REYNOLDS NUMBER EXPERIMENT

The Reynolds number experiment was done using the Reynolds number apparatus. The Reynolds number apparatus
was set-up by the laboratory technician. The dye, potassium permanganate solution, was introduced in the dye injector and
then placed in the glass cylinder. The hose was connected to the water outlet. The water is allowed to flow through the
inner part of the glass cylinder. The plastic outlet valve of the water was opened and directed the flow on the sink to regulate
the flow of water through the apparatus. This permitted the dye injected in the dye injector to stabilize. After the dye was
stabilized, the control valve was closed and then opened gradually until the flow of the dye becomes straight with no
interruption. This exhibited laminar flow. The 1000 mL beaker was placed in the tip of the exit tube recording the time
until the sample fluid reached the 1000 mL mark. The same procedure was applied for the transition and turbulent flow.
For the transitional flow, the flow of the dye was in between laminar and turbulent flow. It was rounded and there was an
interruption in the flow. For the turbulent flow, the flow was disordered and it was mixed in the water. Two trials were
performed in each type of fluid flow.

Reynolds number apparatus, shown in Figure 2.1., was used in the experiment. It has 10 millimeter inner pipe
diameter where the velocity flow profile was exhibited.

Regulate the flow of Stop the timer when the

Collect the sample
the dye by adjusting sample fluid reached
fluid while being timed
the control valve the 1000 mL mark

Record the time and

Calculate the
perform two trials in
Reynolds number
each type of flow

Table 3.1 Data on the determination of the Reynold’s Number of Each Flow Regime

Reynolds
Flow Regime Trial Time (sec) Velocity (m/s)
Number
1 175 0.0728 718.3256
Laminar
2 183 0.0696 686.7509
1 51 0.2497 2463.8174
Transition
2 52 0.2449 2416.4553
1 15 0.8488 8375.2031
Turbulent
2 15 0.8488 8375.2031

In these experiment, the group observed the three types of fluid flow which are laminar, transition or turbulent, by
measuring the Reynolds number and time from the behavior of ink flow. The table above shows the data obtained for each
flow regime with two trials each. These data include the time needed for the Reynolds Number Apparatus to fill a 1000 mL
beaker, constant temperature of water and dimensions of pipe from which velocity and Reynolds Number is calculated.

1
 As shown on the table the velocity increases as the time it takes for each flow decreases from laminar to turbulent.
It also showed the direct relationship of the velocity and the Reynolds number. That is, as the velocity increases the Reynolds
number calculated also increases and the ink flow changes from straight line to wavy lines or to completely mixed ink in
fluid. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number relating the viscosity, density and velocity of the fluid and the
diameter of the pipe. In smooth pipes, if the Reynolds number is less than 2100, the flow is laminar, if it exceeds 4000, the
flow is turbulent and if the Reynolds Number falls within the range of 2100-4000, then the flow is transition. Based on the
data obtained, each trial result is within the range of the type of flow it must belong. Therefore proving the Reynolds Number
range from each type of flow.

Properties of Water at standard temperature of 200C Turbulent:

ρ= 998.0578 kg/m3 6.6667×10−5
V1=7.8540 ×10−5= 0.8488m/s
μ= 1011.4996 x10-6 Pa-s
6.6667×10−5
V2=7.8540 ×10−5= 0.8488m/s
Volumetric Flow rate, Q
Laminar: 𝑫𝒗𝝆
1𝑚3
Reynolds Number, Re = 𝛍
1𝐿+
1000 𝐿
Q1 = 175 𝑠
= 5.7143 × 10-6 Laminar:
1𝑚3 1𝑚 0.0728𝑚 998.0578𝑘𝑔
1𝐿+ 10𝑚𝑚×( )( )( )
1000 𝐿 -6 1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑚3
Q2 = = 5.4645 × 10 Re1= −6
1011.4996×10 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
183 𝑠
Re1= 718.3256
1𝑚 0.0696𝑚 998.0578𝑘𝑔
Transition: 10𝑚𝑚×(
1000𝑚𝑚
)(
𝑠
)(
𝑚3
)
1𝑚3 Re2= 1011.4996×10−6 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
1𝐿+
1000 𝐿
Q1 = 57 𝑠
= 1.9608 × 10-5 Re2=686.7509
1𝑚3
1𝐿+
1000 𝐿
Q2 = = 1.9231 ×10-5
52 𝑠 Transition:
1𝑚 0.2497𝑚 998.0578𝑘𝑔
10𝑚𝑚×( )( )( )
1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑚3
Turbulent Re1= −6
1011.4996×10 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
1𝑚3
1𝐿+
1000 𝐿
Re1=2463.8174
Q1 = 15 𝑠
=6.6667 x 10-6 1𝑚 0.2449𝑚 998.0578𝑘𝑔
10𝑚𝑚×( )( )( )
1𝑚3 1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑚3
1𝐿+
1000 𝐿
Re2= 1011.4996×10−6 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
-6
Q2 = 15 𝑠
= 6.6667 x 10
Re2=2416.4553

