(a) 10 −3 kg / cc (b) 10 −6 kg / cc (c) 10 −9 kg / cc (d) 10 −12 kg / cc

36. The mass of neutron is nearly [MLNR 1988 ; UPSEAT 1999, 2000, 02]
(a) 10 −23 kg (b) 10 −24 kg (c) 10 −26 kg (d) 10 −27 kg
37. Neutron is a fundamental particle carrying [CPMT 1990]
(a) A charge of +1 unit and a mass of 1 unit (b) No charge and a mass of 1 unit
(c) No charge and no mass (d) A charge of –1 and a mass of 1 unit
38. The discovery of neutron becomes very late because [CPMT 1987 ; AIIMS 1998]
(a) Neutrons are present in nucleus (b) Neutrons are highly unstable
particles
(c) Neutrons are chargeless (d) Neutrons do not move
39. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched [MP PET 2002]
(a) Rutherford-Proton (b) J. J. Thomson-Electron (c) J. H. Chadwick-Neutron (d) Bohr-Isotope
40. An elementary fundamental particle is [CPMT 1973]
(a) An element present in a compound (b) An atom present in an element
(c) A sub-atomic particle (d) A fragment of an atom
Advance Level
41. The charge of an electron is − 1 . 6 × 10 −19 C . The value of free charge on Li + ion will be
[AFMC 2002 ; Karnataka CET (Engg.) 2002]
−19 −19 −19
(a) 3 . 6 × 10 C (b) 1 × 10 C (c) 1 . 6 × 10 C (d) 2 .6 × 10 −19 C
42. The charge on an electron is 4 . 8 × 10 −10 esu . What is the value of charge in Li + ion [CPMT 1997]
(a) 4 . 8 × 10 −10 esu (b) 9 .6 × 10 −10 esu (c) 1 . 44 × 10 −9 esu (d) 2 .4 × 10 −10 esu
43. The specific charge for positive rays is much less than the specific charge for cathode rays. This is because [CPMT 1990]
(a) Positive rays are positively charged
(b) Charge on positive rays is less
(c) Positive rays comprise ionised atoms whose mass is much higher
(d) Experimental method for determination is wrong
44. The increasing order (lowest first) for the values of e/m (charge/mass) for [IIT 1984]
(a) e, p, n, α (b) n, p, e, α (c) n, p, α, e (d) n, α, p, e

−1
45. The specific charge of proton is 9 .6 × 10 C kg
7
then for an α-particle it will be [MH CET 1999]
(a) 38 .4 × 10 7 C kg −1 (b) 19 .2 × 10 7 C kg −1 (c) 2 .4 × 10 7 C kg −1 (d) 4 . 8 × 10 7 C kg −1
46. The number of atoms in 0.004 g of magnesium are [AFMC 2000]
(a) 4 × 10 20 (b) 8 × 10 20 (c) 10 20 (d) 6 .02 × 10 20
Atomic number, Mass number and Atomic species
Basic Level
47. Nitrogen atom has an atomic number of 7 and oxygen has an atomic number 8. The total number of electrons in a nitrate ion will
be
[Pb. PMT 2000]
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64
48. The number of electrons in Cl − ion is [MP PMT 2003]
(a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 18 (d) 35
49. The number of neutron in tritium is [CPMT 2003]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
50. The total number of protons in one molecule of nitrogen dioxide
(a) 23 (b) 46 (c) 69 (d) 92
51. Number of neutrons in heavy hydrogen atom is [MP PMT 1986]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
52. The nucleus of helium contains [CPMT 1972; Delhi PMT 1982]
(a) Four protons (b) Four neutrons
(c) Two neutrons and two protons (d) Four protons and two electrons
53. Sodium atom differs from sodium ion in the number of [CPMT 1976]
(a) Electron (b) Protons (c) Neutrons (d) Does not differ
54. An atom has 26 electrons and its atomic weight is 56. The number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom will be [CPMT 1980]
(a) 26 (b) 30 (c) 36 (d) 56
55. The atomic number of an element represents [CPMT 1983; CBSE 1990; NCERT 1973; AMU 1984]
(a) Number of neutrons in the nucleus (b) Number of protons in the nucleus
(c) Atomic weight of element (d) Valency of element
56. The mass of an atom is constituted mainly by [Delhi PMT 1984. 91; AFMC 1990]
(a) Neutron and neutrino (b) Neutron and electron (c) Neutron and proton (d) Proton and electron
57. Which of the following is always a whole number [CPMT 1976, 81, 86]
(a) Atomic weight (b) Atomic radii (c) Equivalent weight (d) Atomic number
58. The electronic configuration of a dipositive metal M 2 + is 2, 8, 14 and its atomic weight is 56 a.m.u. The number of neutrons in its
nuclei would be [MNR 1984, 89; Kerala PMT 1999]
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 34 (d) 42
59. The total number of unpaired electrons in d-orbitals of atoms of element of atomic number 29 is [CPMT 1983]
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 5
60. Chlorine atom differs from chloride ion in the number of [NCERT 1972; MP PMT 1995]
(a) Proton (b) Neutron (c) Electrons (d) Protons and electrons
61. The number of electrons in one molecule of CO 2 are [IIT 1979; MP PMT 1994; Rajasthan PMT 1999]
(a) 22 (b) 44 (c) 66 (d) 88

3−
62. The nitrogen atom has 7 protons and 7 electrons, the nitride ion ( N ) will have [NCERT 1977]
(a) 7 protons and 10 electrons (b) 4 protons and 7 electrons

(c) 4 protons and 10 electrons (d) 10 protons and 7 electrons
63. The total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc ions with mass number 70 is [IIT 1979; Bihar MEE 1997]
(a) 34 (b) 40 (c) 36 (d) 38
64. If W is atomic weight and N is the atomic number of an element, then [CPMT 1971, 80, 89]
−1
(a) Number of e =W −N (b) Number of 0 n = W − N 1
(c) Number of 1 H 1 = W − N (d) Number of 0 n1 = N

65. The number of electrons in the atom which has 20 protons in the nucleus is [CPMT 1981, 93; CBSE 1989]
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 30 (d) 40
66. Six protons are found in the nucleus of [CPMT 1977, 80, 81; NCERT 1975, 78]
(a) Boron (b) Lithium (c) Carbon (d) Helium
67. A sodium cation has different number of electrons from
(a) O 2 − (b) F − (c) Li + (d) Al + + +
68. An atom which has lost one electron would be [CPMT 1986]
(a) Negatively charged (b) Positively charged
(c) Electrically neutral (d) Carry double positive charge
69. The nucleus of the element having atomic number 25 and atomic weight 55 will contain [CPMT 1986; MP PMT 1987]
(a) 25 protons and 30 neutrons (b) 25 neutrons and 30 protons
(c) 55 protons (d) 55 neutrons
70. Positive ions are formed from the neutral atom by the [CPMT 1976]
(a) Increase of nuclear charge (b) Gain of protons
(c) Loss of electrons (d) Loss of protons
71. The nucleus of the atom consists of [CPMT 1973; 74, 78, 83, 84; MADT Bihar 1980; Delhi PMT 1982, 85, MP PMT 1999]
(a) Proton and neutron (b) Proton and electron
(c) Neutron and electron (d) Proton, neutron and electron
72. The number of electrons in an atom of an element is equal to its [BHU 1979]
(a) Atomic weight (b) Atomic number (c) Equivalent weight (d) Electron affinity
73. Neutrons are found in atoms of all elements except in [MP PMT 1997]
(a) Chlorine (b) Oxygen (c) Argon (d) Hydrogen
74. A transition metal X has a configuration [ Ar ] 3 d 4 in its + 3 oxidation state. Its atomic number is [EAMCET 1990]
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 22 (d) 19
75. Number of electrons in −CONH 2 is [AMU 1988]
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 20 (d) 28
76. Ca has atomic number 20 and atomic weight 40. Which of the following statements is not correct about Ca atom [MP PET 1993]
(a) The number of electrons is same as the number of neutrons
(b) The number of nucleons is double of the number of electrons
(c) The number of protons is half of the number of neutrons
(d) None of these
77. Which of the following atom has more electrons than neutrons
(a) C (b) F − (c) O 2 − (d) Al 3 +
78. The present atomic weight scale is based on [EAMCET 1988; MP PMT 2002]
12 16 1
(a) C (b) O (c) H (d) C13
45
79. The nucleus of the element 21 E contains
(a) 45 protons and 21 neutrons (b) 21 protons and 24 neutrons
(c) 21 protons and 45 neutrons (d) 24 protons and 21 neutrons
80. The number of electrons in the nucleus of C12 is [AFMC 1995]
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 0 (d) 3
81. The atomic number of an element is always equal to [MP PMT 1994]
(a) Atomic weight divided by 2 (b) Number of neutrons in the nucleus
(c) Weight of the nucleus (d) Electrical charge of the nucleus
82. The ratio between the neutrons in C and Si with respect to atomic masses 12 and 28 is [EAMCET 1990]
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 7 (d) 7 : 3
83. If the atomic weight of an element is 23 times that of the lightest element and it has 11 protons, then it contains
[EAMCET 1986; AFMC 1989]
(a) 11 protons, 23 neutrons, 11 electrons (b) 11 protons, 11 neutrons, 11 electrons
(c) 11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons (d) 11 protons, 11 neutrons, 23 electrons
84. The nucleus of tritium contains [MP PMT 2002]
(a) 1 proton + 1 neutron (b) 1 proton + 3 neutron (c) 1 proton + 0 neutron (d) 1 proton + 2 neutron
85. The number of electrons and neutrons of an element is 18 and 20 respectively. Its mass number is
[CPMT 1997; Pb. PMT 1999; MP PMT 1999]
(a) 17 (b) 37 (c) 2 (d) 38
40 −1
86. The number of electrons in [19 K] is [CPMT 1997; AFMC 1999]
(a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 18 (d) 40
40
87. In the nucleus of 20 Ca there are [CPMT 1990; EAMCET 1991]
(a) 40 protons and 20 electrons (b) 20 protons and 40 electrons
(c) 20 protons and 20 neutrons (d) 20 protons and 40 neutrons
88. The atomic weight of an element is 39. The number of neutrons in its nucleus is one more than the number of protons. The
number of protons, neutrons and electrons respectively in its atom would be [MP PMT 1997]
(a) 19, 20, 19 (b) 19, 19, 20 (c) 20, 19, 19 (d) 20, 19, 20
89. CO has same electrons as or the ion that is iso-electronic with CO is [CPMT 1984; IIT 1982; EAMCET 1990; CBSE 1997]
(a) N 2+ (b) CN − (c) O 2+ (d) O 2−
90. Na + ion is iso-electronic with [CPMT 1990]

+ 2+ 2+ 2+
(a) Li (b) Mg (c) Ca (d) Ba
91. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen is iso-electronic with CO 2 [CBSE 1990]
(a) NO 2 (b) N 2 O (c) NO (d) N 2 O2
2−
92. Which one of the following is not iso-electronic with O [CBSE 1994]
3− − + +
(a) N (b) F (c) Tl (d) Na
93. Pick out the iso-electronic structures from the following, CH 3+ H3O +
NH 3 CH 3− [IIT 1993]
I II III IV
(a) I and II (b) I and IV (c) I and III (d) II, III and IV
−
94. The hydride ions (H ) are iso-electronic with [AFMC 1995; Bihar MEE 1997]
+
(a) Li (b) He (c) He (d) Be
95. Iso-electronic species are [EAMCET 1989]
+ − + − +
(a) K , Cl (b) Na , Cl (c) Na, Ar (d) Mg , Ar
96. Which one of the following grouping represents a collection of iso-electronic species [AIEEE 2003]
+ 2+ 2+ 3− − + 3+ − 2+ +
(a) Na , Ca , Mg (b) N , F , Na (c) Be , Al , Cl (d) Ca , Cs , Br
97. Which of the following are iso-electronic and isostructual NO 3− , CO 32 − , ClO3− , SO 3 [IIT Screening 2003]
(a) NO 3− , CO 32 − (b) SO 3 , NO 3− (c) ClO 3− , CO 32 − (d) CO 32 − .SO 3

98. Which of the following atoms and ions are iso-electronic i.e. have the same number of electrons with the neon atom [NCERT 1978]
(a) F − (b) Oxygen atom (c) Mg (d) N −
99. Which of the following is iso-electronic with carbon atom [MP PMT 1994; UPSEAT 2000]
+ 3+ 2−
(a) Na (b) Al (c) O (d) N +
100. Which of the following is not iso-electronic with Ne [MP PET 2002]
+ 2+ 2− −
(a) Na (b) Mg (c) O (d) Cl
101. Which of the following is iso-electronic with Ca 2 +

