Syrian Virtual University

English Course – L2 – C1 – S11

Tutor: Lubaba Ali Basha

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Adverbs:
Adverbs or adverbial phrases come in three positions in the sentence:

1. At the beginning:

a. Adverbs which connect sentences.

It was raining. Therefore, we stayed at home.

b. Time expressions:

Yesterday, I went swimming.

c. Adverbs of manner:

Quickly read this text.

2. In mid-position:

a. Adverbs of probability and certainty:

Sue will probably go shopping.

b. Adverbs of frequency: (always, sometimes, often….)

He always goes to work at 8 o'clock.

c. Adverbs of manner:

They slowly walked to their houses.

Note: adverbs do not go between the verb and its object:

She usually speaks English. 

She speaks usually English. 

3. In final position:

a. Adverbs of manner:

George ran to school quickly.

b. Adverbs of time and place:

I read at night.

We were working behind the house.

c. Adverbs of degree (but not really):

I read very much.

I speak French really. 

I really speak French. 

Note: Adverbs of manner can go in all positions, but not before the verb and its object.

Adverbs of manner are: happily, quickly, clearly, gently, kindly, rudely, slowly,…

He opened his book. (quickly)

Quickly, he opened his book. 

He quickly opened his book. 

He opened quickly his book. 

He opened his book quickly. 

Adverbs of manner: Spelling:

An adverb of manner is formed by adding (ly) to an adjective:

1. In general, add (ly) to the adjective: slow slowly

2. If the adjective ends with a (y), turn the (y) into an (i) and add (ly): easy easily

3. If the adjective ends with (ic), add (al). Then add (ly): automatic automatically

Adverbs of Frequency:

Adverbs of frequency are: often, sometimes, usually, always …

a. They go before the main verb:

He usually studies hard.

b. They go after verb to be:

He is always happy.

Phrasal Verbs:
Phrasal verbs are verbs plus particles: look up, look for, give up ….

Find out: (discover) Let's find out what the problem is.
Break down: (collapse) Their marriage broke down. She got married again.

Look after: (take care of) Mothers always look after their children.

Look for: (search) I'm looking for my pen. Have you seen it?

Give up: (stop) The doctor told me to give up drinking coffee.

Tenses:
Tense Form Example Use

 habitual actions (routines)

Simple Present V1 go / goes  future actions in timetables
 facts

 finished actions in the past

Simple Past V2 went
 consecutive actions in the past

 actions in progress at a
specific moment in the
Present Continuous am/is/are + V + ing is going present
 future plans

was going  actions in progress at a

Past Continuous was/were + V + ing specific moment in the past

 unfinished actions in the past

 experiences
Present Perfect have/has + V3 has gone
 past actions with present
consequences

 Finished actions before other

Past Perfect had + V3 had gone finished actions in the past

Present Tenses:

1. Present Simple: (v1)

a. Present simple is used with regular habitual actions:

They go to the gym three times a week.

b. Present simple is used with facts:

Ice melts under the sun.

c. Present simple is used to talk about future actions in timetables:

My train leaves at 6.

Note (1): Add (s) to the verbs in Present Simple Tense with the pronouns he, she and it.
 He plays tennis every week.

Note (2): For negative add do or does plus not before the verb.

He works with his father. He doesn't work with his father.

For questions add do or does before the subject.

After (do and does), use the verb in the infinitive.

They drink cola a lot. Do they drink cola a lot?

Note (3): Do is used with the pronouns he, she, and it.

Does is used with the pronouns I, we, you and they.

* * *
2. Present Progressive (Continuous): (Be (am, is or are) + v + ing)
a. Present continuous is used with actions that happen at the moment of speaking:

We are driving to the city at the moment.

What are you doing now? I'm playing football.

b. Present continuous is used with future arrangements:

We are travelling to Australia next week.

Note (1): For negative add not after verb to be.

We are watching TV. We are not watching TV.

For questions put verb to be before the subject.

He is meeting the minister. Is he meeting the minister?

Note (2): Verbs which describe sates or feelings (not actions) are called non-action verbs.
Non-action verbs are NOT normally used in the present continuous. Common non-action
verbs are: want, like, agree, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love,
matter, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, seem, suppose.

He is seeming sad. 

He seems sad. 

* * *
3. Present Perfect: (Have/has + v3)
a. Present perfect is used with past experiences, but the time is not determined:

She has visited her grandmother. (the time of this visit is not determined)
b. Present perfect is used with recent past actions with consequences in the present:

Suzan has cried. (Her eyes are red)

Note (1): Has is used with the pronouns he, she, and it.

Have is used with the pronouns I, we, you and they.

Note (2): since and for are used with this tense:

Since is used with a point of time: They have worked here since 1999.

Since I was a child

Since I was 13 years old

Since I got a job

Since 10:30 a.m.

For is used with a period of time: They have worked here for 12 years.

For months

For ages

For a period of time

For a while

For too long

Note (3): For negative add not after have or has.

He has given me a flower. He hasn't given me a flower.

For questions put have or has before the subject.

They have spoken English. Have they spoken English?