Diameter, D= 10mm Turbulent:

𝛑
Area, A= D2 10𝑚𝑚×(
1𝑚
)(
0.8488𝑚 998.0578𝑘𝑔
)( )
𝟒 1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑚3
π 1𝑚 Re1= 1011.4996×10−6 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
A= 4
(10 mm ×1000𝑚𝑚)2 = 7.8540x10 -5
Re1=8375.2031
1𝑚 0.8488𝑚 998.0578𝑘𝑔
10𝑚𝑚×( )( )( )
Velocity 1000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝑚3
Re2= −6
1011.4996×10 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
Laminar: Re2=8375.2031
5.7143×10−6
V1=7.8540 ×10−5= 0.0728 m/s
5.4645×10−6
V2=7.8540 ×10−5=0.0696 m/s

Transition:
1.9608×10−5
V 1= = 0.2497m/s
7.8540 ×10−5
1.9231×10 −5
V2=7.8540 ×10−5=0.2449 m/s

2
 FLUID FLOW THROUGH A STRAIGHT PIPE

A. Research Design
The research design used in the third experiment was quantitative research method. The study’s objective is to
determine the head losses through a straight pipe. Also, it aimed to plot the fanning friction factor against the Reynold’s
Number. The data was statistically done with the aid of computational techniques. With further analysis, the discussion of
the methodology presents some of the specific tools, and experiences used to inform the design and interpretation.

B. Methodology
In conducting the study, the use of the fluid flow apparatus was utilized and the procedure as discussed in class was
followed. The procedure is as follows:
First, the group checked if the mercury manometer was set to zero before proceeding with the experiment. Then the
control valve was opened to manipulate the flow rate of the fluid, which is water, from the pump to the fluid flow apparatus.
For the first trial, the flow rate was 230 gallons per hour. The flow of water in the pipe caused by a change of the mercury
height in the manometer. When this stabilized, the group measured the change in height in which corresponds to the pressure
drop. Then, a member of a group went to the catch basin located behind the fluid flow apparatus to measure the temperature
of water using a thermometer. This temperature served as the representative temperature of the whole class. After recording
the data for the first trial, the control valve was closed and the mercury manometer was reset to a zero reading before going
to the next trial. Next, the control valve was operated by the researchers in order to give successively higher flow rates
starting from 230 to 630 gallons per hour.

The pump was started

The control valve was
Checked if the mercury and opened the control
closed and the
manometer was set to carefully until all the
manometer was re-
zero. air was displaced from
calibrated
the pipeline.

The control valve was

Record the manometer operated successfully
reading. and gave higher flow
rates.

The objectives of this experiment are to determine the head loss through a straight pipe and to plot the fanning
friction factor, f, versus the Reynolds number for a straight pipe. The results of the experimentation were listed in the
table below.

Table 3.1 Fluid Flow through a Straight Pipe Data and Results
Fanning Fanning
Flow Rate, Rm, Reynolds Head Loss, Friction Friction
(gph) (mmHg) Number (Pascal) Factor, f Factor, f
(Theoretical) (Experimental)
230 3 11497.4570 370.8945 7.4864×10-3 0.0252
 330 6 16496.8007 741.7891 6.8132×10-3 0.0245
430 8 21496.1445 989.0521 6.3774×10-3 0.0192
530 12 26495.4882 1483.5781 6.0632×10-3 0.0190
630 15 31494.8320 1854.4727 5.8215×10-3 0.0168

The fluid flow through a straight pipe involved the use of the fluid flow apparatus which consists of different types
of pipes. In this experiment, the researchers used only the straight pipe therefore, leaving the other pipes completely closed.
Giving uniform values for all the groups, the inside diameter of the pipe is 30.3755 mm, length of the pipe is 2.0142 m, and
the temperature of the water measured is 296.75 K. The assigned flow rates for the researchers’ group in gallons per hour
are 230, 330, 430, 530, and 630. The high values of flow rates gave also a high value of Reynolds number. Increasing the
flow rate of the fluid also increases the Reynolds number making more the flow disordered. This gave flow rates that are
all greater than 4000 thus, giving a turbulent flow.