(a) Kr (b) K + (c) Mg 2 + (d) Ca
102. Iso-electronic species is [Rajasthan PMT 2002]
− −2 − − +
(a) F , O (b) F , O (c) F ,O (d) F , O +2
−
103. Which pair of ions is iso-electronic [DCE 1999]

− − − − + + + +2
(a) F and Cl (b) F and O (c) Na and K (d) Na and Mg
104. Tritium is the isotope of [CPMT 2003]
(a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen (c) Carbon (d) Sulphur
105. An isostere is [UPSEAT 1999]
(a) NO 2− and O3 (b) NO 2− and PO43 − (c) CO 2 , N 2 O, NO 3− (d) ClO 4− and OCN −
106. Which of the following pair has same electronic structure [CPMT 1992]
+ −
(a) Ca, Ar (b) Mg, Na (c) Ag, Sn (d) Ar, Cl
107. Which of the following are iso-electronic with one another [NCERT 1983; EAMCET 1989]
+ +
(a) Na and Ne (b) K and O (c) Ne and O (d) Na + and K +
108. Be 2 + is iso-electronic with [EAMCET 1998]
2+ + + +
(a) Mg (b) Na (c) Li (d) H
109. The nitride ion in lithium nitride is composed of [Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) 7 protons + 10 electrons (b) 10 protons + 10 electrons (c) 7 protons + 7 protons (d) 10 protons + 7 electrons
89 γ
231
110. Number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the element is [AFMC 1997]
(a) 89, 231, 89 (b) 89, 89, 242 (c) 89, 142, 89 (d) 89, 71, 89
111. CO 2 is isostructural with [IIT 1986; MP PMT 1986, 94, 95]
(a) SnCl 2 (b) SO 2 (c) HgCl 2 (d) All the above
Advance Level
112. In an X-ray experiment, different metals are used as the target. In each case, the frequency (ν) of the radiation produced is
measured. If Z= atomic number, which of the following plots will be a straight line
1
(a) ν against Z (b) against Z (c) ν against Z (d) ν against Z
ν
113. In Moseley's equation [ ν = a( Z − b ) ], which was derived from the observations made during the bombardment of metal targets
with X-rays,
(a) a is independent but b depends on the metal (b) Both a and b depend on the metal
(c) Both a and b are independent of the metal and are constant (d) b is independent but a depends on the metal
114. If molecular mass and atomic mass of sulphur are 256 and 32 respectively, its atomicity is [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 16
115. Assertion (A) : The atoms of different elements having same mass number but different atomic number are known as isobars
Reason (R) : The sum of protons and neutrons, in the isobars is always different [AIIMS 2000]
(a) Both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but the R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
116. The mass number of an anion, X 3− , is 14. If there are ten electrons in the anion, the number of neutrons in the nucleus of atom,
X 2 of the element will be [MP PMT 1999]
(a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 7 (d) 5
117. Atoms consists of protons, neutrons and electrons. If the mass of neutrons and electrons were made half and two times
respectively to their actual masses, then the atomic mass of 6 C 12 [NCERT 1982]
(a) Will remain approximately the same (b) Will become approximately two times
(c) Will remain approximately half (d) Will be reduced by 25%
118. A neutral atom (Atomic no. > 1) consists of [CPMT 1982]
(a) Only protons (b) Neutrons + protons
(c) Neutrons + electrons (d) Neutrons +proton + electron
119. Compared with an atom of atomic weight 12 and atomic number 6, the atom of atomic weight 13 and atomic number 6
[NCERT 1971]
(a) Contains more neutrons (b) Contains more electrons
(c) Contains more protons (d) Is a different element
30 40
120. Assertion (A) : Nuclide Al13 is less stable than Ca 20
Reason (R): Nuclides having odd number of protons and neutrons are generally unstable [IIT 1998]
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct
121. Which of the following are iso-electronic species I − CH 3+ , II − NH 2− , III − NH 4+ , IV − NH 3 [CPMT 1999]
(a) I, II, III (b) II, III, IV (c) I, II, IV (d) I and II
122. The charge on the atom containing 17 protons, 18 neutrons and 18 electrons is [AIIMS 1996]
(a) + 1 (b) – 2 (c) –1 (d) Zero
Atomic Models and Planck’s Quantum Theory
Basic Level
123. Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment proved that atom has [MP PMT 2001]
(a) Electrons (b) Neutron (c) Nucleus (d) Orbitals
124. Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment eventually led to the conclusion that [IIT 1986; Rajasthan PMT 2002]
(a) Mass and energy are related (b) Electrons occupy space around
the nucleus
(c) Neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus (d) The point of impact with matter can be precisely
determined
125. The element used by Rutherford in his famous scattering experiment was [Karnataka CET 1998]
(a) Gold (b) Tin (c) Silver (d) Lead
126. The α-particle scattering experiment of Rutherford concluded that [Orissa JEE 1997]
(a) The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons
(b) The number of electrons is exactly equal to number of protons in atom
(c) The positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a very small space
(d) Electrons occupy discrete energy levels
127. Experimental evidence for the existence of the atomic nucleus comes from [CBSE 1989]
(a) Millikan’s oil drop experiment (b) Atomic emission spectroscopy
(c) The magnetic bending of cathode rays (d) Alpha scattering by a thin metal foil
128. Which of the following is not true in Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom [Orissa JEE 2002]
(a) Protons and neutrons are present inside nucleus
(b) Volume of nucleus is very small as compared to volume of atom
(c) The number of protons and neutrons are always equal
(d) The number of electrons and protons are always equal
129. The radius of the nucleus is related to the mass number A by [EAMCET 1998]
(a) R = R0 A 1/2
(b) R = R0 . A (c) R = R0 .A 2
(d) R = R0 .A 1/3
130. The volume of the nucleus is

(a) 10 −4 times smaller than the volume of an atom (b) 10 −8 times smaller than the volume of an atom
(c) 10 −12 times smaller than the volume of an atom (d) Two-third the volume of the nucleus
131. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of particles showed for the first time that the atom has
[IIT 1981, NCERT 1981; CMC Vellore 1991; CPMT 1984; Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
(a) Electrons (b) Protons (c) Nucleus (d) Neutrons
132. The size of nucleus is measured in [EAMCET 1988; CPMT 1994]
(a) amu (b) Angstrom (c) Fermi (d) cm
133. The average distance of an electron in an atom from its nucleus is of the order of [MP PET 1996]
6 −6 −10 −15
(a) 10 m (b) 10 m (c) 10 m (d) 10 m
134. Nucleus of an atom is [MNR 1977]
(a) Neutral (b) Negatively charged (c) Positively charged (d) None of them
135. Rutherford’s scatting experiment is related to the size of the [IIT 1983; MADT Bihar 1995; BHU 1995]
(a) Nucleus (b) Atom (c) Electron (d) Neutron
136. The positive charge of an atom is [AFMC 2002]
(a) Spread all over the atom (b) Distributed around the nucleus
(c) Concentrated at the nucleus (d) All of these
137. Atoms have diameters of the order of [NCERT 1971; CPMT 1977]
−8 −10 −13
(a) 10 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 10 −15 cm
138. Remaining part of atom except outer orbit is called [CPMT 1982]
(a) Kernel (b) Core (c) Empty space (d) None
139. The radius of an atom is of the order of [AMU 1982; IIT 1985; MP PMT 1995]
(a) 10 −10 cm (b) 10 −13 cm (c) 10 −15 cm (d) 10 −8 cm

140. Discovery of the nucleus of an atom was due to the experiment carried out by [CPMT 1983; MP PET 1983]
(a) Bohr (b) Mosley (c) Rutherford (d) Thomson
141. The order of density in nucleus is [NCERT 1981; CPMT 1981, 2003]
8 −8 −9
(a) 10 kg / cc (b) 10 kg / cc (c) 10 kg / cc (d) 10 12 kg / cc
142. Existence of positively charged nucleus was established by [CBSE 1991]
(a) Positive ray analysis (b) α-ray scattering experiments (c) X-ray analysis (d)
143. The size of nucleus is of the order of [CPMT 1982; MP PMT 1991]
(a) 10 −12 m (b) 10 −8 m (c) 10 −15 m (d) 10 −10 m

144. Bohr’s model can explain [IIT 1985]
(a) The spectrum of hydrogen atom only (b) Spectrum of atom or ion containing one electron only
(c) The spectrum of hydrogen molecule (d) The solar spectrum
145. Which one of the following is considered as the main postulate of Bohr’s model of atom [AMU 2000]
(a) Protons are present in the nucleus
(b) Electrons are revolving around the nucleus
(c) Centrifugal force produced due to the revolving electrons balances the force of attraction between the electron and the
protons
h
(d) Angular momentum of electron is an integral multiple of
2π
146. The electronic energy levels of the hydrogen atom in the Bohr’s theory are called [AMU 2000]
(a) Rydberg levels (b) Orbits (c) Ground states (d) Orbitals
147. Which of the following statements does not form part of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom [CBSE 1989]
(a) Energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantized
(b) The electron in the orbit nearest the nucleus has the lowest energy
(c) Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus
(d) The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously
148. Bohr model of atom is contradicted by [MP PMT 2002]
(a) Pauli’s exclusion principle (b) Planck quantum theory
(c) Heisenberg uncertainty principle (d) All of these
149. Bohr’s radius can have [Delhi PMT 1996]
(a) Discrete values (b) + ve values (c) – ve values (d) Fractional values
150. Who modified Bohr’s theory by introducing elliptical orbits for electron path [CBSE 1999; AFMC 2003]
(a) Hund (b) Thomson (c) Rutherford (d) Sommerfeld
151. Bohr model of an atom could not account for
(a) Emission spectrum (b) Absorption spectrum (c) Line spectrum of hydrogen (d) Fine spectrum
152. Radius of the first Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom is [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) 1.06 Å (b) 0.22 Å (c) 0.28 Å (d) 0.53 Å
153. When an electron revolves in a stationary orbit then [MP PET 1994]
(a) It absorbs energy (b) It gains kinetic energy (c) It emits radiation (d) Its energy remains
constant
154. If the radius of first Bohr orbit be a0 , then the radius of third orbit would be [MP PET 1997]
1
(a) 3 × a0 (b) 6 × a0 (c) 9 × a0 (d) a0
9
155. The ratio between kinetic energy and the total energy of the electrons of hydrogen atom according to Bohr’s model is [Pb. PMT 2002]
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : – 1 (d) 1 : 2
156. The postulate of Bohr theory that electrons jump from one orbit to the other, rather than flow is according to
(a) The quantisation concept (b) The wave nature of electron
(c) The probability expression for electron (d) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
157. Ratio of radii of second and first Bohr orbits of H atom [BHU 2003]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5
158. The energy of an electron revolving in nth Bohr’s orbit of an atom is given by the expression [MP PMT 1999]
2π 2 m 4 e 2 z 2 2π 2 me 2 z 2 2π 2 me 4 z 2 2πm 2 e 2 z 4
(a) En = − (b) En = − (c) En = − (d) En = −
n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h2
159. The expression for Bohr’s radius of an atom is [MP PMT 1999]
n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2
(a) r = (b) r = (c) r = (d) r =
4 π me z
2 4 2 2
4π me z 2
4 π me z
2 2 2
4π m 2e 2 z 2
2
160. Visible range of hydrogen spectrum will contain the following series [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) Pfund (b) Lyman (c) Balmer (d) Brackett
161. Wavelength of spectral line emitted is inversely proportional to [CPMT 2001]
(a) Radius (b) Energy (c) Velocity (d) Quantum number
162. In hydrogen spectrum the different lines of Lyman series are present in [UPSEAT 1999]
(a) UV field (b) IR field (c) Visible field (d) Far IR field
163. In an element going away from nucleus, the energy of particle [Rajasthan PMT 1997]
(a) Decreases (b) Not changing (c) Increases (d) None of these
164. When an electron jumps from lower to higher orbit, its energy [MADT Bihar 1982]
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains the same (d) None of these
165. The frequency corresponding to transition of electron n = 2 to n =1 in hydrogen atom is [MP PET 2003]
(a) 15 .66 × 10 10 Hz (b) 24 . 66 × 10 14 Hz (c) 30 .57 × 10 14 Hz (d) 40 .57 × 10 24 Hz