* * *
4. Present Perfect Continuous: (Has/Have + been + v + ing)
Present Perfect Continuous is used for unfinished actions, actions which happened in the past
and are still in progress in present:

I have been working for 3 hours. (I started working before 3 hours and I'm still working.)

Note: use for with this tense.

* * * * *
Past Tenses:
1. Past Simple: (v2)
Past simple is used with finished past actions:

She visited her grandmother 3 days ago.

Note: For negative add did plus not before the verb.

They worked hard. They didn’t work hard.

For questions add did before the subject.

After (did), use the verb in the infinitive.

They worked hard. Did they work hard?

* * *
2. Past progressive (continuous): (Be (was or were) + v + ing)
Past continuous is used to describe an action in progress at a specific time in the past.

She was reading at 6 o'clock. (She started reading before 6 and she was still reading when it
was 6.)

Note: For negative add not after verb to be.

They were reading. They were not reading.

For questions put verb to be before the subject.

They were reading. Were they reading?

Note: Past continuous tense is used with while:

While I was reading the story, my brother knocked on the door.

* * *
3. Past Perfect: (Had + v3)
Past perfect is used when we talk about the past, and we want to talk about an earlier past
action:

My parents felt sad because I had failed. (I failed before.)

Note: For negative use not after had.

I had not seen her before she visited me.

For questions put had before he subject.

Had you finished your assignment before you went out?

Important Notes:

 When John arrived, they had dinner.

(First, John arrived. Then they had dinner.)

 When John arrived, they were having dinner.

(When John arrived, they were in the middle of dinner.)

 When John arrived, they had had dinner.

(They had dinner before john arrived; John didn't see their dinner)
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WILL / MAY / MIGHT:

 Will is used when we are sure or certain about a future action:
The sky is cloudy. It will rain.

 May or might are used when we are not sure about a future action:
Go to bed early or you might get up late.
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Modal Verbs:
Modal verbs are: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must ….
1. For questions modal verbs are put before the subject, and no auxiliaries are added.
Can he swim? 
Does he can swim? 

2. For negative not is used after the modal verb.

They may not come. 
They don't may come. 

3. Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive without to.

He will travel to France. 
He will travels to France. 
He must work hard. 
He must to work hard. 

4. The (s) is NOT added to the modal with the pronouns he, she or it.
He must stay at home. 
He musts stay at home. 
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Be / Get:
Be is used for states:
He was married in 2009. (His marriage was before 2009)
Get is used for actions:
He got married in 2009. (His marriage was in 2009) (He moved from the state of being
unmarried to the state of being married)
She travelled after she (got / was) divorced.
They have (got / been) married for thirteen years, but yesterday they (got / were) divorced.
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Subject Object Possessive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives
I Me my
He Him his
She Her her
It it its
They them their
We us our
You You your

Notes:
 Subject pronouns come at the beginning of the sentence.
 Object pronouns come after verbs and prepositions.
 Possessive adjectives come before nouns.
 Its: possessive adjective
It's = it is or it has

Examples:
He is a doctor.
She works as a teacher.
They usually do their homework in the evening.
I want to write. Give me the pen, please.
Suzan doesn't know. Would you please send her an email?
They are happy because their mother are now fine.
We need some paint to paint our house.
I have a cat. Its tail is long.

George goes to work every day.

He goes to work every day.

Give Sami a dictionary.

Give him a dictionary.

This is Mary's book.

This is her book

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13 years/ 13-year:

This girl is 13 years old. This is a 13-year-old girl.

The ticket costs 5 dollars. This is a 5-dollar ticket.

My baby is 3 months old. This is a 3-month-old baby.

Passive: (Be + V3)

The passive voice is used when the subject is not important, not known, or known.
His car was repaired.(not important)
My bike was stolen. (not known)
Adam was created a long time ago. (known: God)

Verb to Be

Infinitive be

Present am is are

Past was were

Past Participle been

Present Participle being

How to make passive sentences:

Simple Present She sells flowers. Flowers are sold.

Simple Past We finished our work. Our work was finished.

Present Continuous Mum is preparing lunch. Lunch is being prepared.

Past Continuous He was doing exercises. Exercises were being done.

Present Perfect They have seen the film. The film has been seen.

Past Perfect We had sent a letter. A letter had been sent.

Be Going to I'm going to clean the room. The room is going to be cleaned.
Will He will tell the story. The story will be told.

must I must read the book. The book must be read.

Have to You have to copy all messages. All messages have to be copied.

Note: If we want to mention the subject (the doer of the action), we use by:
His homework was done by his father.
English is spoken by Australians.
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Gerunds / To Infinitives:

Verbs followed Verbs followed

by Gerunds by To + Infinitives
like like

love love

dislike would like

hate need

bear expect

enjoy want

Wa

He enjoys reading.
I can't bear listening to him all the time.

I like to drink coffee.  (wish, want)

I like drinking coffee.  (in general, hobby,…)

I would like to drink coffee.  (wish, want)

I would like drinking coffee. 
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Expect & Hope:

Expect (+object) + to infinitive

We expect to be in shape soon.