The head loss, given in Pascal, for each flow was determined using the mercury manometer. This gave the expected
friction loss happening at each flow rate. It was determined in the experimentation that the head loss also increases as the
flow rate increases since large amount of energy is needed to overcome the frictional forces happening at the boundary layer
that is exerted by the walls of the pipe to the moving fluid. An increasing head loss is expected since the driving force of
the fluid flow is the pressure gradient. The greater difference in pressure will produce a larger Reynolds number since the
flow rate is increasing.

The fanning friction factor showed an indirectly proportional relationship with the flow rate. This is for the reason
that as the fluid flow becomes more turbulent, shear stress between the fluid and the inner surface of the pipe decreases
since more turbulent flow denotes a higher velocity. In obtaining the data for this experimentation, there are some factors
that played an important role in influencing the results. One of these is the temperature of the water. Water temperature
influences the density and viscosity of the fluid. As the water temperature increases, the density and viscosity decreases.
This gives an inversely proportional relationship.

The following figures 3.1 and 3.2 show graphs that indicate the relationships between the flow rates, fanning friction
factor, and Reynolds number. The graph consists of two different series showing the experimental and theoretical trend
lines.

0.03
y = -2E-05x + 0.0305
Fanning Friction Factor

0.025
R² = 0.9083
0.02 Theoretical
0.015 Experimental

0.01

0.005 y = -4E-06x + 0.0083

R² = 0.9585
0
200 300 400 500 600 700
Flow Rate

Figure 3.1 Flow Rate vs. Fanning Friction Factor

 As illustrated in the graph, the flow rate and fanning friction factor shows an inverse relationship. The fanning
friction factor decreases as the flow rate increases. As the velocity of the fluid increases, there is less friction developed
between the boundary layer at the inner surface of the pipe and of the moving fluid.

35000
y = -2E+06x + 64134
30000 R² = 0.9083
Reynolds Number

25000
Theoretical
20000
Experimental
15000
y = -1E+07x + 97988
R² = 0.9585
10000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Fanning Friction Factor

Figure 3.2 Fanning Friction Factor vs. Reynolds Number

The graph presented an inverse relationship between the fanning friction factor and Reynolds number. The fanning
friction factor decreases with the increase of Reynolds number. This is in relation with the flow rate where an increase in
flow rate also increases the Reynolds number. The occurring shear stresses between the walls of the tube and the fluid in
the boundary layer cause the decrease in the fanning friction factor.

The possible source of inaccuracy in this experiment was the measurement of head loss using the mercury
manometer. This is because of the occurring fluctuations during the reading of the head loss and there is no fixed reference
point in the manometer. Another source of error was the deviation in the flow meter of the fluid flow apparatus. The
possibility of more accurate reading of the flow rate was lessen because of the slight fluctuations in the flow meter and of
the lack of more graduations leading the researchers to estimate the flow rates.

Data Gathered:
𝑇𝐻2𝑂 = 23.6 ℃ = 296.75 𝐾
𝑂𝐷 = 34.3755 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 = 16.0746 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝐷 = 30.3755 𝑚𝑚
0.0254 𝑚
𝐿 = 79.3 𝑖𝑛 × = 2.0142 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛

Computed from Perry’s Handbook 9th Edition:

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐻2𝑂 = 997.3994 3
𝑚
𝜇𝐻2𝑂 = 8.7932 × 10−4 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝒈
Head Loss: ∆𝑷 = 𝑹𝒎 (𝒈𝒄)(𝝆𝑯𝒈 − 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 )

11
 𝑚
3 9.81 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃230 = ( 𝑚) ( 𝑠 ) (13600 − 997.3994) 3 = 370.8945 𝑃𝑎
1000 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑚
1
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑚
6 9.81 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃330 = ( 𝑚) ( 𝑠 ) (13600 − 997.3994) 3 = 741.7891 𝑃𝑎
1000 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑚
1
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑚
8 9.81 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃430 = ( 𝑚) ( 𝑠 ) (13600 − 997.3994) 3 = 989.0521 𝑃𝑎
1000 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑚
1
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑚
12 9.81 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃530 = ( 𝑚) ( 𝑠 ) (13600 − 997.3994) 3 = 1483.5781 𝑃𝑎
1000 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑚
1
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
𝑚
15 9.81 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃630 = ( 𝑚) ( 𝑠 ) (13600 − 997.3994) 3 = 1854.4727𝑃𝑎
1000 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚 𝑚
1
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2

𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚3
𝑞 230 ℎ𝑟 × 3.7853 𝑔𝑎𝑙 × 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 1000 𝐿 𝑚
𝑉230 = = 𝜋 = 0.3337
𝐴 (0.0304 𝑚)2 𝑠
4
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚3
𝑞 330 × 3.7853 × × 𝑚
ℎ𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1000 𝐿
𝑉330 = = 𝜋 = 0.4788
𝐴 (0.0304 𝑚)2 𝑠
4

𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚3
𝑞 430 ℎ𝑟 × 3.7853 𝑔𝑎𝑙 × 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 1000 𝐿 𝑚
𝑉430 = = 𝜋 = 0.6239
𝐴 (0.0304 𝑚)2 𝑠
4
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚3
𝑞 530 × 3.7853 × × 𝑚
ℎ𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1000 𝐿
𝑉530 = = 𝜋 = 0.7690
𝐴 (0.0304 𝑚)2 𝑠
4
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚3
𝑞 630 ℎ𝑟 × 3.7853 𝑔𝑎𝑙 × 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 1000 𝐿 𝑚
𝑉630 = = 𝜋 = 0.9141
𝐴 (0.0304 𝑚)2 𝑠
4

𝑫𝑽𝝆
Reynold’s Number= 𝝁
, where D = ID
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.0304 𝑚) (0.3337
𝑠 ) (997.3994 𝑚3 )
𝑅𝑒230 = = 11497.4570
𝑘𝑔
8.7932 × 10−4 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.0304 𝑚) (0.4788 ) (997.3994 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
𝑅𝑒330 = = 16496.8007
−4 𝑘𝑔
8.7932 × 10 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠

12
 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.0304 𝑚) (0.6239
𝑠 ) (997.3994 𝑚3 )
𝑅𝑒430 = = 21496.1445
𝑘𝑔
8.7932 × 10−4 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.0304 𝑚) (0.7690 ) (997.3994 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
𝑅𝑒530 = = 26495.4882
−4 𝑘𝑔
8.7932 × 10
𝑚∙𝑠
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
(0.0304 𝑚) (0.9141 ) (997.3994 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
𝑅𝑒630 = = 31494.8320
−4 𝑘𝑔
8.7932 × 10 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠

Fanning Friction Factor

𝟏 𝟎.𝟐𝟕𝜺 𝟕 𝟎.𝟗
Theoretical: − = −𝟒𝐥𝐨𝐠 { +( ) }
√𝑭 𝑫 𝑹𝒆
1 −6
0.27(1.52×10 ) 7 0.9
− = −4log { +( ) } = 11.55752437
√𝐹 0.0304𝑚 11497.4570

ℱ230 = 7.4864 × 10−3

0.9
1 0.27(1.52 × 10−6 ) 7
− = −4log { +( ) } = 12.11502578
√𝐹 0.0304𝑚 16496.8007
ℱ330 = 6.8132 × 10−3
0.9
1 0.27(1.52 × 10−6 ) 7
− = −4log { +( ) } = 12.52215181
√𝐹 0.0304𝑚 21496.1445
ℱ430 = 6.3774 × 10−3
0.9
1 0.27(1.52 × 10−6 ) 7
− = −4log { +( ) } = 12.84252102
√𝐹 0.0304𝑚 26495.4882
ℱ530 = 6.0632 × 10−3
0.9
1 0.27(1.52 × 10−6 ) 7
− = −4log {𝑠 +( ) } = 13.10635905
√𝐹 0.0304𝑚 31494.8320
ℱ630 = 5.8215 × 10−3

(∆𝑷)(𝑫)
Experimental: 𝓕 = 𝟐𝝆𝑽𝟐 𝑳
(370.8945 𝑃𝑎)(0.0304 𝑚)
ℱ230 = = 0.0252
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
2(997.3994 3 ) (0.3337 𝑠 ) (2.0142 𝑚)
𝑚
(741.7891 𝑃𝑎)(0.0304 𝑚)
ℱ330 = = 0.0245
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
2(997.3994 3 ) (0.4788 𝑠 ) (2.0142 𝑚)
𝑚
(989.0521 𝑃𝑎)(0.0304 𝑚)
ℱ430 = = 0.0192
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
2(997.3994 3 ) (0.6239 𝑠 ) (2.0142 𝑚)
𝑚
(1483.5781 𝑃𝑎)(0.0304 𝑚)
ℱ530 = = 0.0190
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
2(997.3994 3 ) (0.7690 𝑠 ) (2.0142 𝑚)
𝑚
(1854.4727 𝑃𝑎)(0.0304 𝑚)
ℱ630 = = 0.0168
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
2(997.3994 3 ) (0.9141 𝑠 ) (2.0142 𝑚)
𝑚