166. When an electron drops from a higher energy level to a low energy level, then [AMU 1985]
(a) Energy is emitted (b) Energy is absorbed (c) Atomic number increases (d) Atomic number decreases
167. When an electron jumps from L to K shell [CPMT 1983]
(a) Energy is absorbed (b) Energy is released
(c) Energy is sometimes absorbed and sometimes released (d) Energy is neither absorbed nor released
168. The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an electronic transition between which Bohr’s orbits in hydrogen [MP PMT 2001]
(a) 5 → 3 (b) 5 → 2 (c) 4 → 3 (d) 4 → 2
169. Energy of the electron in hydrogen atom is given by [AMU (Engg.) 2002]
131 .38 131 .33 1313 . 3 313 .13
(a) En = − kJ mol −1 (b) E n = − kJ mol −1 (c) En = − kJ mol −1 (d) En = − kJ mol −1
2 2
n n n n2
170. The spectrum of He is expected to be similar to [AIIMS 1980, 91; Delhi PMT 1983; MP PMT 2002]
+
(a) H (b) Li (c) Na (d) He +
171. The series limit for Balmer series of H-spectra is [AMU (Engg.) 1999]
(a) 3800Å (b) 4200Å (c) 3664Å (d) 4000Å
172. Which of the following electron transition in a hydrogen atom will require the largest amount of energy [UPSEAT 1999, 2000, 01]
(a) From n = 1 to n = 2 (b) From n = 2 to n = 3 (c) From n = ∞ to n = 1 (d) n = 3 to n = 5
173. Which of the following transitions are allowed in the normal electronic emission spectrum of an atom
(a) 2s → 1s (b) 2p → 1s (c) 3d → 2p (d) 5d → 2s
174. The formation of energy bonds in solids are in accordance with [DCE 2001]
(a) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (b) Bohr’s theory
(c) Ohm’s law (d) Rutherford’s atomic model
175. Zeeman effect refers to the [AFMC 1995]
(a) Splitting up of the lines in an emission spectrum in a magnetic field
(b) Splitting up of the lines in an emission spectrum in the presence of an external electrostatic field
(c) Emission of electrons from metals when light falls upon them
(d) Random scattering of light by colloidal particles
176. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by [IIT 1997; CPMT 2001]
(a) Heisenberg (b) Bohr (c) Planck (d) Einstein
177. Which one of the following is not the characteristic of Planck’s quantum theory of radiation [AIIMS 1991]
(a) The energy is not absorbed or emitted in whole number multiple of quantum
(b) Radiation is associated with energy
(c) Radiation energy is not emitted or absorbed continuously but in the form of small packets called quanta
(d) This magnitude of energy associated with a quantum is proportional to the frequency
178. The Planck constant has the dimension of
(a) Length (b) Energy (c) Momentum (d) Angular momentum
179. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon [IIT 1984; CPMT 1997]
(a) 3 s (b) 2 p (c) 2 s (d) 1 s
180. The frequency of yellow light having wavelength 600 nm is [MP PET 2002]
(a) 5 .0 × 10 14 Hz (b) 2 .5 × 10 7 Hz (c) 5 .0 × 10 7 Hz (d) 2 .5 × 10 14 Hz

181. The energy of a photon is calculated by [Pb. PMT 2000]
E h
(a) E = h ν (b) h = Eν (c) h = (d) E =
V V
Advance Level
182. Which of the following is true for Thomson's model of the atom
(a) The radius of an electron can be calculated using Thomson's model.
(b) In an undisturbed atom, the electrons will be at their equilibrium positions, where the attraction between the cloud of
positive charge and the electrons balances their mutual repulsion
(c) When the electrons are disturbed by collision, they will vibrate around their equilibrium positions and emit electromagnetic
radiation whose frequency is of the order of magnitude of the frequency of electromagnetic radiation of a vibrating electron.
(d) It can explain the existence of protons.
183. When a gold sheet is bombarded by a beam of α–particles, only a few of them get deflected whereas most go straight,
undeflected. This is because
(a) The force of attraction exerted on the α–particles by the oppositely charged electrons is not sufficient.
(b) A nucleus has a much smaller volume than that of an atom.
(c) The force of repulsion acting on the fast moving α–particles is very small.
(d) The neutrons in the nucleus do not have any effect on the α–particles.
184. From the α–particle scattering experiment, Rutherford concluded that
(a) α–particles can come within a distance of the order of 10–14m of the nucleus
(b) The radius of the nucleus is less than 10–14m
(c) Scattering follows Coulomb's law
(d) The positively charged parts of the atom move with extremely high velocities.
185. Rutherford's scattering formula fails for very small scattering angles because
(a) The full nuclear charge of the target atom is partially screened by its electron
(b) The impact parameter between the α–particle source and the nucleus of the target is very large compared to the size of the
nucleus
(c) The kinetic energy of the α–particles is large
(d) The gold foil is very thin
27
186. The radius of 13 Al will be
(a) 1 . 2 × 10 −15 m (b) 27 × 10 −15 m (c) 10 .8 × 10 −15 m (d) 3 . 6 × 10 −15 m

187. The nucleus of an atom can be assumed to be spherical. The radius of the nucleus of mass number A is given by
1 . 25 × 10 −13 × A1 / 3 cm . Radius of atom is one Å. If the mass number is 64, then the fraction of the atomic volume that is occupied
by the nucleus is [NCERT 1983]
(a) 1 . 0 × 10 −3 (b) 5 .0 × 10 −5 (c) 2 .5 × 10 −2 (d) 1 . 25 × 10 −13

188. In a Bohr’s model of atom when an electron jumps from n = 1 to n = 3, how much energy will be emitted or absorbed [CBSE 1996]
(a) 2 .15 × 10 −11 ergs (b) 0 .1911 × 10 −10 ergs (c) 2 .389 × 10 −12 ergs (d) 0 .239 × 10 −10 ergs
189. The radius of first Bohr’s orbit for hydrogen is 0.53 Å. The radius of third Bohr’s orbit would be [MP PET 1994]
(a) 0.79 Å (b) 1.59 Å (c) 3.18 Å (d) 4.77 Å
190. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H atom is ––13.6 eV. The possible energy value (s) of the excited state (s) for
electrons in Bohr orbits to hydrogen is (are) [IIT 1998]
(a) – 3.4 eV (b) – 4.2 eV (c) – 6.8 eV (d) + 6.8 eV
191. Energy of electron of hydrogen atom in second Bohr orbit is [MP PMT 2000]
(a) − 5 .44 × 10 −19 J (b) − 5 .44 × 10 −19 kJ (c) − 5 .44 × 10 −19 cal (d) − 5 .44 × 10 −19 eV
192. The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n = 1) is approximately 0.530 Å. The radius for the first excited state (n = 2) orbit is
[CBSE 1998; BHU 1999]
(a) 0.13 Å (b) 1.06 Å (c) 4.77 Å (d) 2.12 Å
193. The energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is [MP PET 1999]
13 . 6 13 . 6 13 . 6 13 . 6
(a) eV (b) eV (c) eV (d) eV
n4 n3 n2 n
194. As electron moves away from the nucleus, its potential energy [UPSEAT 2003]
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains constant (d) None of these
195. In which one of the following pairs of experimental observations and phenomenon does the experimental observation correctly
account for phenomenon [AIIMS 1983]
Experimental observation Phenomenon
(a) X- ray spectra (a) Charge on the nucleus
(b α-particle scattering (b Quantized electron orbit
) )
(c) Emission spectra (c) The quantization of energy
(d The photoelectric effect (d The nuclear atom
) )
196. When an electron jumps from ‘L’ level to ‘M’ level, there occurs [EAMCET 1979]
(a) Emission of energy (b) Emission of X-rays (c) Absorption of energy (d) Emission of γ-rays
197. In Balmer series of hydrogen atom spectrum which electronic transition causes third line [MP PMT 2000]
(a) Fifth Bohr orbit to second one (b) Fifth Bohr orbit to first one
(c) Fourth Bohr orbit to second one (d) Fourth Bohr orbit to first one
198. In which of the following transitions will the wavelength be minimum
(a) n = 6 to n = 4 (b) n = 4 to n = 2 (c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
199. The frequency of one of the lines in Paschen series of hydrogen atom is 2 .340 × 10 14 Hz . The quantum number n2 which
produces this transition is [Delhi PMT 2001]
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
200. Positronium consists of an electron and a positron (a particle which has the same mass as an electron, but opposite charge)
orbiting round their common centre of mass. Calculate the value of the Rydberg constant for this system.
(a) R∞ / 4 (b) R ∞ / 2 (c) 2 R∞ (d) R∞
201. What are the average distance and the most probable distance of an electron from the nucleus in the 1s orbital of a hydrogen
atom [ a 0 = the radius of the first Bohr orbit]
(a) 1 . 5 a0 and a 0 (b) a 0 and 5a 0 (c) 1 . 5 a0 and 0 .5 a0 (d) a 0 and 0 .5 a0
202. Choose the correct relations on the basis of Bohr theory
1 1
(a) Velocity of electron ∝ (b) Frequency of revolution ∝
n n3
1
(c) Radius of orbit ∝ n 2 Z (d) Force on electron ∝
n4
− hcR ∞
203. For a hydrogen atom, what is the orbital degeneracy of the level that has energy = , where R∞ is the Rydberg constant for
9
the hydrogen atom
(a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 36 (d) 3
204. In a hydrogen atom, if energy of an electron in ground state is 13.6 eV, then that in the 2nd excited state is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) – 1.51 eV (b) – 3.4 eV (c) – 6.04 eV (d) – 13.6 eV
205. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6 eV. The energy required to excite the electron in a hydrogen atom from the
ground state to the first excited state is (Avogadro’s constant = 6 .022 × 10 23 ) [BHU 1999]
(a) 1 . 69 × 10 −20 J (b) 1 . 69 × 10 −23 J (c) 1 . 69 × 10 23 J (d) 1 . 69 × 10 25 J

206. The value of the energy for the first excited state of hydrogen atom will be [MP PET 2002]
(a) – 13.6 eV (b) – 3.40 eV (c) – 1.51 eV (d) – 0.85 eV
207. An atom has 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and 6 electrons in M shell. The number of s-electrons present in that
element is [CPMT 1989]
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 10
208. In Bohr series of lines of hydrogen spectrum, the third line from the red end corresponds to which one of the following inter-
orbit jumps of the electron for Bohr orbits in an atom of hydrogen [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 3 → 2 (b) 5 → 2 (c) 4 → 1 (d) 2 → 5
209. If electron falls from n = 3 to n = 2, then emitted energy is [AFMC 1997; MP PET 2003]
(a) 10.2 eV (b) 12.09 eV (c) 1.9 eV (d) 0.65 eV
210. The emission spectrum of hydrogen is found to satisfy the expression for the energy change. ∆E (in joules) such that
 1 1 
∆E = 2 .18 × 10  2 − 2  J where n1 = 1, 2, 3 .... and n2 = 2, 3, 4 .... The spectral lines correspond to Paschen series to [UPSEAT 2002]
n 
 1 n2 
(a) n1 = 1 and n2 = 2, 3, 4 (b) n1 = 3 and n2 = 4 , 5 , 6 (c) n1 = 1 and n2 = 3, 4 , 5 (d) n1 = 1 and n2 = infinity
211. The energy required to dislodge electron from excited isolated H-atom., IE1 = 13 .6 eV is [DCE 2000]
(a) = 13.6 eV (b) > 13.6 eV (c) < 13.6 and > 3.4 eV (d) ≤ 3 .4 eV
−8 −34
212. If change in energy, (∆E) = 3 × 10 J , h = 6 .64 × 10 J − s and c = 3 × 10 m / s, then wavelength of the light is
8
[CBSE 2000]
−18
(a) 6 .36 × 10 Å3
(b) 6 .36 × 10 Å 5
(c) 6 .64 × 10 Å (d) 6 .36 × 10 18
Å
213. The value of Planck’s constant is 6 .63 × 10 −34 Js . The velocity of light is 3 . 0 × 10 8 ms −1 . Which value is closest to the wavelength
in nanometres of a quantum of light with frequency of 8 × 10 15 s −1 [CBSE 2003]
(a) 3 × 10 7 (b) 2 × 10 −25 (c) 5 × 10 −18 (d) 4 × 10 1

214. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to [IIT 1988]
(a) The number of electrons undergoing the transition
(b) The nuclear charge of the atom
(c) The difference in the energy of the energy levels involved in the transition
(d) The velocity of the electron undergoing the transition
215. If wavelength of photon is 2 .2 × 10 −11 m , h = 6 .6 × 10 −34 Js , then momentum of photon is [MP PET 1999]
(a) 3 × 10 −23 kg ms −1 (b) 3 . 33 × 10 22 kg ms −1 (c) 1 . 452 × 10 −44 kg ms −1 (d) 6 .89 × 10 43 kg ms −1

216. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 2000 Å wavelength radiation to that of 4000 Å radiation is
[IIT 1986; DCE 2000; JIPMER 2000]
(a) 1/4 (b) 4 (c) 1/2 (d) 2
217. Wavelength associated with electron motion [BHU 1998]
(a) Increases with increase in speed of electron (b) Remains same irrespective of speed of electron
−
(c) Decreases with increase in speed of e (d) Is zero
218. A 200 g golf ball is moving with a speed of 5 m per hour. The associated wave length is ( h = 6 .625 × 10 −34 J − sec) [MP PET 2003]
(a) 2 .38 × 10 −10 m (b) 2 .38 × 10 −20 m (c) 2 .38 × 10 −30 m (d) 2 .38 × 10 −40 m
219. The frequency of a wave of light is 12 × 10 14 s −1 . The wave number associated with this light is [Pb. PMT 1999]
(a) 5 × 10 −7 m (b) 4 × 10 −8 cm −1 (c) 2 × 10 −7 m −1 (d) 4 × 10 4 cm −1