The doctor expects you to be fine.

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Hope + to infinitive

I hope to be well.

We hope to pass the exam.

Future:
1. Will (Formal)

The government will help poor people.

2. Be+ going to (Informal)

Listen my friend; I'm going to travel to London.

3. Present Simple (Timetable)

The lesson starts at 10.

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Verbs/Nouns:
Some verbs in English can be turned into nouns by adding one of these suffixes: -y,
-ence, -ment.

Verb Noun
Prefer Preference
Refer Reference
Defend Defence/ Defense
Announce Announcement
Govern Government
Arrange Arrangement
Improve Improvement
Discover Discovery
Recover Recovery
Injure Injury

Verbs of planning and organizing:

Verbs of planning and organizing follow certain patterns:

Verb + Verb + Verb +

To+ infinitive or noun noun To+ infinitive
Prepare Investigate Intend
Plan Organize
Arrange Consider
Decide
Examples:

He intends to study. (to infinitive)

She considers this decision. (noun)

I'm preparing a party. (noun)

I'm preparing to go to a party. (to infinitive)

WOULD:
Would is used to talk about an imaginative case:

Examples:

In reality Mary does not have much money, so she cannot buy a car. She says: I
would buy a car.

In reality Peter has to do his homework and he cannot go out. He says: I would go out.

He would build a house under the sea water.

Remember that (would) can be abbreviated: I'd go out.

Remember that (would) is followed by the infinitive: He would travel.

Noun Phrases:

The Noun phrase is either one word (a noun) or more than one word.

Examples:

Boys like football.

Boys of different ages like football.
Boys with healthy bodies like football.
Boys having physical problems like football.
Boys with physical problems or with no physical problems like football.

The boy swims well.

The boy who is happy swims well.
The boy who is happy and carrying a bag swims well.
The boy who is happy and carrying a bag which is big swims well.
All red words are subjects. In the second sentence, for example, the
subject is 'Boys of different ages'. All these red phrases are called noun
phrases.

All green words are verbs.

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Tell / say:

Tell: we mention the one we talk to after this verb.

E.g. I told you that I was in trouble.

Say: We don't mention the one we talk to after this verb.

E.g. He says good morning when he meets us.

Hope / expect:

Hope: [to infinitive]

E.g. I hope to meet Sue one day.

Expect: [(an object+) to infinitive]

E.g. He expects Muna to pass. 
He expects to pass.  (the meaning is: He expects himself to pass.)

Purpose:

Because / to + infinitive:

E.g. I go to the baker's because I want to buy some bread.

I go to the Pharmacy to get some Aspirin.

I go to the baker's to buy some bread. (not for)

Adjectives /Adverbs:

* Adjectives are used to describe the nouns.

This is a beautiful lady.

* Adverbs are used to describe verbs or adjectives:

He drives slowly.
He is terribly sad.

As + adj. + as:

This structure is used to tell that the two items are the same:

E.g. She is as beautiful as the moon. (She and the moon have the same
level of beauty)

Remember these phrases:

As blind as a bat

As stubborn as a mule

As free as a bird

He can't see; he's as blind as a bat.

I offered my help, but he refused many times. He's as stubborn as a mule.

She can travel wherever she wants; she's as free as a bird.

The baby didn't cry. It was as quiet as a mouse.

She was very weak, as weak as a kitten.

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Useful Words:
Walk: short distance, city or country, day, short time, easy.

Hike: long distance, country, a day or a few days, not too long time, easy or difficult.

Trek: long distance, country, longer times, difficult.

Trip: short, A—B --- A, pleasure or business, easy.

Journey: long, A – B, pleasure, easy or difficult.

Tour: short or long, --- A --- B --- C ---, pleasure, easy.

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Sore /Hurt /Pain/Ache:

I have a sore ankle. My ankle is sore. adj.

I've hurt my leg. My leg hurts. v.

She has a pain in her shoulder. n.

My finger aches. v.

Lose/ Waste/ Spend/ Pass:

Lose: We lose time doing nothing or useless things.

Waste: We waste time doing useless things instead of useful ones.

Spend: We spend time in holidays or in doing something good.

Pass: we pass the time in order not to be bored.

Examples:

1. This is the time for reading. Don't (lose, waste, spend, pass) time by playing.

2. I feel bored. I will read to (lose, waste, spend, pass) the time.

3. Don't (lose, waste, spend, pass) time talking on the phone.

4. I will (lose, waste, spend, pass) the weekend in the village.

Waste/ Spend + V + ing

I spend my holiday walking in the mountains.
He wastes his time sleeping.

Put on / Wear / Get Dressed / Carry :

Put on: tie, shoes, hat, …

Wear: state , glasses

Get dressed: no clothes first

Carry: with hands

Examples:

He feels hot, so he is carrying his jacket; He is not wearing it.

Did you see Jack there? What was he wearing?

I'm trying to put on my tie.

The doctor said I had to wear my glasses.

He always carries a briefcase.

I woke up, got dressed and went to work.

She was putting on her shoes when I entered.

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Prepared by: T_Lubaba Ali Basha