13
 HEAD LOSSES IN AN ABRUPT CHANGE AND SMOOTHLY CONTOURED CHANGE OF
DIRECTION OF FLOW OF FLUID

The head loss in an abrupt change and smoothly contoured change of direction of fluid flow was done using the
fluid flow apparatus and mercury manometer. The fluid flow apparatus was set-up by the laboratory technician. The pipe
that is used first was the tee pipe followed by the elbow pipe and lastly the overall pipe. The tee pipe was connected in a
mercury manometer, to the pressure toppings across the group of fittings and zero instruments. Each group has an assigned
fluid flow to be used when doing the experiment. The researchers should check if the isolating tank is closed. The pump in
the fluid flow apparatus should be opened but the isolating pump should remain closed. Before each new volumetric flow
rate the isolated pump should be in the zero mark for accuracy. Slowly open the isolating valve and check if water is flowing
in the tube. Measure the height difference in the mercury manometer and record the height difference in each volumetric
flow rate that is given. The water that comes out in the tube should be measured using a thermometer. After the tee pipe,
the elbow pipe was attached in the mercury manometer. The valve should be closed before starting the experiment. The
valve should be opened and set to the fluid flow that is assigned in the group. Again, measure the height difference of the
mercury in the manometer. Repeat each step in the given volumetric flow rate, measure the temperature of the water and
record it. Lastly attach the overall pipe in the mercury manometer; the valve should be closed before starting the experiment.
Again open the valve and measure the height difference of the mercury in the manometer. Repeat each trial with different
volumetric flow rate. Measure the temperature of the water that is discharged from the tube. After performing the
experiment, measure the distance of the tee tube, elbow tube and the overall tube using a measuring tape or ruler.

Fluid flow apparatus, shown in Figure 2.1., was used in the experiment. It has a tee pipe, elbow tube and the overall
tube as shown in the picture. It has also the mercury manometer and the rubber tubing connected to the tubes.

Maintain the given Close the valve after

volumetric flow rate Measure the height each volumetric flow
and control the valve. difference in the rate. Measure the water
Let the fluid flow in the mercury manometer. coming out from the
tube. tube.

Calculate the
Head loss Record the height and
(experimental and temperature in each
theoretical). Calculate volumetric flow rate.
the percent difference.

Table 3.1: Data for Head Loss for Elbow, Tee and Overall Pipe
Manometer reading, mmHg Head Loss (Experimental), Pa
Flow rate
Elbow Tee Overall Elbow Tee Overall
130gph 4 8 12 494.5199 989.1052 1483.5230
230gph 6 21 34 741.7799 2596.4012 4203.3151
330gph 12 40 70 1483.5597 4945.5262 8653.8840
430gph 17 63 115 2101.7096 7789.2037 14217.0951

14
 Head Loss( Theoretical), Pa % difference
Flow rate
Elbow Tee Overall Elbow Tee Overall
130gph 404.1419 538.4056 1173.3990 22.3629% 83.7101% 26.4300%
230gph 1265.1205 1685.4180 3574.2879 41.3669% 54.0509% 17.5987%
330gph 2604.4471 3469.6950 7251.3531 43.0374% 42.5349% 19.3416%
430gph 4421.6073 5890.5510 12192.8761 52.4673% 32.2322% 16.6017%

Flowing through any system a fluid may pass through different geometries. In the course of flow it may encounter
sudden changes in flow direction in form of bends and also sudden changes in flow area. These abrupt changes cause the
fluid to lose some energy. The loss in energy of the fluid is mainly due to flow separation caused by the sudden changes in
the flow.

The table above shows the various values for the manometer reading and head loss for elbows, tees and the overall
pipe. The manometer reading increases as the flow rate increases from 130 gph to 430 gph. This observation implies that
flow rate is a major factor that greatly affects the head loss. In experimental and theoretical values, the tee head loss values
are greater than the head loss values for elbows. This is because of the value of the friction loss coefficient incorporated in
the computations of head loss. The values for the additional friction loss for the turbulent flow through fittings of the 90°
ell, standard is 0.75 while for 180° bend, close return is 1.5. On the other hand the values for the additional friction loss for
the turbulent flow through fittings of the tee, standard, used as ell, entering run and branch is 1.0.