220. The energy of a 700 – nm photon is
(a) 1.77 eV (b) 2.47 eV (c) 700 eV (d) 3.57 eV
Dual nature of electron (de-Broglie equation)
Basis Level
221. The wave nature of an electron was first given by [CMC Vellore 1991; Punjab PMT 1998]
(a) De–Broglie (b) Heisenberg (c) Mosley (d) Sommerfeld
222. Dual nature of particle is given by [BHU 2003]
(a) Bohr theory (b) Thomson model (c) Heisenberg principle (d) De–Broglie equation
h
223. Among the following for which one mathematical expression λ = stands
p
(a) De–Broglie equation (b) Einstein equation (c) Uncertainty equation (d) Bohr equation
224. De–Broglie equation describes the relationship of wavelength associated with the wave motion of an electron and its [MP PMT 1986]
(a) Mass (b) Energy (c) Momentum (d) Charge
225. De–Broglie equation tells about [MP PMT 1993]
(a) Relation between electrons and nucleus (b) Relation between electrons and protons
(c) Relation between electrons and neutrons (d) Electron’s dual nature of wave and particle
226. Which one of the following explains light both as a stream of particles and as wave motion [AIIMS 1983; IIT 1992; UPSEAT 2003]
h
(a) Diffraction (b) λ = (c) Interference (d) Photoelectric effect
p
227. Which is the correct relationship between wavelength and momentum of particles [Pb. PMT 2000]
h h P
(a) λ = (b) π = (c) h = (d) None of these
P P λ
228. Which of the following expressions gives the de–Broglie relationship [MP PMT 1996; MP PET/ PMT 1998]
λ h m v
(a) h = (b) λ = (c) λ = (d) λ =
mv mv hv mh
229. Which particle among the following will have the smallest de Broglie wavelength, assuming that they have the same velocity
(a) A positron (b) A photon (c) An α -particle (d) A neutron
230. Minimum de–Broglie wavelength is associated with [Rajasthan PMT 1999]
(a) Electron (b) Proton (c) CO 2 molecule (d) SO 2 molecule
231. The de–Broglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass 10 −6 kg moving with a velocity of 10 ms −1 , is [AIIMS 2001]
(a) 6 .63 × 10 −22 m (b) 6 .63 × 10 −29 m (c) 6 .63 × 10 −31 m (d) 6 .63 × 10 −34 m
232. Davisson and Germer’s experiment showed that [MADT Bihar 1983]
(a) β-particles are electrons (b) Electrons come from nucleus

(c) Electrons show wave nature (d) None of the above
Advance Level
233. The de–Brolglie wavelength of a particle with mass 1 g and velocity 100 m/s is
[CBSE 1999; EAMCET 1997; AFMC 1999; AIIMS 2000]
−33 −34
(a) 6 .63 × 10 m (b) 6 .63 × 10 m (c) 6 .63 × 10 −35 m (d) 6 .65 × 10 −35 m
234. The de–Broglie wavelength associated with a material particle is [JIPMER 2000]
(a) Directly proportional to its energy (b) Directly proportional to momentum

(c) Inversely proportional to its energy (d) Inversely proportional to momentum
235. What is the de–Broglie wavelength associated with the hydrogen electron in its third orbit [AMU (Engg.) 2002]
(a) 9 .96 × 10 −10 cm (b) 9 .96 × 10 −8 cm (c) 9 .96 × 10 4 cm (d) 9 .96 × 10 8 cm
236. What will be de–Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 1 . 2 × 10 5 ms −1 [MP PET 2000]
(a) 6 .068 × 10 −9 (b) 3 . 133 × 10 −37 (c) 6 .626 × 10 −9 (d) 6 .018 × 10 −7
237. An electron has kinetic energy 2 .8 × 10 −23 J . de–Broglie wavelength will be nearly (m e = 9 .1 × 10 −31 kg ) [MP PET 2000]
(a) 9 .28 × 10 −4 m (b) 9 .28 × 10 −7 m (c) 9 .28 × 10 −8 m (d) 9 .28 × 10 −10 m
238. Calculate the de–Broglie wavelength for a particle of mass 10 −30 kg , travelling with a speed of 10 7 ms −1 .
( h = 6 .626 × 10 −34 kg m 2 s −1 )
(a) 6 .626 × 10 −4 m (b) 1 . 509 × 10 −4 m (c) 6 .626 × 10 −11 m (d) 1 . 509 × 10 10 m

239. The de–Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass 60 g moving with a velocity of 10 metres per second is approximately
[AIEEE 2003]
−33 −31 −16 −25
(a) 10 metres (b) 10 metres (c) 10 metres (d) 10 metres
240. De-Broglie wavelength is related to applied voltage as
12 . 3 12 . 3 12 . 3 12 .3
(a) λ = Å (b) λ = Å (c) λ= Å (d) λ Å
h V E m
Uncertainty principle and Schrodinger wave equation
Basic Level
241. The possibility of finding an electron in an orbital was conceived by [MP PMT 1994]
(a) Rutherford (b) Bohr (c) Heisenberg (d) Schrodinger
242. The uncertainty principle and the concept of wave nature of matter was proposed by …… and ……. respectively [MP PET 1997]
(a) Heisenberg, de–Broglie (b) De–Brolgie, Heisenberg (c) Heisenberg, Planck (d) Planck, Heisenberg
243. “The position and velocity of a small particle like electron cannot be simultaneously determined.” This statement is
[NCERT 1979; BHU 1981, 87]
(a) Heisenberg uncertainty principle (b) Principle of de–Broglie’s wave
nature of electron
(c) Pauli’s exclusion principle (d) Aufbau’s principle
h
244. In Heisenberg’s uncertainty equation ∆x × ∆p ≥ , ∆p stands for
4π
(a) Uncertainty in energy (b) Uncertainty in velocity (c) Uncertainty in momentum (d) Uncertainty in mass
245. According to uncertainty principle [AMU 1990]
h h h
(a) E = mc 2 (b) ∆x × ∆p ≥ (c) λ = (d) ∆x × ∆p =
4π p 6π
246. The uncertainty principle was enunciated by [NCERT 1975; Bihar MEE 1997]
(a) Einstein (b) Heisenberg (c) Rutherford (d) Pauli
247. Simultaneous determination of exact position and momentum of an electron is [BHU 1979]
(a) Possible (b) Impossible
(c) Sometimes possible sometimes impossible (d) Non of the above
h
248. The equation ∆x .∆p > shows [MP PET 2000]
4π
(a) De–Brolgie relation (b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
(c) Aufbau principle (d) Hund’s rule
Advance Level
249. Uncertainty principle gave the concept of

(a) Probability (b) An orbital
(c) Physical meaning of ψ, the ψ2 (d) All the above
250. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 × 10 −5 kg − m / s . The uncertainty in its position will be
( h = 6 .62 × 10 −34 kg − m 2 / s)
[AFMC 1998; CBSE 1999; JIPMER 2002]
−28 −26 −30
(a) 1 . 05 × 10 m (b) 1 . 05 × 10 m (c) 5 .27 × 10 m (d) 5 .25 × 10 −28 m
251. Uncertainty in position of a 0.25 g particle is 10 −5 m . Uncertainty of velocity is ( h = 6 .6 × 10 −34 J − s) [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 1 . 2 × 10 34 (b) 2 .1 × 10 −32 (c) 1 . 6 × 10 −20 (d) 1. 7 × 10 −9

252. If uncertainty in the position of an electron is zero, the uncertainty in its momentum would be [CPMT 1988]
(a) Zero (b) < h / 2λ (c) > h / 2λ (d) Infinite
253. The position of both an electron and a helium atom is known within 1.0 nm and the momentum of the electron is known within
50 × 10 −26 kg ms −1 . The minimum uncertainty in the measurement of the momentum of the helium atom is
[CBSE 1998; AIIMS 2001]
−1 −1 −26 −1
(a) 50 kg ms (b) 60 kg ms (c) 80 × 10 kg ms (d) 50 × 10 −26 kg ms −1
254. Assertion (A): The position of an electron can be determined exactly with the help of an electron microscope.
Reason (R): The product of uncertainty in the measurement of its momentum and the uncertainty in the measurement of the
position cannot be less than a finite limit. [NDA 1999]
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
255. The uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass = 9 .1 × 10 −28 g ) moving with a velocity of 3 . 0 × 10 4 cm s −1 accurate upto
h
0.001% will be (Use in the uncertainty expression, where h = 6 .626 × 10 −27 erg − s ) [CBSE 1995]
4π
(a) 1 . 92 × 10 −5 cm (b) 7.68 cm (c) 5.76 cm (d) 3.84 cm
−5
256. The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10 gm is 10 m . Calculate the uncertainty in its velocity [DCE 1999]
(a) 5 .2 × 10 −28 m / sec (b) 3 . 0 × 10 −28 m / sec (c) 5 .2 × 10 −22 m / sec (d) 3 × 10 −22 m / sec
Quantum numbers, Shape of Orbitals and Electronic Configuration of elements
Basic Level
257. The shape of s-orbital is [NCERT 1978]

(a) Pyramidal (b) Spherical (c) Tetrahedral (d) Dumb-bell shaped
258. The shape of 2p orbital is [CPMT 1983; NCERT 1979]
(a) Spherical (b) Ellipsoidal (c) Dumb-bell (d) Pyramidal
259. Which orbital is dumb-bell shaped [MP PMT 1986; MP PET /PMT 1999]
(a) s-orbital (b) p-orbital (c) d-orbital (d) f-orbital
260. A 3p orbital has [IIT 1995]
(a) Two spherical nodes (b) Two non-spherical nodes
(c) One spherical and one non-spherical nodes (d) One spherical and two non-spherical nodes
261. Number of nodal centres for 2s orbital [Rajasthan PET 2003]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 3
262. Which of the following pair of orbitals posses two nodal planes [Rajasthan PMT 2000]
(a) p xy , d x 2 −y 2 (b) d xy , d zx (c) p xy , d zx (d) d z 2 , d x 2 −y 2
263. Which orbital does not have a spherical node [Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
(a) n = 2, l = 0 (b) n = 3, l = 0 (c) n = 2, l = 1 (d) n = 1, l = 0
264. The number of electrons which can be accommodated in an orbital is [Delhi PMT 1981; AFMC 1988]
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
265. The number of nodal planes in a p x orbital is [IIT Screening 2000]
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Zero

266. One orbital consists maximum electrons [AFMC 1988]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 8 (d) 18
267. Which of the following orbitals will be dumb-bell shaped [MP PET 1986]
(a) 1s (b) 2s (c) 2 p x (d) 3 d xy
268. The number of orbitals in d sub-shell is [MNR 1981]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
269. The shape of p-orbital is [MP PMT 1993]
(a) Elliptical (b) Spherical (c) Dumb-bell (d) Complex geometrical
270. Number of orbitals in h sub-shell is [BHU 2003]
(a) 11 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d) 19
271. Azimuthal quantum number for last electron of Na atom is [BHU 1995]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
272. p x orbital can accommodate [MLNR 1990: IIT 1983; MADT Bihar 1995]
(a) 4 electrons (b) 6 electrons