Moreover, the researchers also observed that the sum of the values for elbow and tee in the experimental head loss
was close to the values of the overall head loss. The overall head loss values are the highest among them all since it includes
all sources of friction throughout the pipe.

5000
4500
y = 13.392x - 1575.9
4000 R² = 0.9751
3500
Head Loss (Pa)

3000
2500
Experimental
2000
Theoretical
1500
1000 y = 5.5633x - 352.35
500 R² = 0.9666
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Flow Rate (gph)

Figure 3.1. Flow Rate versus Head Loss in a Smoothly Contoured Change of Direction of Flow of Fluid

The graph shows a direct relationship of the flow rate and the head loss. As the flow rate increases from 130 gph to
430 gph, the head loss also increases. The equation of the line (experimental) is y=5.5633x-352.35 with a slope of 5.5633
while the equation of the line (theoretical) is y=13.392x-1575.9 and the slope is 13.392.
15
 9000
8000 y = 22.749x - 2289.8
7000 R² = 0.9853

6000
Head Loss (Pa)

5000
4000 Experimental
3000 Theoretical

2000 y = 17.841x - 2099.4

R² = 0.9751
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Flow Rate (gph)

Figure 3.2. Flow Rate versus Head Loss in an Abrupt Change of Direction of Flow of Fluids

The graph shows a direct relationship of the flow rate and the head loss. As the flow rate increases, the head loss
also increases. The head losses for the abrupt change in direction is higher than the smoothly contoured change. The equation
of the line (experimental) is y=22.749x-2289.8 with a slope of 22.749 while the equation of the line (theoretical) is
y=17.841x-2099.4 and the slope is 17.841.

16000

14000 y = 42.651x - 4802.9

R² = 0.9781
12000
Head Loss (Pa)

10000

8000
Experimental
6000 Theoretical
y = 36.735x - 4238
4000
R² = 0.9766
2000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Flow Rate (gph)

Figure 3.3. Flow Rate versus Head Loss for the Overall Changes of Direction of Flow of Fluid

16
 The graph shows an increasing trend. As the flow rate increases the head loss also increases. This is because, with
the increase of flow rate come the increase in Reynolds Number that lead to a turbulent regime. The equation of the line
(experimental) is y=42.651x-4802.9 with a slope of 42.651 while the equation of the line (theoretical) is y=36.735x-4238
and the slope is 36.735.

FOR TEE
𝒈
T = 24.9 °C = 298.05 K P = 1 atm = 0.101325 MPa 𝑴𝑾𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 18 𝒎𝒐𝒍
0.1 MPa 𝑘𝑔
= 996.7215 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 = 𝟗𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝝆𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
1 MPa = 997.2713 3
𝑚

0.1 MPa = 869.1309 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝝁𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟖𝟔𝟗. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑷𝒂 ∙ 𝒔
1 MPa = 866.0500 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

LTEE = 36 cm = 0.36 m C = 7.0 cm = 0.07 m Thickness = 2 mm

Do = 0.0223 m Di = 0.0183 m

Head Loss (Experimental) for Tee

𝒈
∆𝑷𝑻𝒆𝒆 = (𝝆 − 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 ) 𝑹𝒎
𝒈𝒄 𝑯𝒈
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 130 gph: ∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 996.7223) (8 𝑚𝑚 × ) = 𝟗𝟖𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝑷𝒂
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 230 gph: ∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 996.7223) (21 𝑚𝑚 × ) = 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝑷𝒂
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 330 gph: ∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 996.7223) (40 𝑚𝑚 × ) = 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝑷𝒂
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 430 gph: ∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 996.7223) (63 𝑚𝑚 × ) = 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟕 𝑷𝒂
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2

Head Loss (Theoretical) for Tee

𝐾𝑇 𝑣 2 𝜌 4(𝐾𝑇 )𝑣 2 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂
∆𝑷𝑻𝒆𝒆 = = = 𝟐𝑲𝑻 𝒗𝟐 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 ; 𝑲𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟎
2 2
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (130 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 130 gph: 𝑣 = 𝐴
= 𝜋
(0.0183 𝑚) 2
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝒔
4
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 2 (1.0) (0.5197 ) (996.7223 3 ) = 𝟓𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝑷𝒂
𝑠 𝑚
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (230 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 230 gph: 𝑣 = = 𝜋 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟓
𝐴 (0.0183 𝑚)2 𝒔
4
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 2 (1.0) (0.9195 ) (996.7223 3 ) = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟎𝑷𝒂
𝑠 𝑚

17
 𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (330 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 330 gph: 𝑣 = 𝐴
= 𝜋
(0.0183 𝑚) 2
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝒔
4
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 2 (1.0) (1.3193 ) (996.7223 3 ) = 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝑷𝒂
𝑠 𝑚
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (430 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 430 gph: 𝑣 = 𝐴
= 𝜋
(0.0183 𝑚)2
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒔
4
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑃𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 2 (1.0) (1.7190 ) (996.7223 3 ) = 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂
𝑠 𝑚

% Difference for Tee

|538.4056 − 989.1052 |
@ 130 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
@ 230 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
@ 330 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
@ 430 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
|𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 |
% 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
538.4056
× 100 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟏 %
|1685.4180 − 2596.4012 |
1685.4180
× 100 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟗 %
|3469.6950 − 4945.5262 |
× 100 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟗 %
3469.6950
|5890.5510 − 7789.2037 |
× 100 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟐 %
5890.5510

FOR ELBOW
𝒈
T = 23.3 °C = 296.45 K P = 1 atm = 0.101325 MPa 𝑴𝑾𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 18 𝒎𝒐𝒍
0.1 MPa 𝑘𝑔
= 997.5547 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝝆𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
1 MPa = 998.2159 3
𝑚

0.1 MPa = 881.6855 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝝁𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟖𝟖𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑷𝒂 ∙ 𝒔
1 MPa = 876.2079 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

LELBOW = 33 cm = 0.33 m C = 7.0 cm = 0.07 m Thickness = 2 mm

Do = 0.0223 m Di = 0.0183 m

Head Loss (Experimental) for Elbow

𝒈
∆𝑷𝑬𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒘 = (𝝆𝑯𝒈 − 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 ) 𝑹𝒎
𝒈𝒄
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 130 gph: ∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.5557) (4 𝑚𝑚 × ) = 𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝑷𝒂
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 230 gph: ∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.5557) (6 𝑚𝑚 × ) = 𝟕𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝑷𝒂
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 330 gph: ∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.5557) (12 𝑚𝑚 × )
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝑷𝒂

18
 𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 430 gph: ∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.5557) (17 𝑚𝑚 × )
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝑷𝒂

Head Loss (Theoretical) for Elbow

𝐾𝑇 𝑣 2 𝜌 ∑ 𝑲𝑻 𝒗𝟐 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶
∆𝑷𝑬𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒘 = = ; ∑ 𝑲𝑻 = 2 (0.75) + 1.5 = 𝟑
2 𝟐
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (130 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 130 gph: 𝑣 = 𝐴
= 𝜋
(0.0183 𝑚) 2
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝒔
4
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
3 (0.5197 ) (997.5557 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = = 𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟗 𝑷𝒂
2
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (230 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 230 gph: 𝑣 = = 𝜋 2
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟗𝟓
𝐴 (0.0183 𝑚) 𝒔
4
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
3 (0.9195 𝑠 )2 (997.5557 3 )
𝑚
∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝑷𝒂
2
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (330 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 330 gph: 𝑣 = = 𝜋 2
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟑
𝐴 (0.0183 𝑚) 𝒔
4
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
3 (1.3193 ) (997.5557 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = = 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟏 𝑷𝒂
2
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.7854 𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
𝑄 (430 )( )( )( ) 𝒎
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1000 𝐿 3600 𝑠
@ 430 gph: 𝑣 = 𝐴
= 𝜋
(0.0183 𝑚) 2
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒔
4
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
3 (1.7190 𝑠 )2 (997.5557 3 )
𝑚
∆𝑃𝐸𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 = = 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝑷𝒂
2

% Difference for Elbow

|404.1419 − 494.5199 |
@ 130 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
@ 230 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
@ 330 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
@ 430 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
|𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 |
% 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
404.1419
× 100 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟗 %
|1265.1205 − 741.7799 |
1265.1205
× 100 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟗 %
|2604.4471 − 1483.5597 |
2604.4471
× 100 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟒%
|4421.6073 − 2101.7096 |
4421.6073
× 100 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟑 %

FOR OVERALL
𝒈
T = 22.7 °C = 295.85 K P = 1 atm = 0.101325 MPa 𝑴𝑾𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 18 𝒎𝒐𝒍
0.1 MPa 𝑘𝑔
𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 997.8671
𝑚3

19
 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
1 MPa = 998.5702 = 𝟗𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟏 𝝆𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑚3 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑

0.1 MPa = 886.3935 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝝁𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟖𝟖𝟔. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑷𝒂 ∙ 𝒔
1 MPa = 860.0171 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