(c) 2 electrons with parallel spins (d) 2 electrons with opposite spins
273. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in ‘f’ sub shell is [CPMT 1983, 84; MP PET / PMT 1988; BITS 1988]
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 32 (d) 14
274. The maximum number of electrons accommodated in 5f orbitals are [MP PET 1996]
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 18
275. Which of the following orbitals does not make sense [Rajasthan PMT 2000]
(a) 7s (b) 5p (c) 2d (d) 4f
276. There is no difference between a 2p and a 3p orbital regarding [BHU 1981]
(a) Shape (b) Size (c) Energy (d) Value of n
277. Which of the sub-shell from the following is dumb-bell
(a) 5s (b) 5p (c) 4d (d) 5f
278. The type of orbitals present in Fe is
(a) s (b) s and p (c) s, p and d (d) s, p, d and f
279. For the dumb-bell shaped orbital, the value of l is [CPMT 1987, 2003]
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
280. Which of the following orbital is not possible [Rajasthan PMT 1999]
(a) 3f (b) 4f (c) 5f (d) 6f
281. Quantum numbers of an atom can be defined on the basis of [AIIMS 2002]
(a) Hund’s rule (b) Aufbau’s principle
(c) Pauli’s exclusion principle (d) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
282. Principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers are respectively related to [CPMT 1988; AIIMS 1999]
(a) Size, shape and orientation(b) Shape, size and orientation (c) Size, orientation and shape(d) None of the above
283. The magnetic quantum number specifies [MNR 1986; BHU 1982; CPMT 1989, 94; MP PET 1999; AFMC 1999; AMU (Engg.) 1999]
(a) Size of orbitals (b) Shape of orbitals (c) Orientation of orbitals (d) Nuclear stability
284. The azimuthal quantum number is related to [BHU 1987, 95]
(a) Size (b) Shape (c) Orientation (d) Spin
285. The principal quantum number represents [CPMT 1991]
(a) Shape of an orbital (b) Distance of electron from nucleus
(c) Number of electrons in an orbit (d) Number of orbitals in an orbit
286. Principal quantum number of an atom represents [EAMCET 1979; IIT 1983; MLNR 1990; UPSEAT 2000, 02]
(a) Size of the orbital (b) Spin angular momentum
(c) Orbital angular momentum (d) Space orientation of the orbital
287. Azimuthal quantum number defines [AIIMS 2002]
(a) e/m ratio of electron (b) Spin of electron
(c) Angular momentum of electron (d) Magnetic momentum of electron
288. Which quantum number will determine the shape of the sub-shell [CPMT 1999; Punjab PMT 1998]
(a) Principal quantum number (b) Azimuthal quantum number (c) Magnetic quantum
number (d) Spin quantum number
289. Which quantum number is not related with Schrodinger equation [Rajasthan PMT 2002]
(a) Principal (b) Azimuthal (c) Magnetic (d) Spin
290. The quantum number which specifies the location of an electron as well as energy is [Delhi PMT 1983]
(a) Principal quantum number (b) Azimuthal quantum number (c) Spin quantum number (d)
291. When the azimuthal quantum number has a value of l = 0, the shape of the orbital is [MP PET 1995]
(a) Rectangular (b) Spherical (c) Dumb-bell (d) Unsymmetrical
292. If n = 3, then the value of ‘l’ which is incorrect [CPMT 1994]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
293. The angular momentum of an electron depends on [BHU 1978, NCERT 1981]
(a) Principal quantum number (b) Azimuthal quantum number
(c) Magnetic quantum number (d) All of these
294. The shape of an orbital is given by the quantum number [NCERT 1984; MP PMT 1996]
(a) n (b) l (c) m (d) s
295. Which of the following set of quantum number is not valid [AIIMS 2001]
(a) n = 1, l = 2 (b) n = 2, m = 1 (c) n = 3, l = 0 (d) n = 2, l = 0
296. 2p orbital have [NCERT 1981; MP PMT 1993, 97]
(a) n = 1, l = 2 (b) n = 1, l = 0 (c) n = 2, l = 1 (d) n = 2, l = 0
297. The maximum number of electrons which each sub-shell can occupy is [PU CET 1989]
2
(a) 2n (b) 2n (c) 2 ( 2l + 1) (d) 2l + 1
298. Which of the following represent the correct sets of the four quantum numbers of a 4d electron [MLNR 1992; UPSEAT 2001]
1 1 1
(a) 4, 3, 2, + (b) 4, 2, 1, 0 (c) 4, 3, – 2, + (d) 4, 2, 1, −
2 2 2
299. For the n = 2 energy level, how many orbitals of all kinds are possible [Bihar CEE 1995]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
300. The total number of orbitals in an energy level designated by principal quantum number n, is equal to [AIIMS 1997]
(a) 2n (b) 2 n 2 (c) n (d) n 2

1
301. The quantum numbers for the outermost electron of an element are given below as n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = + . The atoms is
2
[EAMCET 1978]
(a) Lithium (b) Beryllium (c) Hydrogen (d) Boron
302. The maximum number of electrons in an atom with l = 2 and n = 3 is [MP PET / PMT 1998]
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 10
303. Correct set of four quantum numbers for valence electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is [IIT 1984; JIPMER 1999; UPSEAT 2003]
1 1 1 1
(a) 5, 0, 0, + (b) 5, 1, 0, + (c) 5, 1, 1, + (d) 6, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2
304. If n + l = 6, then total possible number of sub-shells would be [Rajasthan PMT 1997]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 5
305. If value of azimuthal quantum number l is 2, then total possible values of magnetic quantum number will be
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2
306. Orbital angular momentum for a d-electron is [MP PET 2003]
6h 6h 12h 12 h
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2π 2π 2π 2π
307. The number of quantum numbers required to describe an electron in an atom completely is [CET Pune 1998]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
308. An e − has magnetic quantum number as – 3, what is its principal quantum number [BHU 1998]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
309. The quantum number which is designated by letters s, p, d and f instead of number is [BHU 1980]
(a) n (b) l (c) m l (d) m s
310. An electron having the quantum numbers n = 4 , l = 3, m = 0, s = – 1/2 would be in the orbital [Orissa JEE 1997]
(a) 3s (b) 3p (c) 4d (d) 4f
311. The magnetic quantum number of valence electron of sodium (Na) is [Rajasthan PMT 2002]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
312. How many electrons can be fit into the orbitals that comprise the 3rd quantum shell n = 3 [MP PMT 1986, 87; Orissa JEE 1997]
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 18 (d) 32
313. A sub-shell l = 2 can take how many electrons [NCERT 1973, 78]
(a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 6
314. What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in an atom in which the highest principal quantum
number value is 4 [MP PMT 2000]
(a) 10 (b) 18 (c) 32 (d) 54
315. How many electrons can be accommodated in a sub-shell for which n = 3, l = 1 [CBSE 1990]
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 18 (d) 32
1
316. If an electron has spin quantum number of + and a magnetic quantum number of – 1, it cannot be presented in an
2
[CBSE 1989; UPSEAT 2001]
(a) d-orbital (b) f-orbital (c) p-orbital (d) s-orbital
317. Which statement is not correct for n = 5, m = 3 [CPMT 1996]
(a) l = 4 (b) l = 0, 1, 2; S = +1 / 2 (c) l = 3 (d) All are correct
1
318. Values of the four quantum numbers for the last electron in the atom are n = 4, l = 1, m = +1 and s = − . Atomic number of the
2
atom will be
(a) 22 (b) 32 (c) 33 (d) 36
319. An electron has principal quantum number 3. The number of its (i) sub-shells and (ii) orbitals would be respectively [MP PET 1997]
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 3 and 7 (c) 3 and 9 (d) 2 and 5
320. For d electrons, the azimuthal quantum number is [MNR 1983; CPMT 1984]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
321. The magnetic quantum number for an electron when the value of principal quantum number is 2 can have [CPMT 1984]
(a) 3 values (b) 2 values (c) 9 values (d) 6 values
322. The magnetic quantum number for d-orbtial is given by [Orissa JEE 2002]
(a) 2 (b) 0 , ± 1, ± 2 (c) 0, 1, 2 (d) 5
323. The number of orbitals in the fourth principal quantum number will be
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16
324. For sodium atom the number of electrons with m = 0 will be [Rajasthan PMT 1999]
(a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 8
325. The quantum numbers n = 2, l = 1 represent [AFMC 2002]
(a) 1s orbital (b) 2s orbital (c) 2p orbital (d) 3d orbital
326. For azimuthal quantum number l = 3, the maximum number of electrons will be
[CBSE 1991; EAMCET 1991; Rajasthan PMT 2002; CBSE 2002]
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 0 (d) 14
327. All electrons on the 4p sub-shell must be characterized by the quantum number (s) [MP PET 1996]
1 1 1
(a) n = 4, m = 0, s = ± (b) l = 1 (c) l = 0, s = ± (d) s = ±
2 2 2
328. The magnetic quantum number for valency electrons of sodium is [CPMT 1988; MH CET 1999]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
329. Which set of quantum numbers are not possible from the following
(a) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = – 1/2 (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = – 2, s = – 1/2
(c) n = 3, l = 3, m = – 3, s= – 1/2 (d) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = – 1/2
330. The two electrons in K shell will differ in [MLNR 1988; UPSEAT 1999, 2000; Kerala PMT 2003]
(a) Principal quantum number (b) Azimuthal quantum number
(c) Magnetic quantum number (d) Spin quantum number
331. Electron occupies the available orbital singly before pairing in any one orbital occurs, it is [CBSE 1991]
(a) Pauli’s exclusion principle (b) Hund’s rule (c) Heisenberg’s principle (d) Prout’s hypothesis
332. Which of the following explains the sequence of filling the electrons in different shells [AIIMS 1998; BHU 1999]
(a) Hund’s rule (b) Octet rule (c) Aufbau principle (d) All of these
333. Following Hund’s rule which element contains six unpaired electron [Rajasthan PET 2000]
(a) Fe (b) Co (c) Ni (d) Cr
334. The explanation for the presence of three unpaired electrons in the nitrogen atom can be given by
[NCERT 1979; Rajasthan PMT 1999; DCE 1999; CPMT 2001; MP PMT 2002; Pb. PMT 2002]
(a) Pauli’s exclusion principle (b) Hund’s rule (c) Aufbau’s principle (d) Uncertainty principle
335. Which of the following have the same number of unpaired electrons in ‘d’ orbitals [Roorkee 2000]
3+ 3+
(a) Cr (b) Mn (c) Fe (d) Co
336. How many unpaired electrons are present in cobalt |Co| metal [Rajasthan PMT 2002]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 7
337. Aufbau principle is not satisfied by [MP PMT 1997]
(a) Cr and Cl (b) Cu and Ag (c) Cr and Mg (d) Cu and Na
338. When 3d orbital is complete, the new electron will enter the [EAMCET 1980; MP PMT 1995]
(a) 4p orbital (b) 4f orbital (c) 4s orbital (d) 4d orbital
2 2 6 1
339. 1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s shows configuration of [CPMT 1996]
(a) Al +3 in ground state (b) Ne in excited state (c) Mg +1 in excited state (d) None of these
340. The electronic configuration (outermost) of Mn +2 ion (atomic number of Mn = 25) in its ground state is [MP PET 1993]
(a) 3 d 5 ,4 s 0 (b) 3 d 4 ,4 s1 (c) 3 d 3 ,4 s 2 (d) 3 d 2 , 4 s 2 4 p 2

341. The structure of external most shell of inert gases is [JIPMER 1991]
2 3 2 6 1 2 10 2
(a) s p (b) s p (c) s p (d) d s
342. In a potassium atom, electronic energy levels are in the following order [EAMCET 1979; Delhi PMT 1991]
(a) 4s > 3d (b) 4s > 4p (c) 4s < 3d (d) 4s < 3p
343. Which one is the correct outer configuration of chromium [AIIMS 1980, 91; BHU 1995]
(a)
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓ (b) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
(c) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ (d)
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
344. Which of the following represents the electronic configuration of an element with atomic number 17 [AMU 1982]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s1 3 p 6 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 4 ,4 s1 (c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 5 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s1 3 p 4 , 4 s 2
345. Which one is the electronic configuration of Fe +2 [MADT Bihar 1982; AIIMS 1989]
2 2 6 2 6 6
(a) 1 s , 2 s 2 p ,3 s 3 p 3 d (b) 1 s , 2 s 2 p ,3 s 3 p 3 d ,4 s 2
2 2 6 2 6 4
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5 ,4 s1 (d) None of these
346. Total number of unpaired electrons in an atom of atomic number 29 is [CPMT 1984, 93]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
347. Maximum number of electrons present in ‘N’ shell is [EAMCET 1984]
(a) 18 (b) 32 (c) 2 (d) 8
348. Correct configuration of Fe +3 [26] is [CPMT 1994; BHU 1995; Karnataka CET 1992]
2 2 6 2 6 5
(a) 1 s , 2 s 2 p ,3 s 3 p 3 d (b) 1 s , 2 s 2 p ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 3 ,4 s 2
2 2 6
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 6 ,4 s 2 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5 ,4 s1
349. According to Aufbau’s principle, which of the three 4d, 5p and 5s will be filled with electrons first [MADT Bihar 1984]
(a) 4d (b) 5p
(c) 5s (d) 4d and 5s will be filled simultaneously
3+
350. The number of unpaired electrons in Fe (Z = 26 ) are [Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4

351. The electronic configuration of copper (29 Cu ) is [Delhi PMT 1983; BHU 1980; AFMC 1981; CBSE 1991; MP PMT 1995]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 9 ,4 s 2 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 10 ,4 s1
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 4 p 6 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 10
352. The number of electrons in the valence shell of calcium is [IIT 1975]
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 4
353. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that [MNR 1983; AMU 1984]
(a) Two electrons in the same atoms can have the same energy
(b) Two electrons in the same atom cannot have the same spin
(c) The electrons tend to occupy different orbitals as far as possible
(d) Electrons tend to occupy lower energy orbitals preferentially
(e) None of these
354. The configuration 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 5 3 s1 shows [AIIMS 1997; Pb. PMT 2002]
(a) Ground state of fluorine atom (b) Excited state of fluorine atom
(c) Excited state of neon atom (d) Excited state of ion O 2−
355. The number of d electrons in Fe 2 + (atomic number of Fe = 26) is not quite equal to that of the [MLNR 1993]
(a) p-electrons in Ne (At. No. = 10) (b) s-electrons in Mg (At. No. = 12)
(c) d-electrons in Fe (d) p-electrons in Cl − (At. No. of Cl = 17)

356. Ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen atom can be represented by [IIT 1999]
(a) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ (b) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ (c) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ (d) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
2 6
357. The atomic number of an element having the valency shell electronic configuration 4 s 4 p is [MP PMT 1991]
(a) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (d) 38

358. A filled or half-filled set of p or d-orbitals is spherically symmetric. Point out the species which has spherical symmetry [NCERT 1983]
(a) Na (b) C (c) Cl − (d) Fe
359. The correct ground state electronic configuration of chromium atom is
[IIT 1989, 94, MP PMT 1993; EAMCET 1997; MP PAT 1996; AFMC 1997; Bihar MEE 1996;
ISM Dhanbad 1994; MP PET 1995, 97; CPMT 1999; Kerala PMT 2003]
5 1 4 2
(a) [ Ar ] 3 d 4 s (b) [ Ar ] 3 d 4 s (c) [ Ar ] 3 d 6 4 s 0 (d) [ Ar ] 4 d 5 4 s1
360. Aufbau principle is obeyed in which of the following electronic configurations [AFMC 1999]
(a) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 (b) 1 s 2 3 p 3 3 s 2 (c) 1 s 2 3 s 2 3 p 6 (d) 1 s 2 2 s 2 3 s 2
361. Nitrogen has the electronic configuration 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 1x 2 p 1y 2 p 1z and 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p x2 2 p 1y 2 p z0 which is determined by

[Delhi PMT 1982, 83, 89, MP PMT /PET 1988; EAMCET 1988]
(a) Aufbau’s principle (b) Pauli’s exclusion principle (c) Hund’s rule (d) Uncertainty principle
362. Maximum electron in a d-orbital are [CPMT 1999]
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 14
363. A completely filled d-orbital (d 10 ) [MLNR 1987]
(a) Spherically symmetrical (b) Has octahedral symmetry (c) Has tetrahedral symmetry (d) Depends on the atom
364. Electronic configuration 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 ,3 p 6 ,3 d 5 ,4 s1 represents [CPMT 2003]
(a) Ground state (b) Excited state (c) Anionic state (d) All of these
365. The correct electronic configuration of Ti ( Z = 22 ) atom is [MP PMT 1999]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 ,3 d 2 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 4 p 2
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 4 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s1 3 d 3
366. Electronic configuration of H − is [CPMT 1985]

0 1 2 1 1
(a) 1 s (b) 1 s (c) 1 s (d) 1 s 2 s
367. Which electronic configuration is not observing the (n + l) rule
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 1 ,4 s 2 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 7 ,4 s 2
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5 ,4 s1 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 8 ,4 s 2
368. The electronic configuration of silver atom in ground state is [CPMT 1984, 93]
10 1 14 10 1 10 1
(a) [Kr ] 3 d 4s (b) [ Xe ] 4 f 5d 6 s (c) [Kr ] 4 d 5s (d) [Kr ] 4 d 5 s 29
369. The order of filling of electrons in the orbitals of an atom will be [CBSE 1991]
(a) 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 5s (b) 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d (c) 5s, 4p, 3d, 4d, 5s (d) 3d, 4p, 4s, 4d, 5s
370. Which of the following has more unpaired d-electrons [CBSE 1999]
+ 2+ 3+ +
(a) Zn (b) Fe (c) N (d) Cu
2 2 4
371. The number of unpaired electrons in 1 s , 2 s , 2 p is [NCERT 1984; CPMT 1991; MP PMT 1996, 2002]
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
372. Which of the following configuration is correct for iron [CBSE 1999]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5 (b) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 5
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 3 d 7 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 3 d 6
373. Which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired electrons [IIT 1996]
2+
(a) Mg (b) Ti 3 + (c) V 3 + (d) Fe 2 +
374. An ion has 18 electrons in the outermost shell it is [CBSE 1990]
(a) Cu + (b) Th 4 + (c) Cs + (d) K +

375. Number of unpaired electrons in inert gas is [CPMT 1996]
(a) Zero (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 18
376. Which of the following is not correct for electron distribution in the ground state [AIIMS 1982]
4s 3d
(a) Co (Ar) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
(b) Ni (Ar) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
(c) Cu (Ar) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
(d) Zn (Ar) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
(21 )
377. Electronic configuration of Sc is [BHU 1997]
(a) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 1 (b) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s1 3 d 2
(c) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 0 3 d 3 (d) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 2
378. The electronic configuration 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p1x 2 p y1 2 p 1z is [AFMC 1997; Pb. PMT 1999; CBSE 2001; AIIMS 2001]
(a) Oxygen (b) Nitrogen (c) Hydrogen (d) Fluorine

379. The electrons would go to lower energy levels first and then to higher energy levels according to which of the following
[BHU 1990; MP PMT 1993]
(a) Aufbau principle
(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle
(c) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
(d) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
380. The atomic orbitals are progressively filled in order of increasing energy. This principle is called is [MP PET 2001]
(a) Hund’s rule (b) Aufbau principle (c) Exclusion principle (d) De–Broglie rule
381. The electronic configuration of gadolinium (atomic no. 64) is [CBSE 1997]
(a) [ Xe ] 4 f 8 5 d 9 6 s 2 (b) [ Xe ] 4 f 7 5 d 1 6 s 2 (c) [ Xe ] 4 f 3 5 d 5 6 s 2 (d) [ Xe ] 4 f 6 5 d 2 6 s 2

382. The correct order of increasing energy of atomic orbitals is [MP PET 2002]
(a) 5p < 4f < 6s < 5d (b) 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d (c) 4f < 5p < 5d < 6s (d) 5p < 5d < 4f < 6s
383. The atomic number of an element is 17. The number of orbitals containing electron pairs in its valence shell is [CPMT 2001]
(a) Eight (b) Six (c) Three (d) Two
384. The electronic configuration of chromium is [MP PMT 1993; MP PET 1995; BHU 2001]
(a) [ Ne ] 3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 4 4 s 2 (b) [ Ne ] 3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5 4 s1 (c) [ Ne ] 3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 4 p 4 (d) [ Ne ] 3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 1 ,4 s 2 4 p 3

385. In a given atom no two electrons can have the same values for all the four quantum numbers. This is called
[BHU 1979; AMU 1983; EAMCET 1980, 83; MADT Bihar 1980; CPMT 1986, 90, 92;
NCERT 1978, 84; Raj. PMT 1997; CBSE 1991; MP PET 1986, 99]
(a) Hund’s rule (b) Aufbau’s principle (c) Uncertainty principle (d) Pauli’s exclusion principle
386. An element has the electronic configuration 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 2 . Its valency electrons are [NCERT 1973]
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

387. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that [CPMT 1983, 84]
(a) Nucleus of an atom contains no negative charge
(b) Electrons move in circular orbits around the nucleus
(c) Electrons occupy orbitals of lowest energy
(d) All the four quantum numbers of two electrons in an atom cannot be equal
388. Cu 2 + will have the following electronic configuration [MP PMT 1985]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 10 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 9 ,4 s1
(c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 9 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 10 ,4 s1
389. The atomic number of an element is 35. What is the total number of electrons present in all the p-orbitals of the ground state
atom of that element [EAMCET (Engg.) 2003]
(a) 6 (b) 11 (c) 17 (d) 23
390. After np orbitals are filled, the next orbital filled will be
(a) (n + 1)s (b) (n + 2)p (c) (n + 1)d (d) (n + 2)s
391. The number of unpaired electrons in an O2 molecule is [MNR 1983]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

2+
392. How many unpaired electrons are present in Ni (atomic number = 28) cation
[IIT 1981; MNR 1984; MP PAT 1993; MP PMT 1995; Kerala PMT 2003]
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
393. The electronic configuration of calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) is [CMC Vellore 1991]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s1 (c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 2 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5
(e) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 0
394. The number of unpaired electrons in carbon atom in excited state is [MNR 1987]
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
395. Which of the following electronic configurations is not possible [CPMT 2000]
10 2 2
2
(a) 1 s 2 s 2 2
(b) 1 s 2 s 2 p 2 6
(c) 3 d 4s 4 p (d) 1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s1
2 2 2
396. The outer electronic structure 3 s 2 3 p 5 is possessed by [Pb. PMT 2002]
(a) Cl (b) O (c) Ar (d) Br

397. The total number of electrons present in all the p-orbitals of bromine are [MP PET 1994]
(a) Five (b) Eighteen (c) Seventeen (d) Thirty five
398. Which one of the following configuration represents a noble gas [CPMT 1983, 89, 93; NCERT 1973; MP PMT 1989; Delhi PMT 1984]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s1 (c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 (d) 1 s 2 . 2 s 2 2 p 6 ,3 s 2 3 p 6 ,4 s 2
399. The electronic configuration of an element is 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 3 d 5 4 s1 . This represents its [IIT Screening 2000]
(a) Excited state (b) Ground state (c) Cationic form (d) Anionic form
400. Electronic configuration of C is [CPMT 1975]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 2 (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 3 (c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6
401. The number of unpaired electrons in the Fe 2 + ion is [MP PET 1989; Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3
402. The electronic configuration of an element with atomic number 7 i.e. nitrogen atom is [CPMT 1982. 84, 87]
(a) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 3x (b) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p x2 2 p 1y (c) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p1x 2 p 1y 2 p1z (d) 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 1x 2 p y2
403. The number of orbitals in 2p sub-shell is [NCERT 1973; MP PMT 1996]