LOVERALL = L1 + L2 + L3 = 9 cm + 82 cm + 11.5 cm = 102.5 cm = 1.025 m

C = 7.0 cm = 0.07 m Thickness = 2 mm Do = 0.0223 m Di = 0.0183 m

Head Loss (Experimental) for Overall

𝒈
∆𝑷𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 = (𝝆 − 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶 ) 𝑹𝒎
𝒈𝒄 𝑯𝒈
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 130 gph: ∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.8681) (12 𝑚𝑚 × )
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑷𝒂
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 230 gph: ∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.8681) (34 𝑚𝑚 × )
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝑷𝒂

𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 330 gph: ∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.8681) (70 𝑚𝑚 × )
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝑷𝒂
𝑚
9.81 2 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚
𝑠
@ 430 gph: ∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 (13600 − 997.8681) (115 𝑚𝑚 × )
1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁∙𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝑷𝒂

Head Loss (Theoretical) for Overall

∆𝑷𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍 = ∆𝑷𝑻𝒆𝒆 + ∆𝑷𝑬𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒘 + ∆𝑷𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑷𝒊𝒑𝒆
𝟒𝒇𝑳𝒗𝟐 𝝆𝑯𝟐𝑶
∆𝑷𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑷𝒊𝒑𝒆 =
𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝑫
𝟏 𝟎.𝟐𝟕𝜺 𝟕 𝟎.𝟗
= −𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [ 𝑫
+ (𝑹𝒆) ] ; 𝜺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎
√𝒇
𝑫𝒗𝝆
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑣𝜌 (0.0183 𝑚) (0.5197 ) (997.8681 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
@ 130 gph: 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
= 886.3841 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙𝑠
= 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟏
0.9
1 0.27 (1.52 × 10−6 𝑚) 7
= −4 log [ + ( ) ] ; 𝑓 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
√𝑓 0.0183 𝑚 10706.6841
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
4 ( 7.6463 × 10−3 ) (1.025 𝑚) (0.5197 𝑠 ) (997.8681 3 )
𝑚
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 =
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.0183 𝑚)
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝑷𝒂
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 538.4056 𝑃𝑎 + 404.1419 𝑃𝑎 + 230.8515 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝑷𝒂

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 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑣𝜌 (0.0183 𝑚) (0.9195 ) (997.8681 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
@ 230 gph: 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
= 886.3841 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙𝑠
= 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖
0.9
1 0.27 (1.52 × 10−6 𝑚) 7
= −4 log [ + ( ) ] ; 𝑓 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
√𝑓 0.0183 𝑚 18943.2288
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
4 (6.5998 × 10−3 ) (1.025 𝑚) (0.9195 𝑠 )2 (997.8681 3 )
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.0183 𝑚)
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝟔𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟒 𝑷𝒂
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1685.4180 𝑃𝑎 + 1265.1205 𝑃𝑎 + 623.7494 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟗 𝑷𝒂
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑣𝜌 (0.0183 𝑚) (1.3193 ) (997.8681 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
@ 330 gph: 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
= 886.3841 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙𝑠
= 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟔
0.9
1 0.27 (1.52 × 10−6 𝑚) 7
= −4 log [ + ( ) ] ; 𝑓 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
√𝑓 0.0183 𝑚 27179.7736
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
4 (6.0505 × 10−3 ) (1.025 𝑚) (1.3193 𝑠 )2 (997.8681 3 )
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.0183 𝑚)
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 3469.6950 𝑃𝑎 + 2604.4471 𝑃𝑎 + 1177.2110 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟏 𝑷𝒂
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑣𝜌 (0.0183 𝑚) (1.7190 ) (997.8681 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
@ 430 gph: 𝑅𝑒 = = = 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝟏
𝜇 886.3841 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙𝑠
0.9
1 0.27 (1.52 × 10−6 𝑚) 7
= −4 log [ + ( ) ] ; 𝑓 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
√𝑓 0.0183 𝑚 35414.2581
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
4 (5.6937 × 10−3 ) (1.025 𝑚) (1.7190 𝑠 )2 (997.8681 3 )
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚
2 (1 ) (0.0183 𝑚)
𝑁 ∙ 𝑠2
∆𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟖 𝑷𝒂
∆𝑃𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 5890.5510 𝑃𝑎 + 4421.6073 𝑃𝑎 + 1880.7178 𝑃𝑎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟏 𝑷𝒂

% Difference for Overall

|𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 − 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 |
% 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
|1173.3990 − 1483.5280 |
@ 130 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1173.3990
× 100 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟎𝟎 %
|3574.2879 − 4203.3151 |
@ 230 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3574.2879
× 100 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟗𝟖𝟕 %
|7251.3531 − 8653.8840 |
@ 330 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 7251.3531
× 100 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟔 %
|12192.8761 − 14217.0951 |
@ 430 gph: % 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟕 %
12192.8761

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