(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
404. The statements [AIIMS 1982]
(i) In filling a group of orbitals of equal energy, it is energetically preferable to assign electrons to empty orbitals rather than
pair them into a particular orbital.
(ii) When two electrons are placed in two different orbitals, energy is lower if the spins are parallel are valid for
(a) Aufbau principle (b) Hund’s rule (c) Pauli’s exclusion principle (d) Uncertainty principle
405. Which of the following principles/rules limits the maximum number of electrons in an orbital to two [CBSE 1989; MP PAT 1993]
(a) Aufbau principle (b) Pauli’s exclusion principle
(c) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (d) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
406. Electronic configuration of ferric ion is [Rajasthan PET 2000]
5 7 3
(a) [ Ar ] 3 d (b) [ Ar ] 3 d (c) [ Ar ] 3 d (d) [ Ar ] 3 d 8
407. Which of the following metal ions will have maximum number of unpaired electrons [CPMT 1996]
+2 +2 +2 +2
(a) Fe (b) Co (c) Ni (d) Mn
2 2 3
408. Number of unpaired electrons in 1 s 2 s 2 p is
[CPMT 1982; MP PMT 1987; BHU 1987; CBSE 1990; CET Pune 1998; AIIMS 2000]
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 1
409. Energy of atomic orbitals in a particular shell is in the order [AFMC 1990]
(a) s < p < d < f (b) s > p > d > f (c) p < d < f < s (d) f > d > s > p
410. Which of the following ions is not having the configuration of neon
(a) F − (b) Mg + + (c) Na + (d) Cl −
Advance Level
411. The electron density between 1s and 2s orbital is
(a) High (b) Low (c) Zero (d) None of these
412. p-orbitals of an atom in presence of magnetic field are [Pb. PMT 2002]
(a) Two fold degenerate (b) Non degenerate (c) Three fold degenerate (d) None of these
413. The energy of an electron of 2 p y orbital is [AMU 1984]
(a) Greater than of 2 p x orbital (b) Less than that of 2 p x orbital (c) Equal to that of 2s orbital(d)
414. Assertion (A): A special line will be seen for a 2 p x − 2 py transition
Reason (R): Energy is released in the form of wave of light when the electron drops from 2 p x to 2 p y orbital [AIIMS 1996]
(a) Both A and R are true statements and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true statements and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is a false statement
(d) Both A and R are false statements
415. For n = 3 energy level, the number of possible orbitals (all kinds) are [BHU 1981; CPMT 1985; MP PMT 1995]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9
416. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is [IIT 1989]
n l m
(a) 2 1 0
(b) 2 1 1
(c) 3 1 1
(d) 3 0 0
417. Assertion (A) : Two electrons in an atom can have the same values of four quantum numbers.
Reason (R) : Two electrons in an atom can be present in the same shell, sub-shell and orbital and have the same spin [AIIMS 2001]
(a) Both A and R are true and R is a correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of
A
(c) A is true but R are false (d) Both A and R are false
(e) A is false but R is true
418. The magnitude of spin angular momentum of an electron is given by
h h 3 h 1 h
(a) S = s(s + 1) (b) S = s (c) S = × (d) S = ± ×
2π 2π 2 2π 2 2π
419. If a magnetic field is applied to the electron of a hydrogen atom in the z-direction, the z- component of the spin angular
momentum is given by
3 h h 1 h
(a) s z = s(s + 1) (b) s z = × (c) sz = m s (d) s z = ± ×
2 2π 4π 2 2π
420. The number of electrons that can be accommodated in dz 2 orbital is [Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2
421. The quantum number ‘m’ of a free gaseous atom is associated with [AIIMS 2003]
(a) The effective volume of the orbital
(b) The shape of the orbital
(c) The spatial orientation of the orbital
(d) The energy of the orbital in the absence of a magnetic field
422. When the azimuthal quantum number has a value of l = 1, the shape of the orbital is [MP PET 1993]
(a) Unsymmetrical (b) Spherically symmetrical (c) Dumb-bell (d) Complicated
423. For a given value of quantum number l, the number of allowed values of m is given by
(a) l + 2 (b) 2l + 2 (c) 2l + 1 (d) l + 1
424. The set of quantum numbers not applicable for an electron in an atom is [MLNR 1994]
1 1
(a) n = 1 , l = 1 , m l = 1 , m s = + (b) n = 1 , l = 0 , m l = 0 , m s = +
2 2
1 1
(c) n = 1 , l = 0 , m l = 0 , m s = − (d) n = 2 , l = 0 , m l = 0 , m s = +
2 2
425. Which of the following statements is not correct for an electron that has the quantum numbers n = 4 and m = 2 [MLNR 1993]
1
(a) The electron may have the quantum number s = + (b) The electron may have the quantum number l = 2
2
(c) The electron may have the quantum number l = 3 (d) The electron may have the quantum number l = 0, 1, 2, 3
426. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and l (i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0 (iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv) n = 3, l = 1 can be placed
in order of increasing energy from the lowest to highest, as [IIT 1999]
(a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii) (c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
427. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is not allowed [Orissa JEE 1997]
(a) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2 (b) n = 1, l = 1, m = 0, s = – 1/2
(c) n = 2, l = 1, m = 1, s = + 1/2 (d) n = 2, l = 0, m =0, s = – ½
428. What are the values of the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the orbitals 1s, 3s, 3d and 2p
(a) 0, 0, 6 h, 2 h (b) 1,1, 4 h, 2 h (c) 0 ,1, 6 h, 3 h (d) 0 , 0 , 20 h, 6 h
429. In an excited state, a calcium atom has the electronic configuration 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 4 d . What is the angular momentum of
this state.
(a) 4h (b) 16 h (c) 20 h (d) 10 h
430. The four quantum number for the valence shell electron or last electron of sodium (Z = 11) is [MP PMT 1999]
(a) n = 2, l = 1, m = – 1, s = – 1/2 (b) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2
(c) n = 3, l = 2, m = – 2, s = – 1/2 (d) n = 3, l = 2, m = 2, s = + 1/2
431. For which of the following sets four quantum numbers, an electron will have the highest energy [CBSE 1994]
n l m s
(a) 3 2 1 + 1/ 2
(b) 4 2 – 1 + 1/2
(c) 4 1 0 – 1/ 2
(d) 5 0 0 – 1/ 2
432. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represent an impossible arrangement [IIT 1986; MP PET 1995]
n l m ms
(a) 3 2 – 2 1/2
(b) 4 0 0 1/2
(c) 3 2 – 3 1/2
(d) 5 3 0 1/2
433. Which of the following set of quantum numbers is correct for the 19th electron of chromium [DCE 2001]
n l m s
(a) 3 0 0 1/2
(b) 3 2 –2 1/2
(c) 4 0 0 1/2
(d) 4 1 –1 1/2
434. When the principal quantum number (n) = 3, the possible values of azimuthal quantum number (l) is
[Bihar MEE 1996; Karnataka CET 2000]
(a) 0, 1, 2, 3 (b) 0, 1, 2 (c) – 2, –1, 0, 1, 2 (d) 1, 2, 3
435. Which one of the following set of quantum numbers is not possible for 4p electron [EAMCET 1998]
1 1
(a) n = 4; l = 1; m = – 1; m s = + (b) n = 4; l = 1; m = 0, m s = +
2 2
1 1
(c) n = 4; l = 1; m = 2; m s = + (d) n = 4; l = 1; m = – 1; m s = +
2 2
436. The Pauli exclusion principle is not applicable to
(a) Electrons (b) Positrons (c) Photons (d) Protons
437. If m = magnetic quantum number and l= azimuthal quantum number then
m −1
(a) m = l + 2 (b) m = 2 l 2 + 1 (c) l = (d) l = 2m + 1
2
438. Which of the following pairs have identical values of magnetic moment
(a) Zn 2 + and Cu + (b) Co 2 + and Ni 2 + (c) Mn 4 + and Co 2 + (d) Mg 2 + and Sc +
439. Which set of quantum numbers for an electron of an atom is not possible [Rajasthan PMT; DCE 1999]
(a) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2 (b) n = 1, l = 1, m = 1, s = +1/2
(c) n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = – 1/2 (d) n = 2, l = 1, m = –1, s = + 1/2
440. From the given sets of quantum numbers the one that is inconsistent with the theory is [IIT Screening 1994]
(a) n = 3; l = 2; m = – 3; s = + 1/2 (b) n = 4; l = 3; m = 3; s = + 1/2
(c) n = 2; l = 1; m = 0; s = – 1/2 (d) n = 4; l = 3; m = 2; s = + 1/2
441. When the value of azimuthal quantum number is 3, magnetic quantum number can have values [Delhi PMT 2001]
(a) + 1, 0, – 1 (b) + 2, +1, 0, – 1, – 2
(c) – 3, – 2, – 1, – 0, + 1, + 2, + 3 (d) + 1, – 1
442. The four quantum numbers of the outermost orbital of K (atomic no. = 19) are [MP PET 1993, 94]
+1 +1
(a) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = (b) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s =
2 2
+1 +1
(c) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = (d) n = 4, l = 2, m = – 1, s =
2 2
443. The total number of electrons that can be accommodated in all the orbitals having principal quantum number 2 and azimuthal
quantum number 1 is [CPMT 1971, 89, 91]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
444. The set of quantum numbers n = 3, l = 0, m = 0 s = – 1/ 2 belongs to the element
(a) Mg (b) Na (c) Ne (d) F
445. Be’s 4th electron will have four quantum numbers [MNR 1985]
n l m ms
(a) 1 0 0 + 1/ 2
(b) 1 1 + 1 + 1/2
(c) 2 0 0 – 1/ 2
(d) 2 1 0 + 1/ 2
446. The value of the magnetic moment of particular ion is 2.83 Bohr magneton. The ion is
(a) Fe 2 + (b) Ni 2 + (c) Mn 2 + (d) Co 3 +
447. Which of the following ions are diamagnetic
(a) He 2+ (b) Sc 3 + (c) Mg 2 + (d) O22 −
448. Which of the following sets is possible for quantum numbers [Rajasthan PET 2003]
1
(a) n = 4, l = 3, m = – 2, s = 0 (b) n = 4, l = 4, m = + 2, s = −
2
1 1
(c) n = 4, l = 4, m = – 2, s = + (d) n = 4, l = 3, m = – 2, s = +
2 2
449. If the value of azimuthal quantum number is 3, the possible values of magnetic quantum number would be
[MP PMT 1987; Rajasthan PMT 1999; AFMC 2002; Karnataka CET 2002]
(a) 0, 1, 2, 3 (b) 0, – 1, – 2, – 3 (c) 0, ± 1 ± 2, ± 3 (d) ± 1, ± 2, ± 3
450. When the value of the principal quantum number n is 3, the permitted values of the azimuthal quantum number l and the
magnetic quantum numbers m, are
l m
(a) 0 0
1 + 1, 0, – 1
2 + 2,+ 1, 0, – 1, – 2
(b) 1 1
2 + 2, 1, – 2
3 + 3,+ 2, 1, – 2, – 3
(c) 0 0
1 1, 2, 3
2 + 3, + 2, 1, – 2, – 3
(d) 1 0, 1
2 0, 1, 2
3 0, 1, 2, 3
451. Five valence electrons of 15 P are labelled as
AB X Y Z
3s 3p
If the spin quantum of B and Z is + 1 /2, the group of electrons with three of the quantum number same are [JIPMER 1997]
(a) AB, XYZ, BY (b) AB (c) XYZ, AZ (d) AB, XYZ
452. The quantum numbers + 1/ 2 and – 1/ 2 for the electron spin represent [IIT Screening 2001]
(a) Rotation of the electron in clockwise and anticlockwise direction respectively
(b) Rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively
(c) Magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down respectively
(d) Two quantum mechanical spin states with have no classical analogue
453. Which of the following violates the Pauli exclusion principle
(a) ↑↓ ↑↓ (b) ↑↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ (c) ↑↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ (d) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
454. Which of the following violates the Aufbau principle

2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p
(a) ↑↓ ↑↓ (b) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ (c) ↑↑ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ (d) ↑ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
455. Which of the following electronic configurations have the highest exchange energy
4s 3d 4s
3d
(a) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ (b) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
4s 3d 4s
3d
(c)
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ (d) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
456. Which of the following set of quantum numbers is permissible [AIIMS 2001]
1 1
(a) n = 3; l = 2; m = 2 and s = + (b) n = 3; l = 4; m = 0; and s = −
2 2
1 1
(c) n = 4; l = 0; m = 2; and s = + (d) n = 4; l = 4; m = 3; and s = +
2 2
457. Which of the following sets of quantum number is not possible [MP PET 2001]
1 1
(a) n = 3; l = + 2; m = 0; s = + (b) n = 3; l = 0; m = 0; s = −
2 2
1 1
(c) n = 3; l = 0; m = – 1; s = + (d) n = 3; l = 1; m = 0; s = −
2 2
458. Which of the following set of quantum numbers belong to highest energy [CPMT 1999]
1 1
(a) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + (b) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 2
1 1
(c) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + (d) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = +
2 2
459. Assertion (A) : The cation energy of an electron is largely determined by its principal quantum number
Reason (R) : The principal quantum number n is a measure of the most probable distance of finding the electron around the
nucleus
[AIIMS 1996]
(a) Both A and R are true statements and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true statements and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is a false statement
(d) Both A and R are false statements
460. Which of the following set of quantum number is not possible [Pb. PMT 2002]
n l m1 m2
(a) 3 2 1 + 1/2
(b) 3 2 1 – 1/2
(c) 3 2 1 0
(d) 5 2 –1 + 1/2
461. For the energy levels in an atom, which one of the following statements is correct [AIIMS 1983]
(a) There are seven principal electron energy levels
(b) The second principal energy level can have four orbitals and contains a maximum of eight electrons
(c) The M energy level can have maximum of 32 electrons
(d) The 4s sub-energy level is at a higher energy than the 3d sub-energy level
462. The orbital diagram in which the Aufbau’s principle is violated is [IIT 1988; AMU 1999]
2s 2 px 2 py 2 pz
(a) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
(b) ↑ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
(c) ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
(d) ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
463. The maximum probability of finding an electron in the d xy orbital is [MP PET 1999]
(a) Along the x-axis (b) Along the y-axis

(c) At an angle of 450 from the x and y-axes (d) At an angle of 900 from the x and y-axes
464. Krypton (36 Kr ) has the electronic configuration (18 Ar ) 4 s 2 3 d 10 4 p 6 . The 37th electron will go into which one of the
following sub-levels [CBSE 1989; CPMT 1989; EAMCET 1991]
(a) 4f (b) 4d (c) 3p (d) 5s
465. Which one is in the ground state [Delhi PMT 1996]
↑
(a) ↑ ↑ ↑ (b)
↑↓ ↑ ↑
↑↓ ↑↓
↑ ↑ ↑
(c) ↑ ↑ ↑ (d)
↑ ↑ ↑
↑ ↑↓
466. Correct statement is [BHU 2003]
(a) K = 4 s , Cr = 3 d 4 s , Cu = 3 d
1 4 2 10
4s 2
(b) K = 4 s , Cr = 3 d 4 s , Cu = 3 d
2 4 2 10
4s 2
(c) K = 4 s 2 , Cr = 3 d 5 4 s1 , Cu = 3 d 10 4 s 2 (d) K = 4 s1 , Cr = 3 d 5 4 s1 , Cu = 3 d 10 4 s1
467. The total number of electrons present in all the s-orbitals, all the p-orbitals and all the d-orbitals of cesium ion are respectively
[EAMCET 2003]
(a) 8, 26, 10 (b) 10, 24, 20 (c) 8, 22, 24 (d) 12, 20, 22
468. Which of the following has maximum energy [AIIMS 2002]
3s 3p 3d 3s 3p 3d
(a) (b)
3s 3p 3d 3s 3p 3d
(c) (d)
469. Elements upto atomic number 103 have been synthesized and studied. If a newly discovered element is found to have an atomic
number 106, its electronic configuration will be [AIIMS 1980]
(a) [Rn ] 5 f 14 ,6 d 4 ,7 s 2 (b) [Rn ] 5 f 14 ,6 d 1 ,7 s 2 7 p 3 (c) [Rn ] 5 f 14 ,6 d 6 ,7 s 0 (d) [Rn ] 5 f 14 ,6 d 5 ,7 s1

470. Which element is represented by the following electronic configuration [MP PMT 1987]
2p
2s ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
1s ↑↓
↑↓
(a) Nitrogen (b) Oxygen (c) Fluorine (d) Neon
471. Which of the following statements (s) is (are) correct [IIT 1998]
5 1
(a) The electronic configuration of Cr is [ Ar ] 3 d 4 s (Atomic no. of Cr = 24)
(b) The magnetic quantum number may have a negative value
(c) In silver atom, 23 electrons have a spin of one type and 24 of the opposite type (Atomic no. of Ag = 47)
(d) The oxidation state of nitrogen in HN 3 is – 3
472. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is [IIT 1996; AIEEE 2003]
1 h h h
(a) + . (b) Zero (c) (d) 2.
2 2π 2π 2π
473. Energy of orbit [Delhi PMT 1984, 91]
(a) Increases as we move away from nucleus (b) Decreases as we move away from nucleus
(c) Remains same as we move away from nucleus (d) None of these
Miscellaneous Questions
Basic Level
474. When beryllium is bombarded with α-particles, extremely penetrating radiations which cannot be deflected by electrical or
magnetic field are given out. These are [CPMT 1983]
(a) A beam of protons (b) α-rays (c) A beam of neutrons (d) X -rays
475. When α-particles are sent through a thin metal foil, most of them go straight through the foil because (one or move are correct)
[IIT 1984]
(a) Alpha particles are much heavier than electrons (b) Alpha particles are positively charged
(c) Most part of the atom is empty space (d) Alpha particles move with high velocity
476. Number of electrons in the outermost orbit of the element of atomic number 15 is [CPMT 1988, 93]
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
477. When β-particles are sent through a tin metal foil, most of them go straight through the foil as [EAMCET 1983]
(a) β-particles are much heavier than electrons (b) β-particles are positively charged
(c) Most part of the atom is empty space (d) β-particles move with high velocity
478. The atom of the element having atomic number 14 should have [AMU 1984]
(a) One unpaired electron (b) Two unpaired electrons (c) Three unpaired electrons (d) Four unpaired electrons
479. An electronic transition from 1 s orbital of an atom causes [JIPMER 1997]
(a) Absorption of energy (b) Release of energy
(c) Both release or absorption of energy (d) Unpredictable
480. Which one pair of atoms or ions will have same configuration [JIPMER 2001]
+ + − −
(a) F and Ne (b) Li and He (c) Cl and Ar (d) Na and K
481. Fe (atomic number = 26) atom has the electronic arrangement [NCERT 1974; MNR 1980]
(a) 2, 8, 8, 8 (b) 2, 8, 16 (c) 2, 8, 14, 2 (d) 2, 8, 12, 4
482. An element has electronic configuration 2, 8, 18, 1. If its atomic weight is 63, then how many neutrons will be present in its
nucleus
[MP PAT 1996]
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 34 (d) 33
483. Which of the following cannot be formed [AFMC 1997]
2+ +
(a) He (b) He (c) He (d) He 2
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5
484. An atom has the electronic configuration of 1 s , 2 s , 2 p ,3 s ,3 p ,3 d ,4 s ,4 p . Its atomic weight is 80. Its atomic number and
the number of neutrons in its nucleus shall be [MP PMT 1987]
485. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electron (atomic number of Fe 26) [MP PMT 2001]
(a) Fe (b) Fe (II) (c) Fe (III) (d) Fe (IV)
486. The following has zero valency [DPMT 1991]
(a) Sodium (b) Beryllium (c) Aluminum (d) Krypton
487. What is the electronic configuration of Cu 2 + ( Z = 29 ) of least position [MP PET /PMT 1998; MP PET 2001]
(a) [ Ar ] 4 s1 3 d 8 (b) [ Ar ] 4 s 2 3 d 10 4 p 1 (c) [ Ar ] 4 s1 3 d 10 (d) [ Ar ] 3 d 9

488. Fertile nuclides are [CPMT 2000]
(a) Isotopes (b) Fissionable (c) Not fissionable (d) None of these
489. The valence electron in the carbon atom are [MLNR 1982]
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
490. The atomic number of an element is 35 and mass number is 81. The number of electrons in the outer most shell is [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 3
491. The atomic weight of an element is double its atomic number. If there are four electrons in 2p orbital, the element is [AMU 1983]
(a) C (b) N (c) O (d) Ca
Advance Level
492. If electron, hydrogen, helium and neon nuclei are all moving with the velocity of light, then the wavelengths associated with these
particles are in the order [MP PET 1993]
(a) Electron > hydrogen > helium > neon (b) Electron > helium > hydrogen > neon
(c) Electron < hydrogen < helium < neon (d) Neon < hydrogen < helium < electron
493. When atoms are bombarded with alpha particles, only a few in million suffer deflection, others pass out undeflected. This is
because
[MNR 1979; NCERT 1980; AFMC 1995]
(a) The force of repulsion on the moving alpha particle is small
(b) The force of attraction on the alpha particle to the oppositely charged electrons is very small
(c) There is only one nucleus and large number of electrons
(d) The nucleus occupies much smaller volume compared to the volume of the atom
494. The total number of valence electrons in 4.2 gm of N 3− ion is ( N A is the Avogadro’s number) [CBSE 1994]
(a) 1 . 6 N A (b) 3 . 2 N A (c) 2 .1 N A (d) 4 . 2 N A
495. In neutral atom, which particles are equivalent [Rajasthan PMT 1997]
+ + − + − + +
(a) p , e (b) e , e (c) e , p (d) p , n 0
496. An element have atomic weight 40 and it’s electronic configuration is 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 . Then its atomic number and number of
neutrons will be [Rajasthan PMT 2002]
497. Which phrase would be incorrect to use [AMU (Engg.) 1997]
(a) A molecule of a compound (b)A molecule of an element (c)An atom of an element (d) None of these
498. Splitting of signals is caused by [Pb. PMT 2000]
(a) Proton (b) Neutron (c) Positron (d) Electron
499. Choose the correct statement
(a) A node is a point in space where the wave function (Ψ ) has zero amplitude.
(b) The number of peaks in radial distribution is n – l
(c) Radial probability density p n,l (r) = 4 πr 2 Rn2,l (r) .
(d) Ψ 2 represents the atomic orbital

(e) All the above
500. Which of the following electronic configurations have zero spin multiplicity
(a) ↑ ↑ ↑ (b) ↑ ↑ ↓ (c) ↑ ↓ ↓ (d) ↓ ↓ ↓
Answer Sheet
Basic and Advance Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
b a b d b d c b d b d a c a c d a c b b
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
d a c c b a a c b d c a c b d d b c d c
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
c a c d d c c c b a b c a b b c d a c c
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
a a b b a c c b a c a b d a b c c a b c
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
d c c d d a c a b b b c d c a b a a d d
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
b a d a a d a c a c b c c b c c d d a a
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
b c c b a c d c d c c c b c a c a a d c
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
d b c b d b d c b d d d d c c a b c b c
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
a,b,c,d
b a c a b a b b c b b a b a b a d d a
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 20
0
a b,c b a,b,c a,b d d b d a a d c a c c a c c b
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 20 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
8
a a b a b b a b c b d c d c a d c c d a
221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
a d a c d b a b c d b c a d b a c c a b
241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260
d a a c b b b b a c b d d b a a b c b c
261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 28
0
a b c b a a c c c a d d d c c a b c b a
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 30
0
c a c b b a c b d a b d b b a c c d c d
301 302 303 304 305 306 307 30 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320
8
a d a a b b d d b d d c b c b d a d a c
321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340
a d d b c d b d c d b c d b a,b,c b b a c a
341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360
b c c c a a b a c a b c e c b a,d b c a a
361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 38
0
c b a a a c c c b b b d d a a c a b a b
381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 40
0
b b c b d d d c c a c b e d d a c c b a
401 402 403 404 405 406 407 40 40 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420
8 9
b c c b b a d c a d c c d d d c d a,c d d
421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440
c c c a d a b a c b b c c b c c c a,c b a
441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460
c b c a c b b,c,d d c a b a,d c d d a c d a c
461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 48
0
b a,b c d b d b b d c a,b,c b a d c c c b a c
481 482 483 484 485 486 487 48 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 50
8 0
c c d a c d d c c a a a d a c a b a e c

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Chapter

2.2 Atomic number, Mass number and Atomic species

2.3 Electromagnetic radiation’s

2.4 Atomic spectrum- Hydrogen spectrum

2.5 Thomson's model

2.6 Rutherford's nuclear model

2.7 Planck's Quantum theory and Photoelectric effect

2.8 Bohr’s atomic model

2.9 Bohr – Sommerfeld’s model

2.10 Dual nature of electron

2.11 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

2.12 Schrödinger wave equation

Answer Sheet of Assignment

Discharge tube experiment for production of cathode

(a) 9 . 69 × 10 −8 (b) 8 . 01 × 10 10 (c) 9 . 652 × 10 −18 (d) None

Solution: (c) Momentum of electron, ‘p’ = m ′ × u

9. 108 × 10 −28 3 × 10 10 9 .108 × 10 −28 × 3 × 10 10

(a) 2 . 9 × 10 (b) 8 . 01 × 10 (c) 9 . 652 × 10

Momentum ' p ' = m ′ × u

p = 3 . 83 × 10 −27 × 0 .9 c = 10 .34 × 10 −19 kg ms −1

Proton (1H1, H+, P)

Perforated High voltage

Perforated tube experiment for production of anode

(4) Charge on proton = 1 . 602 × 10 −19 coulombs = 4 .80 × 10 −10 e .s. u.

(12) Specific charge of a proton is 9 . 58 × 10 4 Coulomb/gram.

neutron proton electron anti nutrino

Coulomb (C) – 1.602 × 10–19 +1.602 × 10–19 Zero

Negative mu meson µ− – – 4.8029 0.1152 Anderson (1937)

Positive pi meson π+ + + 4.8029 0.1514

2.2 Atomic number, Mass number and Atomic species.

Note :q A part of an atom up to penultimate shell is a kernel or atomic core.

(i) No. of atoms (i) N 2 and CO

and 11 . 4457 × 10 8 = 4 .90 × 10 7 (Z y − 0 . 75 ) ….. (ii)

Solution : (c) ν = tan 45 ° = 1 = a

Example : 6 What is atomic number Z when ν = 2500 s −1 ?

(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 51 (d) 53

Solution : (c) ν = 2500 = Z − 1, Z = 51 .

Solution:(d) Average atomic weight/ The average isotopic weight

Solution : The atomic number of C 12 is 6. So in it number of electrons = 6

The atomic number of C 14 is 6. So in it number of electrons = 6

Number of protons = Number of electrons =12

Number of protons = Number of electrons =12

the wavelength. It is denoted by Vibrating

Infrared (IR) 6 × 10 6 − 7600 5 × 10 11 − 3 . 95 × 10 16 Incandescent objects

Visible 7600 − 3800 3 . 95 × 10 16 − 7 . 9 × 10 14 Electric bulbs, sun rays

2.4 Atomic spectrum - Hydrogen spectrum.

2.5 Thomson's model.

(3) Properties of the Nucleus

Volume of atom = (4 / 3)pr 3 = (4 / 3)p × (10 −8 )3 cm 3

U.V. light Metal Photo electrons

Visible light Alkali

(iv) Comparative study of important spectral series of Hydrogen

(1) Lymen Ultraviolet n1 = 1 n1 = 1 and n 2 = 2 n 1 = 1 and n 2 = ∞

(2) Balmer Visible n1 = 2 n1 = 2 and n 2 = 3 n1 = 2 and n2 = ∞

(3) Paschen Infra red n1 = 3 n 1 = 3 and n 2 = 4 n 1 = 3 and n 2 = ∞

(5) Pfund series Infra red n1 = 5 n 1 = 5 and n 2 = 6 n 1 = 5 and n 2 = ∞

i.e. 1+3+5+7=16, ∴ degeneracy is 16

The possible orbits for n = 3 are shown in figure.

which is same as de-Broglie relation. (Q mc = p )

(viii) The number of degenerate orbitals of s subshell =0.

(3) Shape of ‘d’ orbital

(ii) Each ‘d’ orbital identical in shape, size and energy.